微震震源定位的关键因素作用机制及可靠性研究
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摘要
微震监测技术作为一种实时、动态、连续的监测手段，在矿山、石油和边坡等岩土工程中得到了广泛应用。震源定位是微震技术应用的基础，也是国内外研究的重点和热点。震源定位的影响因素及其作用机制、震源定位可靠性评价方法是当前亟需解决的关键科学和技术问题。为此，本文围绕微震震源定位及可靠性评价，采用理论分析、实验室实验、数值模拟、现场试验等方法，研究并揭示了关键因素对震源定位的影响规律和作用机制；建立了微震到达波类型自动识别模型（APSIM）、基于APSIM的单纯形震源定位方法（APSIM-Simplex）和震源定位可靠性综合评价体系（SLRES）；开发了微震定位与可靠性评价系统，并进行了试验验证和现场应用。
实验研究了不同微震台网布设、波速和到时误差对震源定位可靠性的影响规律。结果表明，微震台网内部的震源定位精度高，随着震源远离台网中心，定位精度和稳定性都呈下降趋势；台网对震源定位的影响存在方向性，不同方向上的定位误差和变化特征都不相同，且存在定位精度下降最快的方向。震源定位精度随波速和到时输入误差的增加而降低，并且下降的速率越来越快；不同位置震源定位受输入误差影响不同，台网内部震源受输入误差影响较小，台网边缘和外部的震源受输入误差影响较大。
建立了微震震源定位双曲线控制方程（MHGE），分析了震源定位双曲线域的非均匀性几何特性。研究并揭示了微震台网对震源定位的几何扩散效应和方向控制效应，分别构建了两种效应的三维空间量化模型，提出了配对传感器的方向角，确定了空间微震台网的优化布置原则。对比分析了波速和到时误差在震源求解中的传播特性；根据关键双曲线和微震台网形态，监测区域可划分为到时误差主导和波速误差主导的两个不同区域，通常在微震台网内部到时误差是造成定位误差的主导因素，随着震源远离台网中心，波速误差逐渐成为造成定位误差的主导因素。
传感器到时之间存在观测到时差值、P波到时差值理论极限和延迟波到时差值理论极限。根据微震台网和监测空间几何特征、到时差值和台站残差，分别构建了到时差值分析表和残差分析表，进而建立了微震到达波类型（P波、S波、延迟波和外部异常波）自动识别模型（APSIM）和基于APSIM的单纯形微震震源定位方法（APSIM-Simplex）。现场试验结果表明，APSIM能够对P波、S波、延迟波和外部异常波四种到达波类型进行有效识别；APSIM-Simplex求解系统稳定，震源定位精度得到了很大的提高。
提出了评价震源定位可靠性的事件残差指标、敏感度指标、触发序列指标，确定了各指标的评价准则，建立了震源定位可靠性综合评价体系（SLRES），并进行了实验验证。结果表明，SLRES能够对定位结果进行全面有效评价，评价结果符合实际情况。
综合APSIM、APSIM-Simplex和SLRES，开发了微震定位与可靠性评价系统，并进行了现场应用。结果表明，该系统实现了震源的高精度定位，而且能够对震源定位可靠性进行综合评价，满足现场微震监测需求。
本文研究成果对进一步提高震源定位精度和微震监测预警的准确性、促进微震监测技术的应用等具有重要理论意义和应用价值。
The microseismic (MS) monitoring technique is a real time, dynamic, and continuousmonitoring method which has been widely used in the general area of geotechnicalengineering, such as: mining, petroleum, and slopes engineering. Source location is thefoundation of the MS technique. It has been the research focus and hotspots in the MS area.The influence factors and their mechanisms of MS source location, and the reliabilityevaluation of source location are the key scientific and technical issues which need to addressurgently at present. Thus, this paper focuses on the MS source location and reliabilityevaluation problems by using theoretical analysis, laboratory physical experiment, numericalsimulation, field testing and practice. The influence law of MS source location affected by keyfactors, and the key factors in the mechanisms of MS source location are revealed. On thisbasis, the automatic identification model of MS arrival wave types (APSIM), Simplex MSsource location method based on APSIM (APSIM-Simplex), and comprehensive evaluationsystem for source location reliability (SLRES) are built. In the end, a new MS source locationand reliability evaluation system is developed. The verification tests and applications arecarried out.
