苹果根区土壤养分盈亏变化及其再植生理病害研究
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摘要
本实验于2006年-2007年,在渭北旱原苹果优生区----陕西省渭南市白水县尧禾乡,16年-20年生的“富士”苹果园取样进行试验,对果树根区不同深度、不同水平距离的土壤养分分布和盈亏变化进行研究,采用主成分分析统计方法对果树根系各空间小区土壤肥力进行综合评价,并结合盆栽试验,以2年生礼富一号苹果幼树为供试材料,调查了不同空间小区土壤对树体的生长发育、根系活力的影响,同时,通过肥效防治试验,研究了施用磷肥和抗重茬肥对土壤养分以及幼树根系活力、株高、叶面积的效应。试验结果表明：
1、果园根区土壤养分在水平分布上,随距树干距离的增加呈增高趋势；垂直方向上,除水溶性钙、镁外,其他养分随土层加深呈下降趋势。主成分分析结果表明,距树干100-200 cm处,0-40 cm土层有效养分含量比较均衡,综合肥力等级水平较高。说明土壤养分多富集在远原离树干100-200cm处(即老果园行距中间处)的表层土壤中。
2、重茬土壤养分亏缺失衡表现在单一元素的绝对消耗和营养元素比例失调两个方面。速效磷、水溶性钙、水溶性镁、有效锌、有效锰发生亏缺,氮/磷、钾/磷、钙/磷、钙/镁、钙/锰、钙/锌养分比例失调。土壤锌元素有效含量亏缺和钙/锌养分比例失调明显。说明Zn元素亏缺和Ca/Zn比例失调有可能是造成渭北高原果树再植生理病害发生的主要因子之一
3、栽植在取自多年生苹果园土壤的苹果幼树表现出明显的重茬生理病害,在株高、新梢长度、粗度、叶面积、根系活力等方面均低于栽在取自麦田土壤的盆栽苗木,分别比对照减少44.93%,34.46%,23.88%,49.48%,11.40%,并且,果树再植生理病害随取土层的加深而加重,随取自距树干距离远的土壤而减轻。
4、每株施用250g和500g赛众28抗重茬肥可以显著提高土壤有效养分含量、根系活力,促进植株生长,与麦田土壤栽植幼树表现基本一致。每株施用500g和1000g磷肥在减轻重茬生理病害方面效果较好,处理后所有测定指标都高于对照。
The experiment was conducted on 16-20 year-old "Fuji" apple orchard in 2006 to 2007 in Baishui country of Weinan of Shaanxi Province, which lies in Weibei drought highland. Effective nutrients in different plots of apple tree root zone soil were analyzed. The principal components analytic (PCA) was subjected to evaluate soil fertility level. Two years old "Lifu" apple seedlings were planted in pot with apple orchard soil and wheat field soil to study the effect of soil type on apple replant disease (ARD). ARD control experimental were conducted with phosphorus fertilizer, SaiZhong-28 added in pot soil. Apple tree root activitys, plant height, leaf area of pot-planted trees were analyzed. The results were showed as follows:
The available soil nutrients content increased along with the horiental direction apart from tree root base. On vertical direction, most of the available soil nutrients decreased with the deeping of root soil except that of available Ca and available Mg. The principal components analysis showed that the root zone soil available nutrients content at 0-40 cm depth in the middle of row were abundent with balance and the integrated fertilizer rank was higher.
Replanted apple orchard soil nutrient deficiency represented as single element consumption and nutrient imbalance. Soil analysis results showed that available P、Ga、Mg、Zn、Mn were deficit in orchard soils and the ratios of N/P、K/P、Ca/P、Ca/Mg、Ca/Mn、Ca/Zn were imbalance. The deficiency of Zn and imbalance of Ca/Zn may be the main factors causing replant physiolog diseases.
Apple seedlings exhibited replanted physiolog disease planted in apple orchard soil in pot and plant height, shoot length, shoot diameter, leaf area and root activity were less than that of planted in wheat field siol in pot. In addition, replant physiolog disease of pot-planted apple seedlings aggravated in the soil of apple orchard with siol depth increasing and lightened in the siol far from apple tree root base.
