中国文化资本估算及其对经济增长的贡献
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摘要
文化投资对世界各国经济增长的影响越来越显著。人们深信，文化不仅是社会伦理、道德文明等社会价值体系的基础，而且对经济增长具有重要的促进作用。但是，文化如何作用于经济增长，其机理至今仍然缺乏令人信服的解释，各种有关文化与经济增长关系的研究缺少系统的理论体系和严谨的经济计量分析。本文从文化资本的新视角实证分析文化投资与经济增长之间的关系。
本文结构如下：第二章文献综述，梳理文化资本理论以及文化和文化产业等相关理论研究成果；第三章对文化资本理论进行深入研究，探讨文化资本概念内涵及其对经济增长的作用机理，构建我国文化资本估算指标体系；第四章进行中国文化资本估算研究，估算了我国1978-2008年的文化资本存量时间序列数据；第五章基于文化资本变量和经济产出变量进行协整分析，探讨两者的动态均衡关系；第六章基于新古典生产函数，研究文化资本对经济增长的贡献；第七章在考虑空间相关性的基础上，通过空间计量分析模型研究文化资本对经济增长的贡献。
首先，对文化资本以及相关概念文化、文化产业等理论进行文献整理研究。梳理国内外学者对文化资本、文化和文化产业等概念的定义，通过比较世界各国的文化产业分类来界定文化资本品的边界，归纳文化经济学方面的研究成果，重点整理归纳文化资本理论的研究成果和主要观点，重点介绍了法国社会学家皮埃尔·布迪厄（Pierre Bourdieu）的文化资本理论和澳大利亚经济学家戴维·斯罗斯比（David Throsby）将文化资本概念引进经济学分析的研究成果。此外，整理归纳了国内外学者在文化、文化产业及无形资本与经济增长关系的研究成果，重点归纳了国际上采用CHS模式和永续盘存法（PIM）进行无形资本估算的研究成果及方法。
其次，对文化资本理论进行深入的研究。从资本的角度进一步明晰文化资本的概念内涵：文化资本是文化价值积累而成的无形资产，具有经济价值和文化价值双重属性，其经济价值主要取决于无形的文化价值含量，与其物质载体的经济价值基本无关。在经济学研究和文化生产统计实践中，文化资本指可交易可流通以及可积累的现代文化资本品。文化资本以有形的物质器物为载体，有些载体的外观对文化鉴赏活动以及文化和经济价值衡量有直接影响，例如绘画、雕塑等；有些载体外观对文化鉴赏活动和价值衡量没有直接影响，如图书、CD等。文化资本是一种广义的资本形式，是文化产品的价值运动形态，作为一种生产要素普遍存在于各种产业链当中。文化是文化生产的创意源泉，文化产业提供文化产品与服务，文化产品是文化资本积累的来源。文化资本具有一般资本要素的共性，即增值性、运动性和独立性等，同时具有独特的个性，即文化性、创新性和共享性。基于文化资本的表现形态，将文化资本分为创意资本、品牌资本和版权资本三种细分类型。
第三，采用CHS模式和永续盘存法（PIM）估算我国文化资本投资和存量。结果表明，我国文化资本投资占GDP比例比较小，在2006-2008年期间只有1.4%，不及美国和日本的一半。版权资本是我国文化资本的主要构成部分，约占了一半份额。
第四，根据协整理论及相关经济计量模型对我国文化资本存量与经济增长之间的关系进行了实证分析。结果表明，两者之间存在长期均衡关系，即存在协整关系。文化资本是经济增长的格兰杰原因，反之经济增长也是文化资本存量增长的格兰杰原因，两个变量互为因果关系。文化可以通过文化资本这种生产要素，有效地作用于经济增长，比较深刻地阐释了文化与经济增长相互作用的内在机理。
第五，在柯布-道格拉斯生产函数中引入文化资本变量，测算文化资本对经济增长的贡献。结果表明，在物质资本、人力资本不变的情况下，文化资本存量每增长1%，GDP增长0.18%。相比而言，物质资本和人力资本对GDP的影响仍然比文化资本大，物质资本存量每增长1%，GDP增长0.55%；人力资本存量每增长1%，GDP增长0.91%。
脉冲响应分析结果表明，GDP对文化资本存量的正冲击呈正向反应，而且这一冲击具有显著和持续的促进作用。当文化资本存量提高一个百分点，将导致国内生产总值在前5年、前10年和前20年积累分别提高0.045540、0.054666和0.111177个百分点。方差分析结果表明，文化资本存量对GDP的贡献率约17%。
第六，通过空间相关性分析，研究文化资本与其它资本要素的空间相关性，并采用面板数据空间滞后模型研究文化资本及其他资本因素对我国区域经济增长的影响。实证结果表明，我国地区间经济增长呈现正的空间相关性，在考虑邻近区域间的空间相关性因素之后，文化资本每增长1%，促进GDP增长0.379%，对经济的促进作用更为显著，物质资本和人力资本的作用则相应减小，其弹性分别降为0.339和0.769。因此，通过加大文化投资，促进文化资本积累，可进一步推进地区间的文化交流和文化资本的输出，更大程度地促进经济增长。
The impact on economic growth from cultural investment has become more and moresignificant around the world. People are convinced that culture is not only the basis for socialvalue system of social ethics and moral civilization, but also playing an important role oneconomic growth. However, till now there is no convincing explanation on the mechanismthat how does culture promotes economic growth. Most of the studies on the relationshipbetween culture and economic growth lack systematic theories and rigorous econometricanalysis. This paper studies the relationship between cultural investment and economicgrowth from a new perspective of cultural capital
The paper is organized as follows: The second chapter works on literature review,combing the results of theoretical studies of cultural capital, as well as culture and culturalindustries; The third Chapter focuses on the theory of cultural capital, exploring the meaningof the concept of cultural capital, the mechanism that how the cultural capital plays an role oneconomic growth, and constructing the index system of China's cultural Capital estimates;The fourth Chapter estimates the time series data of cultural capital stock for the years1978-2008; Chapter V explores the dynamic equilibrium relationship between cultural capitalvariables and economic output variable by a cointegration analysis; Chapter VI studies thecontribution of cultural capital to economic growth, based on the neo-classical productionfunction; Chapter VII analyzes the contribution of cultural capital to economic growth by aspatial econometric analysis model on the basis of spatial correlation.
