基于虚拟聚焦理论的超声导波管道检测技术研究
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摘要
管道是一种经济、安全、高效的运输方式，在工业中得到广泛应用，被称为工业大动脉。伴随工业的飞速发展，我国的工业管道总长度也日益增长。然而，在长期服役过程中，由于管道的自然老化与环境腐蚀作用导致管道出现腐蚀、穿孔等缺陷，成为管道运输的巨大安全隐患。目前，对于管道中腐蚀、穿孔缺陷的检测与定位问题是管道检测技术发展的重点。因此，研究工业运输管道检测新方法、新技术，实现对腐蚀等型缺陷的先期预警，保证管道安全运行、避免泄漏事故的发生具有重要意义。
超声导波管道检测技术具有检测范围大，效率高且可以同时检测管道内外壁的优点，已经发展成为重要的管道检测技术。本文利用虚拟合成方法结合方向控制技术，实现了对管道缺陷的定位。同时，提出了适合管道缺陷检测的虚拟时间反转方法和虚拟相控聚焦方法，通过理论分析、数值仿真与实验手段，实现了对管道缺陷的聚焦检测，提高了超声导波对缺陷的检测能力。具体研究内容如下：
(1)提出了利用单通道系统等效多通道同步系统的虚拟合成方法。用传递函数的思想，分析了管道中超声导波经过阵列式传感器同步激励、缺陷反射、同步接收的过程。通过仿真与实验，证实了将多通道同步激励-接收到的信号，可分解为多个单通道激励-接收信号的线性叠加。
(2)基于虚拟合成方法，利用以波的干涉叠加原理为核心的方向控制方法实现了对不同检测方向信号的分离，进而实现了对管道中不同检测方向缺陷的定位。并采用2个具有一定间距的环形传感器阵列与单通道激励-接收装置进行实验，验证了该方法的可行性。
(3)通过大量的实验数据，分析了实际工业管道中部分特有结构(法兰、焊缝等)的信号特点，提取标准信号作为样本信号，利用相关分析与支持向量机相结合的方法实现了管道检测信号中部分信号的智能识别，并通过实验的方法证实了该方法的有效性。
(4)基于时间反转聚焦方法，提出了虚拟时间反转聚焦方法。利用虚拟合成方法在单通道激励-接收系统基础上实现了原有时间反转聚焦方法中需要多通道同步激励才能够达到的聚焦效果。并通过有限元仿真与实验对管道中的缺陷进行虚拟时间反转聚焦，证实了该方法能够有效提高超声导波对缺陷检测能力。
(5)结合虚拟合成方法与相控聚焦方法，提出了虚拟相控聚焦方法，在单通道激励-接收设备基础上实现了原本需要多通道同步系统才能够达到的相控聚焦效果，提高了检测能力。同时，通过C扫描成像的方法实现了缺陷轴向与周向的定位，并从一定程度上反映出缺陷的形貌。最终利用仿真与实验，验证了该方法的有效性。
Due to its economic, security, efficiency, the pipeline, which is known as theindustrial main artery, is wildy used in modern industry. As the development of theindustry, the total length of the industrial pipeline in our nation is growing. Defectssuch as corrosion and crack may occur in the in-service pipeline because of thenatural aging and environmental corrosion, and bring a huge security risk for thepipeline transportation. At present, the detection and location of defects becomespriority of the research on pipeline inspection. Therefore, the research on pipelineinspection technology is more and more important, especially the detection of minordefects.
High efficiency and long range is the main advantage of the ultrasonic guidedwave technology, which makes it the most popular technology in pipeline inspection.In the current research, a pipeline inspection method based on synthetic method anddirection control method has been proposed in order to locate the defects. Synthetictime-reversal method and synthetic phase-control method have been proposed in orderto improve the capability of ultrasonic guided wave inspection as well. The efficacyof these method is proved through FEM simulation and experiments.The mainresearch works are given as follows.
(1) The process of the sensor array, including synchronized excitation, defectreflection and synchronized receiving, is analyzed using a transfer function method.The final result of the multi-channel synchronous excitation–receiving is replaced bythe sum of a set of single-channel excitation-receiving signals. The effectiveness ofthe method is proved through FEM simulation and experiments.
(2) Based on the synthetic method, a completely post-acquisition signalprocessing method is proposed to control the inspection direction. Using signalscollected by2transducer rings placed on the pipeline and a single-channel excitation–receiving system, the defect reflections from different direction are separated and the defects are located. This method is proved to be effective by FEM simulation andexperiments.
(3) Based on a large number of experimental results, signals of some pipestructures such as flanges and welds are collected to build the sample database. Basedon this database, the signals of those pipe structures can be automatically identifiedfrom the inspection result using a identification method based on correlation analysisand support vector machine.
(4) Combined with synthetic method, the time-reversal method is developed intoa completely post-acquisition focusing method named synthetic time-reversal method.FEM simulation and experiment prove that this method is as effective as theconventional time-reversal method but only requires a much easier single-channelsystem.