The influence law of MS source location affected by the MS network, velocity model, andarrival time are studied by laboratory physical experiments. Results show that the sourcelocation accuracy is relative high inside of MS network. The accuracy and stability of thesource location consistently reduce with the source away from the network center. Theinfluence of MS network to the source location is directional. Both the accuracy and changecharacteristics of source location in different directions are different, and there exists thequickest-decline-direcion of location accuracy. The source location accuracy decreases withthe increasing of velocity and arrival time errors, and the decline rate of location accuracybecomes faster and faster. The source locations at different places are affected differently bythe same input errors. Specifically, the source locations at the central region of the networkhave been less affected by the input errors than the outside of the network.
Based on the arrival-time-difference source location theory, the hyperbolic governingequation of MS source location (MHGE) is established, and the non-uniformity geometricalcharacteristic of hyperbolic field is analyzed as well. And then, the geometrical spreadingeffect and the directional control effect of the MS network are revealed. Additionally, thethree-dimensional space quantitative models of these two effects are constructed respectively.The direction angle of pairing sensors is proposed. And then, based on the geometrical spreading effect, the directional control effect, and the direction angle, the basic principles ofMS network layout are concluded. The propagation characteristics of velocity error andarrival time error are compared analytically. Based on the critical hyperbola and the networklayout, the monitoring area can be divided into two regions. In general, the arrival time errorshave the major influence in the central region, and the velocity errors have the majorinfluence in the remaining area.
There are observed arrival time differences, theoretical limit arrival time differences of Pwave and delayed wave between two sensors. According to the geometrical characteristics ofMS network and monitoring space, the arrival time differences analysis as well as and stationresiduals, the arrival time difference analysis table and station residual analysis table areformed, and then the APSIM and APSIM-Simplex are built. Results from field tests showsthat P wave, S wave, delayed waves and external outlier waves can be identified correctly andeffectively by APSIM. The accuracy and stability of source location are greatly improved byusing APSIM-Simplex.
The event residual index, sensitivity index, and hit sequence index are proposed, andevaluation criteria of these3indexes are defined. The SLRES is established based on theabove indexes, and verification tests are carried out. Results indicate SLRES can evaluate thesource location accuracy and stability comprehensively and effectively. The evaluation resultsof SLRES accordant with the actual situation.
Based on the APSIM, APSIM-Simplex, and SLRES, a MS source location and reliabilityevaluation system is developed. In the end, this system is applied to the engineering practiceand applications. The successful applications show this system can achieve the identificationof MS arrival wave types, high accuracy source location, and comprehensive evaluation forsource location reliability. It meets the needs of field MS monitoring.
This paper profoundly reveals the key factors in mechanisms of MS source location. Theresearch results have important theoretical and practical significance for improving the MSsource location accuracy and stability, and driving the research of MS monitoring and earlywarning for rockbursts.
实验研究了不同微震台网布设、波速和到时误差对震源定位可靠性的影响规律。结果表明，微震台网内部的震源定位精度高，随着震源远离台网中心，定位精度和稳定性都呈下降趋势；台网对震源定位的影响存在方向性，不同方向上的定位误差和变化特征都不相同，且存在定位精度下降最快的方向。震源定位精度随波速和到时输入误差的增加而降低，并且下降的速率越来越快；不同位置震源定位受输入误差影响不同，台网内部震源受输入误差影响较小，台网边缘和外部的震源受输入误差影响较大。
建立了微震震源定位双曲线控制方程（MHGE），分析了震源定位双曲线域的非均匀性几何特性。研究并揭示了微震台网对震源定位的几何扩散效应和方向控制效应，分别构建了两种效应的三维空间量化模型，提出了配对传感器的方向角，确定了空间微震台网的优化布置原则。对比分析了波速和到时误差在震源求解中的传播特性；根据关键双曲线和微震台网形态，监测区域可划分为到时误差主导和波速误差主导的两个不同区域，通常在微震台网内部到时误差是造成定位误差的主导因素，随着震源远离台网中心，波速误差逐渐成为造成定位误差的主导因素。
传感器到时之间存在观测到时差值、P波到时差值理论极限和延迟波到时差值理论极限。根据微震台网和监测空间几何特征、到时差值和台站残差，分别构建了到时差值分析表和残差分析表，进而建立了微震到达波类型（P波、S波、延迟波和外部异常波）自动识别模型（APSIM）和基于APSIM的单纯形微震震源定位方法（APSIM-Simplex）。现场试验结果表明，APSIM能够对P波、S波、延迟波和外部异常波四种到达波类型进行有效识别；APSIM-Simplex求解系统稳定，震源定位精度得到了很大的提高。
提出了评价震源定位可靠性的事件残差指标、敏感度指标、触发序列指标，确定了各指标的评价准则，建立了震源定位可靠性综合评价体系（SLRES），并进行了实验验证。结果表明，SLRES能够对定位结果进行全面有效评价，评价结果符合实际情况。
综合APSIM、APSIM-Simplex和SLRES，开发了微震定位与可靠性评价系统，并进行了现场应用。结果表明，该系统实现了震源的高精度定位，而且能够对震源定位可靠性进行综合评价，满足现场微震监测需求。
本文研究成果对进一步提高震源定位精度和微震监测预警的准确性、促进微震监测技术的应用等具有重要理论意义和应用价值。