Firstly, the paper works on literature review about the concepts and theories of culturalcapital, as well as related culture and cultural industries. Then, the definitions of culturalcapital, culture and cultural industries, which given by domestic and foreign scholars arecombed. By comparing the classifications of cultural industries in different countries, theboundaries of cultural capital goods are defined. The paper summarizes the research results ofcultural economics, especially the main points of cultural capital theories, introducing thecultural capital theory proposed by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, and the researchresults finished by Australia economist David Throsby, who has introduced the concept ofcultural capital into economics research analysis. In addition, the paper summarizes the results of domestic and foreign scholars in the study of the relationship between culture, culturalindustries, intangible capital and economic growth, focusing on the CHS mode and perpetualinventory method (PIM), which are widely used internationally to estimate intangible capital.
Secondly, an in-depth study of the cultural capital theory has been done. Further, thepaper defines the concept of cultural capital from a perspective of capital: cultural capital is akind of intangible asset accumulated by cultural value with dual nature both of economicvalue and cultural value. Its economic value depends on the content of intangible culturalvalue, being independent of the economic value of its physical carrier. In the practice ofcultural production and economic research, cultural capital refers to modern cultural capitalgoods, which may be produced in industry or circulated and consumpted, as well as beaccumulated by investment. Cultural capital has tangible material objects as its carrier, theappearances of some carriers have a direct impact on cultural appreciation activities, and themeasures of cultural value and economic value, such as paintings, sculptures. Some carriersdo not have such impacts, such as books, CD. Cultural capital is a generalized form of capital,and a kind of movement patterns of cultural value in cultural production process. As aproductive element, cultural capital exists generally in a variety of industry chains. Culture isthe creative source of culture production. Cultural product is the source of production andaccumulation of cultural capital. Cultural capital has the common natures of general capitalelements, namely value-added, movement and independence, but also has uniquepersonalities, i.e., culture, creativity and sharing. Based on the analysis of the characteristicsof cultural capital, cultural capital may be divided into three subdivision types as creativecapital, brand capital and copyright capital.
Thirdly, the CHS model and PIM method are applied to estimate the investment amountand stock of cultural capital. The result shows that China’s ratio of cultural capital investmentto GDP is relatively small, only1.4%during2006-2008, less than half of the United Statesand Japan. In these three kinds of capitals, copyright capital investment and stock are themajor component, accounting for about half the share.