(5) Combined with synthetic method, the phase-control method is developed intoa completely post-acquisition focusing method based on single-channel system, whichis named synthetic phase-control method. FEM simulation and experiment prove thatthis method is able to improve the detection capability and locate the defects in bothaxial and circumferential direction.
超声导波管道检测技术具有检测范围大，效率高且可以同时检测管道内外壁的优点，已经发展成为重要的管道检测技术。本文利用虚拟合成方法结合方向控制技术，实现了对管道缺陷的定位。同时，提出了适合管道缺陷检测的虚拟时间反转方法和虚拟相控聚焦方法，通过理论分析、数值仿真与实验手段，实现了对管道缺陷的聚焦检测，提高了超声导波对缺陷的检测能力。具体研究内容如下：
(1)提出了利用单通道系统等效多通道同步系统的虚拟合成方法。用传递函数的思想，分析了管道中超声导波经过阵列式传感器同步激励、缺陷反射、同步接收的过程。通过仿真与实验，证实了将多通道同步激励-接收到的信号，可分解为多个单通道激励-接收信号的线性叠加。
(2)基于虚拟合成方法，利用以波的干涉叠加原理为核心的方向控制方法实现了对不同检测方向信号的分离，进而实现了对管道中不同检测方向缺陷的定位。并采用2个具有一定间距的环形传感器阵列与单通道激励-接收装置进行实验，验证了该方法的可行性。
(3)通过大量的实验数据，分析了实际工业管道中部分特有结构(法兰、焊缝等)的信号特点，提取标准信号作为样本信号，利用相关分析与支持向量机相结合的方法实现了管道检测信号中部分信号的智能识别，并通过实验的方法证实了该方法的有效性。
(4)基于时间反转聚焦方法，提出了虚拟时间反转聚焦方法。利用虚拟合成方法在单通道激励-接收系统基础上实现了原有时间反转聚焦方法中需要多通道同步激励才能够达到的聚焦效果。并通过有限元仿真与实验对管道中的缺陷进行虚拟时间反转聚焦，证实了该方法能够有效提高超声导波对缺陷检测能力。
(5)结合虚拟合成方法与相控聚焦方法，提出了虚拟相控聚焦方法，在单通道激励-接收设备基础上实现了原本需要多通道同步系统才能够达到的相控聚焦效果，提高了检测能力。同时，通过C扫描成像的方法实现了缺陷轴向与周向的定位，并从一定程度上反映出缺陷的形貌。最终利用仿真与实验，验证了该方法的有效性。
Due to its economic, security, efficiency, the pipeline, which is known as theindustrial main artery, is wildy used in modern industry. As the development of theindustry, the total length of the industrial pipeline in our nation is growing. Defectssuch as corrosion and crack may occur in the in-service pipeline because of thenatural aging and environmental corrosion, and bring a huge security risk for thepipeline transportation. At present, the detection and location of defects becomespriority of the research on pipeline inspection. Therefore, the research on pipelineinspection technology is more and more important, especially the detection of minordefects.
High efficiency and long range is the main advantage of the ultrasonic guidedwave technology, which makes it the most popular technology in pipeline inspection.In the current research, a pipeline inspection method based on synthetic method anddirection control method has been proposed in order to locate the defects. Synthetictime-reversal method and synthetic phase-control method have been proposed in orderto improve the capability of ultrasonic guided wave inspection as well. The efficacyof these method is proved through FEM simulation and experiments.The mainresearch works are given as follows.
(1) The process of the sensor array, including synchronized excitation, defectreflection and synchronized receiving, is analyzed using a transfer function method.The final result of the multi-channel synchronous excitation–receiving is replaced bythe sum of a set of single-channel excitation-receiving signals. The effectiveness ofthe method is proved through FEM simulation and experiments.
(2) Based on the synthetic method, a completely post-acquisition signalprocessing method is proposed to control the inspection direction. Using signalscollected by2transducer rings placed on the pipeline and a single-channel excitation–receiving system, the defect reflections from different direction are separated and the defects are located. This method is proved to be effective by FEM simulation andexperiments.
(3) Based on a large number of experimental results, signals of some pipestructures such as flanges and welds are collected to build the sample database. Basedon this database, the signals of those pipe structures can be automatically identifiedfrom the inspection result using a identification method based on correlation analysisand support vector machine.
(4) Combined with synthetic method, the time-reversal method is developed intoa completely post-acquisition focusing method named synthetic time-reversal method.FEM simulation and experiment prove that this method is as effective as theconventional time-reversal method but only requires a much easier single-channelsystem.
(5) Combined with synthetic method, the phase-control method is developed intoa completely post-acquisition focusing method based on single-channel system, whichis named synthetic phase-control method. FEM simulation and experiment prove thatthis method is able to improve the detection capability and locate the defects in bothaxial and circumferential direction.
引文
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