旱地有机培肥对土壤质量的影响及玉米生长的响应
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摘要
水分和养分是作物生长不可少的物质基础，也是限制旱地作物产量的主要因子，渭北旱塬降雨偏少，土壤贫瘠，养分胁迫是制约降水利用效率提高的主要因素。有机培肥能增加土壤蓄水保墒能力，对于实现旱地农业的持续增长具有重要意义。本文主要研究和探讨了2007年至2011年渭北旱塬不同有机肥施用量对土壤水分、土壤容重、土壤酶、土壤养分和玉米生长的影响，旨在为旱地农业可持续发展以及土壤扩蓄增容提供理论和实践依据。主要研究结果如下：
有机肥处理从施肥第四年（2010年）开始可显著提高大喇叭口期0～60cm土层土壤贮水量4.71%～21.63%（P＜0.05）；高量有机肥处理比低量有机肥处理可显著提高大喇叭口期0～60cm土层土壤贮水量4.94%～9.09%（P＜0.05）。高量有机肥处理灌浆期0～60cm土层土壤贮水量较其它处理有显著提高。施有机肥可提高玉米全生育期0～200cm土层土壤平均贮水量。高量有机肥处理0～200cm土层土壤平均贮水量较对照显著增加4.43%～7.65%（P＜0.05），保水效果明显。随施肥年限延长各有机肥处理均显著降低了玉米拔节～大喇叭期耗水量且随有机肥施用量增加土壤的保水作用加强。施有机肥降低了作物抽穗～灌浆期耗水量，减少了作物抽穗～灌浆期的无效耗水。有机肥处理较对照显著提高了玉米灌浆～收获期耗水量。
施有机肥可有效改善玉米各生育期水分利用效率，更合理地利用有限的土壤水分。施有机肥和增施有机肥均能显著增加玉米拔节～大喇叭期水分利用效率。高量有机肥处理可较对照显著提高玉米大喇叭口～抽穗期水分利用效率6.81%～18.63%（P＜0.05）。有机肥处理可较对照显著提高了玉米抽穗～灌浆期水分利用效率。随施肥年限延长，增施有机肥可显著提高玉米抽穗～灌浆期水分利用效率；中、高量有机肥处理可显著提高玉米灌浆～收获期水分利用效率。施有机肥可显著提高玉米全生育期水分利用效率7.82%～36.58%（P＜0.05）。中、高量有机肥处理的玉米全生育水分利用效率较低量有机肥处理分别显著增加8.48%～15.07%（P＜0.05）和13.52%～20.19%（P＜0.05）。随有机肥施用年限延长，土壤养分状况不再是影响作物全生育水分利用效率提高的主要因子。
高量有机肥处理从施肥第四年开始可较对照显著降低土壤容重4.80%～5.60%(P＜0.05)。高量有机肥处理可较对照分别显著提高土壤脲酶、磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性8.23%～21.65%(P＜0.05)、15.71%～42.03%(P＜0.05)和5.32%～13.46%(P＜0.05)。与对照相比，中量有机肥处理可显著提高土壤碱性磷酸酶活性7.14%～30.43%(P＜0.05)，从施肥第二年开始可显著提高土壤脲酶活性6.88%～15.46%(P＜0.05)，从施肥第三年开始显著提高土壤蔗糖酶活性6.18%～11.15%(P＜0.05)；低量有机肥处理从施肥第二年可显著提高土壤碱性磷酸酶活性5.80%～14.49%(P＜0.05)，从施肥第三年开始可显著提高土壤脲酶活性5.67%～10.14%(P＜0.05)，从施肥第四年开始显著提高土壤蔗糖酶活性6.01%～7.28%(P＜0.05)。
随施肥年限延长，各有机肥处理均可显著提高土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾含量。中、高量有机肥处理可比对照显著提高土壤碱解N含量7.85%～15.05%(P＜0.05)和13.86%～23.55%(P＜0.05)。有机肥处理可比对照显著提高土壤速效P、速效K含量。土壤碱解N、速效P、速效K含量随有机肥用量增加呈显著升高趋势。
施有机肥可显著提高玉米大喇叭口期和抽穗期株高且随有机肥施用量增加玉米大喇叭口期株高显著增加。高、中量有机肥处理可较低量有机肥处理显著提高玉米抽穗期株高7.1～10.2%（P＜0.05）和5.0%～6.1%（P＜0.05）。高量有机肥处理可显著提高玉米灌浆期株高5.1%~5.5%（P＜0.05）。施有机肥可显著提高玉米大喇叭口期、抽穗期、灌浆期和收获期干物质。增施有机肥能显著增加玉米大喇叭口期、抽穗期干物质。随有机肥施用年限延长，土壤养分状况不再是限制玉米干物质积累的主要因素。
施有机肥可显著提高玉米产量。五年的试验结果表明，低、中、高量有机肥处理的产量分别比对照五年平均提高了12.6%、24.2%、27.8%。增施有机肥可提高玉米产量；高量有机肥处理的玉米产量比低量有机肥处理五年平均提高13.5%；中量有机肥处理的玉米产量比低量有机肥处理五年平均提高10.4%。随有机肥施用年限的增加，高、中量有机肥处理间玉米产量差异明显减小；土壤养分不再是提高玉米产量的主要限制因子。施肥第五年（2011），低、中、高量有机肥处理千粒重分别比显著对照提高了6.1%、7.6%、7.7%（P＜0.05）。施有机肥第二、三年可获得较好的经济效益。长期施用低、中量有机肥能获得好的经济效益，有利于农业生产，在发展可持续农业中具有推广意义。
Water and nutrient is the imperative material base for crop growth and the main limitingfactors in improving dryland crop yield. There is lower rainfall and infertile soil in Weibeiarea and the nutrient stress is the main factor limiting a high rainfall use efficiency. Manureapplication increase the capacity of storing soil water and make important significance inachieving the sustainable growth of dryland agriculture. The research was conducted inWeibei dry land in five years and the influences of different rates of organic fertilizerapplication on soil moisture, bulk density, soil enzymes, soil nutrients and maize growth wereanalyzed in this article. The purpose of this research was to provide theoretical and practicalbasis for agricultural sustainable development of dryland and expansion of soil storagecapacity. The main conclusions were as follows:
The manure treatments significantly increased the soil water storage over the0-60cmlayer by4.71%-21.63%compared with control and the high manure treatment significantlyincreased it by4.94%-9.09%compared with low manure treatment in big trumpet stage ofmaize after the fourth fertilization year (P<0.05). The high manure treatment significantlyincreased the soil water storage over the0-60cm layer compared with other treatments ingrain filling stage of maize. Organic manure application could increase the average soil waterstorage over the0-200cm layer during the whole growth period of maize. The high manuretreatment significantly increased the average soil water storage over the0-200cm layer by4.43%-7.65%compared with control (P<0.05). The manure treatments significantlydecreased evapotranspiration in jointing–big trumpet stage of maize with the number of themanure application years increasing. Organic manure application decreasedevapotranspiration in tasseling–grain filling stage of maize. The manure treatmentssignificantly increased evapotranspiration in grain filling–maturity stage of maize. Organicmanure application improved water-use efficiency at different growth stages of maize andmade rational use of limited soil water. Manure application or increasing the manure application rates could significantly increase water-use efficiency in jointing–big trumpetstage of maize. High manure treatment significantly increased water-use efficiency by6.81~18.63%compared with control in big trumpet–tasseling stage of maize (P<0.05).Manure treatments significantly increased water-use efficiency in tasseling–grain filling stageof maize. With the number of the manure application years increasing, increasing the manureapplication rates could significantly increased water-use efficiency in tasseling–grain fillingstage of maize, and medium and high manure treatments significantly increased water-useefficiency in grain filling–maturity stage of maize. Manure application significantly increasedwater-use efficiency by7.82%-36.58%compared with control in whole growth period ofmaize (P<0.05). Medium and high manure treatments could significantly increased water-useefficiency by8.48%-15.07%and13.52%-20.19%repectively in whole growth period ofmaize (P<0.05). With the number of the manure application years increasing, soil nutrientcondition was no longer the main factor limiting the increasing of water-use efficiency inwhole growth period of maize.