Fourthly, according to the cointegration theory and related econometric model, therelationship between China's cultural capital stock and economic growth is analysedempirically. The results show that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between them. According to the results of Granger causality test, China's cultural capital is a Granger causeof economic growth, whereas the cultural capital stock is also the Granger cause of economicgrowth, they are mutually reinforcing. The culture may play an effective role in the form ofcultural capital as a productive element in economic growth. It explains profoundly theinternal mechanism of interaction between culture and economic growth.
Fifthly, cultural capital is introduced in Cobb-Douglas production function formeasuring its contribution to economic growth. The result shows that if physical capital andhuman capital keep unchanged, when cultural capital stock increases by1%, the economicoutput will grow by0.18%. In contrast, the impact of physical capital and human capital isstill larger than cultural capital. When physical capital stock increases by1%, GDP will growby0.55%; When human capital stock increases by1%, GDP will grow by0.91%.
Impulse response analysis showed that the response of GDP to a positive shock ofcultural capital is positive, and the shock has a significant and lasting impact on economicgrowth. The results of cumulative effect showed that when cultural capital stock increases byone percentage, the cumulation of GDP will respectively grow by0.045540,0.054666and0.111177percent in the first5years,10years and20year. Variance Analysis results showedthat the contribution rate of cultural capital stock to GDP is about17%, means that17%of theforecast variance of GDP can be explained by the the changes of cultural capital stock.
Sixthly, the spatial correlation between cultural capital and other capital elements isstudied by the spatial correlation analysis, and a spatial panel data model is applied to studythe impact of cultural capital and other capitals to economic growth. The empirical resultsshow that there are significant positive spatial correlations among China's provincial-levelregions. Taking into account the spatial correlation among adjacent areas, the contribution ofcultural capital increases significantly to economic growth． Whenever cultural capitalincreases1%, the GDP will grow by0.379%, with the same time, the role of physical capitaland human capital is reduced accordingly. Their flexibilities are reduced to0.339and0.769respectively. Therefore, by increasing culture investment, and promoting the accumulation ofcultural capital, the cultural exchanges and the output of cultural product between the regions are further encouraged, and then to a greater extent, the economic growth are promoted.
本文结构如下：第二章文献综述，梳理文化资本理论以及文化和文化产业等相关理论研究成果；第三章对文化资本理论进行深入研究，探讨文化资本概念内涵及其对经济增长的作用机理，构建我国文化资本估算指标体系；第四章进行中国文化资本估算研究，估算了我国1978-2008年的文化资本存量时间序列数据；第五章基于文化资本变量和经济产出变量进行协整分析，探讨两者的动态均衡关系；第六章基于新古典生产函数，研究文化资本对经济增长的贡献；第七章在考虑空间相关性的基础上，通过空间计量分析模型研究文化资本对经济增长的贡献。
首先，对文化资本以及相关概念文化、文化产业等理论进行文献整理研究。梳理国内外学者对文化资本、文化和文化产业等概念的定义，通过比较世界各国的文化产业分类来界定文化资本品的边界，归纳文化经济学方面的研究成果，重点整理归纳文化资本理论的研究成果和主要观点，重点介绍了法国社会学家皮埃尔·布迪厄（Pierre Bourdieu）的文化资本理论和澳大利亚经济学家戴维·斯罗斯比（David Throsby）将文化资本概念引进经济学分析的研究成果。此外，整理归纳了国内外学者在文化、文化产业及无形资本与经济增长关系的研究成果，重点归纳了国际上采用CHS模式和永续盘存法（PIM）进行无形资本估算的研究成果及方法。
其次，对文化资本理论进行深入的研究。从资本的角度进一步明晰文化资本的概念内涵：文化资本是文化价值积累而成的无形资产，具有经济价值和文化价值双重属性，其经济价值主要取决于无形的文化价值含量，与其物质载体的经济价值基本无关。在经济学研究和文化生产统计实践中，文化资本指可交易可流通以及可积累的现代文化资本品。文化资本以有形的物质器物为载体，有些载体的外观对文化鉴赏活动以及文化和经济价值衡量有直接影响，例如绘画、雕塑等；有些载体外观对文化鉴赏活动和价值衡量没有直接影响，如图书、CD等。文化资本是一种广义的资本形式，是文化产品的价值运动形态，作为一种生产要素普遍存在于各种产业链当中。文化是文化生产的创意源泉，文化产业提供文化产品与服务，文化产品是文化资本积累的来源。文化资本具有一般资本要素的共性，即增值性、运动性和独立性等，同时具有独特的个性，即文化性、创新性和共享性。基于文化资本的表现形态，将文化资本分为创意资本、品牌资本和版权资本三种细分类型。
