电力企业人因安全的研究与应用
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摘要
电力行业在国民经济中所处的地位,决定了电力企业同其他的行业的企业在安全生产的责任方面有着很大的不同,电力企业的安全生产事故不仅关系到本企业声誉与经济效益,同时也会给社会生产、人民生活乃至社会稳定带来很大影响。近年来,我国电力企业生产中电网事故起数、设备事故起数来说呈现总体下降趋势,但是人身伤亡事故数和死亡人数却有所抬头。人是安全管理的核心,一切安全管理手段与安全文化的出发点和落脚点。电力企业已经意识到了入因安全是未来安全生产的重要研究方向,但是由于当前对于人因安全的研究成果较少,且多集中于违章与误操作。因此,开展对人因安全的研究具有十分重要的研究价值和现实意义。
本文通过中外文献综述,建立电力企业人因安全的影响因素模型,并通过专家法确定了工作压力因素、人文关怀因素、注意力、思维力、记忆力、情绪体验为最重要的影响,随后论文针对其中最为重要的认知能力和组织因素进行研究。通过安全职业适性的方法研究认知能力,通过岗位分析、工作日志、专家法、仪器测量等,验证了认知能力可评价性,并确立敏感指标的等级。以安全应力中的压力与情绪两个组织因素作为切入点,对电力企业员工进行问卷调查,运用结构方程模型验证了安全应力影响因素模型,得出了各因素与安全应力的相关系数。最后将研究结果应用于电力企业的人因安全管理对策中,提出构建基于员工安全促进计划的安全管理模式。通过对员工安全促进计划原则、开展模式、功能、应用技术等详细介绍,希望通过一揽子的管理手段,提升电力企业的人因安全水平。
本文有四个创新点。第一,在分析了人因安全影响因素的基础上,构建了电力企业人因安全影响因素理论模型。运用三角模糊层次分析法,判定了不同影响因素的权重,从而确定了电力企业生产中影响人因安全的七大因素。
第二,使用特殊职业适性的测评方法,通过对调研和测量数据的统计与分析,首次在电力企业员工中确定并验证了安全职业适性中认知能力：注意力、记忆力、思维力、知觉力和预想力,并确定了其中能力指标的评价等级。
第三,特别关注了电力企业的安全应力,开发了安全应力影响因素的测量工具,并经过严格的信度和效度分析,可以作为企业安全应力影响因素测量的重要手段。应用统计分析法,研究了安全应力与影响因素之间的量化关系,提出假设并验证了关系模型。
第四,在人因安全管理对策应用中,从国外流行的员工援助计划得到启示,开发了符合中国国情与电力企业现状的员工安全促进计划；提出了“以人为本”的人因安全管理对策模式、员工促进计划应用技术及人因心理应急措施。
The role that the power industry plays in the domestic economy determines its big differences from the other industries as regard of safety production responsibility. That is, human accidents in safety production of electricity enterprises not only affect the companies'reputation and economic profits, but also have great influence on the production, life standards and stability of the society. During recent years, the number of power network accidents in and the number of facility accidents in power industry are declining; however, the number of injuries and deaths has increased. Human is the core of safety management, the intent and the purpose of all the safety management and culture. The electricity enterprises have realized that safety human factors are the research focus of safety production in the future. In fact, there is little research on this area and most of the research focuses on the violation of regulation and errors in operation. Therefore, studying safety human factors is extremely important from both research and practice perspectives.
The model of electricity enterprises safety human factors is established based on the results of Chinese and foreign literatures review and it is found that work pressure, human touch, attention, thinking ability, memory and emotional experience are most important elements by Delphi method, among which the most critical factors-cognitive ability and organizational factor are studied. The evaluability of cognitive ability is verified and the levels of sensitivity indicators are established by studying cognitive ability through safety cognitive competence and job analysis, work journal study, Delphi and instrumental measure. From the perspectives of pressure and emotion in safety strain force, the model of influencing factors of safety strain force is proved by using structural equation and conducting survey on employees in electricity enterprises and the correlation coefficient between all the influencing factors and safety strain force is calculated. It is expected that human safety capability in electricity enterprises would be enhanced by all management means with a detailed introduction of principles, developing mode, functions and technologies of employee safety promotion project.
Four innovations are demonstrated in this dissertation:
Firstly, safety human factor model in electricity enterprises is established based on the analysis of safety human factors. Weights of different factors were determined through TFF-AHP and then the seven main safety human factors in electricity enterprises were obtained.
Secondly, it is first time those five major cognitive competences (attention, memory, perceptivity, thinking ability and imagination) are recognized and verified with rank of capability by summarizing and analyzing the research and measure data from testing of special cognitive competence.