Adding 250g and 500g SaiZhong-28 anti replant disease fertilizer per seedling can improve soil nutrients concentration, root activity. The plants were similar to that of planted in wheat field soil. Also, adding 500g and 1000g phosphrous fertilizer per plant can lighten replant physiolog disease and plant growth was better than that of control.
1、果园根区土壤养分在水平分布上,随距树干距离的增加呈增高趋势；垂直方向上,除水溶性钙、镁外,其他养分随土层加深呈下降趋势。主成分分析结果表明,距树干100-200 cm处,0-40 cm土层有效养分含量比较均衡,综合肥力等级水平较高。说明土壤养分多富集在远原离树干100-200cm处(即老果园行距中间处)的表层土壤中。
2、重茬土壤养分亏缺失衡表现在单一元素的绝对消耗和营养元素比例失调两个方面。速效磷、水溶性钙、水溶性镁、有效锌、有效锰发生亏缺,氮/磷、钾/磷、钙/磷、钙/镁、钙/锰、钙/锌养分比例失调。土壤锌元素有效含量亏缺和钙/锌养分比例失调明显。说明Zn元素亏缺和Ca/Zn比例失调有可能是造成渭北高原果树再植生理病害发生的主要因子之一
3、栽植在取自多年生苹果园土壤的苹果幼树表现出明显的重茬生理病害,在株高、新梢长度、粗度、叶面积、根系活力等方面均低于栽在取自麦田土壤的盆栽苗木,分别比对照减少44.93%,34.46%,23.88%,49.48%,11.40%,并且,果树再植生理病害随取土层的加深而加重,随取自距树干距离远的土壤而减轻。
4、每株施用250g和500g赛众28抗重茬肥可以显著提高土壤有效养分含量、根系活力,促进植株生长,与麦田土壤栽植幼树表现基本一致。每株施用500g和1000g磷肥在减轻重茬生理病害方面效果较好,处理后所有测定指标都高于对照。
The experiment was conducted on 16-20 year-old "Fuji" apple orchard in 2006 to 2007 in Baishui country of Weinan of Shaanxi Province, which lies in Weibei drought highland. Effective nutrients in different plots of apple tree root zone soil were analyzed. The principal components analytic (PCA) was subjected to evaluate soil fertility level. Two years old "Lifu" apple seedlings were planted in pot with apple orchard soil and wheat field soil to study the effect of soil type on apple replant disease (ARD). ARD control experimental were conducted with phosphorus fertilizer, SaiZhong-28 added in pot soil. Apple tree root activitys, plant height, leaf area of pot-planted trees were analyzed. The results were showed as follows:
The available soil nutrients content increased along with the horiental direction apart from tree root base. On vertical direction, most of the available soil nutrients decreased with the deeping of root soil except that of available Ca and available Mg. The principal components analysis showed that the root zone soil available nutrients content at 0-40 cm depth in the middle of row were abundent with balance and the integrated fertilizer rank was higher.
Replanted apple orchard soil nutrient deficiency represented as single element consumption and nutrient imbalance. Soil analysis results showed that available P、Ga、Mg、Zn、Mn were deficit in orchard soils and the ratios of N/P、K/P、Ca/P、Ca/Mg、Ca/Mn、Ca/Zn were imbalance. The deficiency of Zn and imbalance of Ca/Zn may be the main factors causing replant physiolog diseases.
Apple seedlings exhibited replanted physiolog disease planted in apple orchard soil in pot and plant height, shoot length, shoot diameter, leaf area and root activity were less than that of planted in wheat field siol in pot. In addition, replant physiolog disease of pot-planted apple seedlings aggravated in the soil of apple orchard with siol depth increasing and lightened in the siol far from apple tree root base.
Adding 250g and 500g SaiZhong-28 anti replant disease fertilizer per seedling can improve soil nutrients concentration, root activity. The plants were similar to that of planted in wheat field soil. Also, adding 500g and 1000g phosphrous fertilizer per plant can lighten replant physiolog disease and plant growth was better than that of control.
引文
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