第三，采用CHS模式和永续盘存法（PIM）估算我国文化资本投资和存量。结果表明，我国文化资本投资占GDP比例比较小，在2006-2008年期间只有1.4%，不及美国和日本的一半。版权资本是我国文化资本的主要构成部分，约占了一半份额。
第四，根据协整理论及相关经济计量模型对我国文化资本存量与经济增长之间的关系进行了实证分析。结果表明，两者之间存在长期均衡关系，即存在协整关系。文化资本是经济增长的格兰杰原因，反之经济增长也是文化资本存量增长的格兰杰原因，两个变量互为因果关系。文化可以通过文化资本这种生产要素，有效地作用于经济增长，比较深刻地阐释了文化与经济增长相互作用的内在机理。
第五，在柯布-道格拉斯生产函数中引入文化资本变量，测算文化资本对经济增长的贡献。结果表明，在物质资本、人力资本不变的情况下，文化资本存量每增长1%，GDP增长0.18%。相比而言，物质资本和人力资本对GDP的影响仍然比文化资本大，物质资本存量每增长1%，GDP增长0.55%；人力资本存量每增长1%，GDP增长0.91%。
脉冲响应分析结果表明，GDP对文化资本存量的正冲击呈正向反应，而且这一冲击具有显著和持续的促进作用。当文化资本存量提高一个百分点，将导致国内生产总值在前5年、前10年和前20年积累分别提高0.045540、0.054666和0.111177个百分点。方差分析结果表明，文化资本存量对GDP的贡献率约17%。
第六，通过空间相关性分析，研究文化资本与其它资本要素的空间相关性，并采用面板数据空间滞后模型研究文化资本及其他资本因素对我国区域经济增长的影响。实证结果表明，我国地区间经济增长呈现正的空间相关性，在考虑邻近区域间的空间相关性因素之后，文化资本每增长1%，促进GDP增长0.379%，对经济的促进作用更为显著，物质资本和人力资本的作用则相应减小，其弹性分别降为0.339和0.769。因此，通过加大文化投资，促进文化资本积累，可进一步推进地区间的文化交流和文化资本的输出，更大程度地促进经济增长。
The impact on economic growth from cultural investment has become more and moresignificant around the world. People are convinced that culture is not only the basis for socialvalue system of social ethics and moral civilization, but also playing an important role oneconomic growth. However, till now there is no convincing explanation on the mechanismthat how does culture promotes economic growth. Most of the studies on the relationshipbetween culture and economic growth lack systematic theories and rigorous econometricanalysis. This paper studies the relationship between cultural investment and economicgrowth from a new perspective of cultural capital
The paper is organized as follows: The second chapter works on literature review,combing the results of theoretical studies of cultural capital, as well as culture and culturalindustries; The third Chapter focuses on the theory of cultural capital, exploring the meaningof the concept of cultural capital, the mechanism that how the cultural capital plays an role oneconomic growth, and constructing the index system of China's cultural Capital estimates;The fourth Chapter estimates the time series data of cultural capital stock for the years1978-2008; Chapter V explores the dynamic equilibrium relationship between cultural capitalvariables and economic output variable by a cointegration analysis; Chapter VI studies thecontribution of cultural capital to economic growth, based on the neo-classical productionfunction; Chapter VII analyzes the contribution of cultural capital to economic growth by aspatial econometric analysis model on the basis of spatial correlation.
Firstly, the paper works on literature review about the concepts and theories of culturalcapital, as well as related culture and cultural industries. Then, the definitions of culturalcapital, culture and cultural industries, which given by domestic and foreign scholars arecombed. By comparing the classifications of cultural industries in different countries, theboundaries of cultural capital goods are defined. The paper summarizes the research results ofcultural economics, especially the main points of cultural capital theories, introducing thecultural capital theory proposed by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, and the researchresults finished by Australia economist David Throsby, who has introduced the concept ofcultural capital into economics research analysis. In addition, the paper summarizes the results of domestic and foreign scholars in the study of the relationship between culture, culturalindustries, intangible capital and economic growth, focusing on the CHS mode and perpetualinventory method (PIM), which are widely used internationally to estimate intangible capital.