The microseismic (MS) monitoring technique is a real time, dynamic, and continuousmonitoring method which has been widely used in the general area of geotechnicalengineering, such as: mining, petroleum, and slopes engineering. Source location is thefoundation of the MS technique. It has been the research focus and hotspots in the MS area.The influence factors and their mechanisms of MS source location, and the reliabilityevaluation of source location are the key scientific and technical issues which need to addressurgently at present. Thus, this paper focuses on the MS source location and reliabilityevaluation problems by using theoretical analysis, laboratory physical experiment, numericalsimulation, field testing and practice. The influence law of MS source location affected by keyfactors, and the key factors in the mechanisms of MS source location are revealed. On thisbasis, the automatic identification model of MS arrival wave types (APSIM), Simplex MSsource location method based on APSIM (APSIM-Simplex), and comprehensive evaluationsystem for source location reliability (SLRES) are built. In the end, a new MS source locationand reliability evaluation system is developed. The verification tests and applications arecarried out.
The influence law of MS source location affected by the MS network, velocity model, andarrival time are studied by laboratory physical experiments. Results show that the sourcelocation accuracy is relative high inside of MS network. The accuracy and stability of thesource location consistently reduce with the source away from the network center. Theinfluence of MS network to the source location is directional. Both the accuracy and changecharacteristics of source location in different directions are different, and there exists thequickest-decline-direcion of location accuracy. The source location accuracy decreases withthe increasing of velocity and arrival time errors, and the decline rate of location accuracybecomes faster and faster. The source locations at different places are affected differently bythe same input errors. Specifically, the source locations at the central region of the networkhave been less affected by the input errors than the outside of the network.
Based on the arrival-time-difference source location theory, the hyperbolic governingequation of MS source location (MHGE) is established, and the non-uniformity geometricalcharacteristic of hyperbolic field is analyzed as well. And then, the geometrical spreadingeffect and the directional control effect of the MS network are revealed. Additionally, thethree-dimensional space quantitative models of these two effects are constructed respectively.The direction angle of pairing sensors is proposed. And then, based on the geometrical spreading effect, the directional control effect, and the direction angle, the basic principles ofMS network layout are concluded. The propagation characteristics of velocity error andarrival time error are compared analytically. Based on the critical hyperbola and the networklayout, the monitoring area can be divided into two regions. In general, the arrival time errorshave the major influence in the central region, and the velocity errors have the majorinfluence in the remaining area.
There are observed arrival time differences, theoretical limit arrival time differences of Pwave and delayed wave between two sensors. According to the geometrical characteristics ofMS network and monitoring space, the arrival time differences analysis as well as and stationresiduals, the arrival time difference analysis table and station residual analysis table areformed, and then the APSIM and APSIM-Simplex are built. Results from field tests showsthat P wave, S wave, delayed waves and external outlier waves can be identified correctly andeffectively by APSIM. The accuracy and stability of source location are greatly improved byusing APSIM-Simplex.
The event residual index, sensitivity index, and hit sequence index are proposed, andevaluation criteria of these3indexes are defined. The SLRES is established based on theabove indexes, and verification tests are carried out. Results indicate SLRES can evaluate thesource location accuracy and stability comprehensively and effectively. The evaluation resultsof SLRES accordant with the actual situation.
Based on the APSIM, APSIM-Simplex, and SLRES, a MS source location and reliabilityevaluation system is developed. In the end, this system is applied to the engineering practiceand applications. The successful applications show this system can achieve the identificationof MS arrival wave types, high accuracy source location, and comprehensive evaluation forsource location reliability. It meets the needs of field MS monitoring.
This paper profoundly reveals the key factors in mechanisms of MS source location. Theresearch results have important theoretical and practical significance for improving the MSsource location accuracy and stability, and driving the research of MS monitoring and earlywarning for rockbursts.
引文
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