Thirdly, particular attention is paid to safety strain force in electricity. Measurement tool for safety human factors was developed into important means of measuring safety human factors in companies after careful analysis of effectiveness and reliability. The formula to quantify the relationship between safety strain force and its influencing factors was proposed and verified by statistical study.
Fourthly, employee safety advanced plan was designed in accordance with China national condition and current condition in electricity enterprises in the application of safety human factor management;"people oriented" safety management mode was brought up with employee advanced planning application technology and human factor psychology emergency measures.
本文通过中外文献综述,建立电力企业人因安全的影响因素模型,并通过专家法确定了工作压力因素、人文关怀因素、注意力、思维力、记忆力、情绪体验为最重要的影响,随后论文针对其中最为重要的认知能力和组织因素进行研究。通过安全职业适性的方法研究认知能力,通过岗位分析、工作日志、专家法、仪器测量等,验证了认知能力可评价性,并确立敏感指标的等级。以安全应力中的压力与情绪两个组织因素作为切入点,对电力企业员工进行问卷调查,运用结构方程模型验证了安全应力影响因素模型,得出了各因素与安全应力的相关系数。最后将研究结果应用于电力企业的人因安全管理对策中,提出构建基于员工安全促进计划的安全管理模式。通过对员工安全促进计划原则、开展模式、功能、应用技术等详细介绍,希望通过一揽子的管理手段,提升电力企业的人因安全水平。
本文有四个创新点。第一,在分析了人因安全影响因素的基础上,构建了电力企业人因安全影响因素理论模型。运用三角模糊层次分析法,判定了不同影响因素的权重,从而确定了电力企业生产中影响人因安全的七大因素。
第二,使用特殊职业适性的测评方法,通过对调研和测量数据的统计与分析,首次在电力企业员工中确定并验证了安全职业适性中认知能力：注意力、记忆力、思维力、知觉力和预想力,并确定了其中能力指标的评价等级。
第三,特别关注了电力企业的安全应力,开发了安全应力影响因素的测量工具,并经过严格的信度和效度分析,可以作为企业安全应力影响因素测量的重要手段。应用统计分析法,研究了安全应力与影响因素之间的量化关系,提出假设并验证了关系模型。
第四,在人因安全管理对策应用中,从国外流行的员工援助计划得到启示,开发了符合中国国情与电力企业现状的员工安全促进计划；提出了“以人为本”的人因安全管理对策模式、员工促进计划应用技术及人因心理应急措施。
The role that the power industry plays in the domestic economy determines its big differences from the other industries as regard of safety production responsibility. That is, human accidents in safety production of electricity enterprises not only affect the companies'reputation and economic profits, but also have great influence on the production, life standards and stability of the society. During recent years, the number of power network accidents in and the number of facility accidents in power industry are declining; however, the number of injuries and deaths has increased. Human is the core of safety management, the intent and the purpose of all the safety management and culture. The electricity enterprises have realized that safety human factors are the research focus of safety production in the future. In fact, there is little research on this area and most of the research focuses on the violation of regulation and errors in operation. Therefore, studying safety human factors is extremely important from both research and practice perspectives.
The model of electricity enterprises safety human factors is established based on the results of Chinese and foreign literatures review and it is found that work pressure, human touch, attention, thinking ability, memory and emotional experience are most important elements by Delphi method, among which the most critical factors-cognitive ability and organizational factor are studied. The evaluability of cognitive ability is verified and the levels of sensitivity indicators are established by studying cognitive ability through safety cognitive competence and job analysis, work journal study, Delphi and instrumental measure. From the perspectives of pressure and emotion in safety strain force, the model of influencing factors of safety strain force is proved by using structural equation and conducting survey on employees in electricity enterprises and the correlation coefficient between all the influencing factors and safety strain force is calculated. It is expected that human safety capability in electricity enterprises would be enhanced by all management means with a detailed introduction of principles, developing mode, functions and technologies of employee safety promotion project.
Four innovations are demonstrated in this dissertation:
Firstly, safety human factor model in electricity enterprises is established based on the analysis of safety human factors. Weights of different factors were determined through TFF-AHP and then the seven main safety human factors in electricity enterprises were obtained.
Secondly, it is first time those five major cognitive competences (attention, memory, perceptivity, thinking ability and imagination) are recognized and verified with rank of capability by summarizing and analyzing the research and measure data from testing of special cognitive competence.
Thirdly, particular attention is paid to safety strain force in electricity. Measurement tool for safety human factors was developed into important means of measuring safety human factors in companies after careful analysis of effectiveness and reliability. The formula to quantify the relationship between safety strain force and its influencing factors was proposed and verified by statistical study.
Fourthly, employee safety advanced plan was designed in accordance with China national condition and current condition in electricity enterprises in the application of safety human factor management;"people oriented" safety management mode was brought up with employee advanced planning application technology and human factor psychology emergency measures.
引文
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