Secondly, an in-depth study of the cultural capital theory has been done. Further, thepaper defines the concept of cultural capital from a perspective of capital: cultural capital is akind of intangible asset accumulated by cultural value with dual nature both of economicvalue and cultural value. Its economic value depends on the content of intangible culturalvalue, being independent of the economic value of its physical carrier. In the practice ofcultural production and economic research, cultural capital refers to modern cultural capitalgoods, which may be produced in industry or circulated and consumpted, as well as beaccumulated by investment. Cultural capital has tangible material objects as its carrier, theappearances of some carriers have a direct impact on cultural appreciation activities, and themeasures of cultural value and economic value, such as paintings, sculptures. Some carriersdo not have such impacts, such as books, CD. Cultural capital is a generalized form of capital,and a kind of movement patterns of cultural value in cultural production process. As aproductive element, cultural capital exists generally in a variety of industry chains. Culture isthe creative source of culture production. Cultural product is the source of production andaccumulation of cultural capital. Cultural capital has the common natures of general capitalelements, namely value-added, movement and independence, but also has uniquepersonalities, i.e., culture, creativity and sharing. Based on the analysis of the characteristicsof cultural capital, cultural capital may be divided into three subdivision types as creativecapital, brand capital and copyright capital.
Thirdly, the CHS model and PIM method are applied to estimate the investment amountand stock of cultural capital. The result shows that China’s ratio of cultural capital investmentto GDP is relatively small, only1.4%during2006-2008, less than half of the United Statesand Japan. In these three kinds of capitals, copyright capital investment and stock are themajor component, accounting for about half the share.
Fourthly, according to the cointegration theory and related econometric model, therelationship between China's cultural capital stock and economic growth is analysedempirically. The results show that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between them. According to the results of Granger causality test, China's cultural capital is a Granger causeof economic growth, whereas the cultural capital stock is also the Granger cause of economicgrowth, they are mutually reinforcing. The culture may play an effective role in the form ofcultural capital as a productive element in economic growth. It explains profoundly theinternal mechanism of interaction between culture and economic growth.
Fifthly, cultural capital is introduced in Cobb-Douglas production function formeasuring its contribution to economic growth. The result shows that if physical capital andhuman capital keep unchanged, when cultural capital stock increases by1%, the economicoutput will grow by0.18%. In contrast, the impact of physical capital and human capital isstill larger than cultural capital. When physical capital stock increases by1%, GDP will growby0.55%; When human capital stock increases by1%, GDP will grow by0.91%.
Impulse response analysis showed that the response of GDP to a positive shock ofcultural capital is positive, and the shock has a significant and lasting impact on economicgrowth. The results of cumulative effect showed that when cultural capital stock increases byone percentage, the cumulation of GDP will respectively grow by0.045540,0.054666and0.111177percent in the first5years,10years and20year. Variance Analysis results showedthat the contribution rate of cultural capital stock to GDP is about17%, means that17%of theforecast variance of GDP can be explained by the the changes of cultural capital stock.
Sixthly, the spatial correlation between cultural capital and other capital elements isstudied by the spatial correlation analysis, and a spatial panel data model is applied to studythe impact of cultural capital and other capitals to economic growth. The empirical resultsshow that there are significant positive spatial correlations among China's provincial-levelregions. Taking into account the spatial correlation among adjacent areas, the contribution ofcultural capital increases significantly to economic growth． Whenever cultural capitalincreases1%, the GDP will grow by0.379%, with the same time, the role of physical capitaland human capital is reduced accordingly. Their flexibilities are reduced to0.339and0.769respectively. Therefore, by increasing culture investment, and promoting the accumulation ofcultural capital, the cultural exchanges and the output of cultural product between the regions are further encouraged, and then to a greater extent, the economic growth are promoted.
引文
[1]曹荣湘.文化资本、文化产品与文化制度问题—布迪厄之后的文化资本理论[A].薛晓源,曹荣湘.全球化与文化资本[C].北京：社会科学文献出版社，2005(1):13-14.
[2] Pierre Bourdieu. The Forms of Capital[A]. Richard Nice. Handbook of Theory ofResearch for the Sociology of Education[C]. Greenword Press,1986：241-258.
[3]罗钢，孟登迎.文化研究与反学科的知识实践[A].金元浦.文化研究：理论与实践
[C].开封：河南大学出版社，2003：41-50.
[4] David Throsby. Cultural Capital[J]. Journal of Cultural Economics，1999（23）：3-12.
[5] DCMS. Creative Industries Economic Estimates [EB/OL]. http://www.culture.gov.uk，2010.
[6] Statistic Canada. Gross Domestic Product by industry[EB/OL].http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca,2010.
[7] UNESCO. International Flows of Selected Cultural Goods and Services,1994-2003
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