High manure treatment significantly decreased soil bulk density by4.80%-5.60%compared with contro after the fourth fertilization year (P<0.05). High manure treatmentsignificantly increased soil urease, alkaline phosphatase and invertase activity by8.23%-21.65%(P<0.05)15.71%-42.03%(P<0.05)和5.32%-13.46%(P<0.05). Medium manuretreatment significantly increased soil alkaline phosphatase activity by7.14%-30.43%compared with control (P<0.05), and significantly increased urease activity by6.88%-15.46%after the second fertilization year (P<0.05), and significantly increased invertaseactivity by6.01%-7.28%(P<0.05).
With the number of the manure application years increasing, manure treatmentssignificantly increased soil organic matter, total N, total P and toal K contents. Medium andhigh manure treatments could significantly increase soil available N content by7.85%-15.05%(P<0.05) and13.86%-23.55%(P<0.05), respectively. Manure treatmentssignificantly increased soil available P and available K contents compared with control. Soilavailable N, available P and available K contents significantly increased with the manureapplication rates increasing.
Manure application could significantly increase maize height at big trumpet, tasselingstages of maize. Increasing the manure application rates could significantly increase maizeheight at big trumpet stage of maize. High and medium manure treatments could significantlyincrease maize height by7.1-10.2%(p<0.05) and5.0%-6.1%(p<0.05) at tasseling stage ofmaize. High manure treatment significantly increased maize height by5.1%-5.5%comparedwith control at grain filling stage of maize (P<0.05). Manure application significantly increased maize dry matter compared with control at big trumpet, tasseling, grain filling andmaturity stages of maize. Increasing manure application rates could significantly increasemaize dry matter compared with control at big trumpet and tasseling stages of maize. With thenumber of the manure application years increasing, soil nutrient condition was no longer themain factor limiting maize dry matter accumulation increasing.
Manure application could significantly increase maize yield. Low, medium and highmanure treatments increased average yield of five years by12.6%,24.2%and27.8%respectively compared with control (p<0.05). Increasing manure application rates couldincrease maize yield. High manur treatment increased average yield of five years by13.5%compared with low manure treatment. Medium manur treatment increased average yield offive years by10.4%compared with low manure treatment. With the number of the manureapplication years increasing, the difference between high manure treatment and mediummanure treatment dramatically decrease and the soil nutrient condition was no longer themain factor limiting maize yield increasing. In the fifth fertilization year (2011), low, mediumand high manure treatments significantly increased the weight per1000grains by6.1%7.6%
7.7%(P<0.05). Manure application could achieve well economic returns in the second andthird fertilization years. Long-term application of low or medium manure could achieve welleconomic returns, which had advantages on agricultural productivity, and had goodpopularization meanings for developing sustainable agriculture.
有机肥处理从施肥第四年（2010年）开始可显著提高大喇叭口期0～60cm土层土壤贮水量4.71%～21.63%（P＜0.05）；高量有机肥处理比低量有机肥处理可显著提高大喇叭口期0～60cm土层土壤贮水量4.94%～9.09%（P＜0.05）。高量有机肥处理灌浆期0～60cm土层土壤贮水量较其它处理有显著提高。施有机肥可提高玉米全生育期0～200cm土层土壤平均贮水量。高量有机肥处理0～200cm土层土壤平均贮水量较对照显著增加4.43%～7.65%（P＜0.05），保水效果明显。随施肥年限延长各有机肥处理均显著降低了玉米拔节～大喇叭期耗水量且随有机肥施用量增加土壤的保水作用加强。施有机肥降低了作物抽穗～灌浆期耗水量，减少了作物抽穗～灌浆期的无效耗水。有机肥处理较对照显著提高了玉米灌浆～收获期耗水量。
施有机肥可有效改善玉米各生育期水分利用效率，更合理地利用有限的土壤水分。施有机肥和增施有机肥均能显著增加玉米拔节～大喇叭期水分利用效率。高量有机肥处理可较对照显著提高玉米大喇叭口～抽穗期水分利用效率6.81%～18.63%（P＜0.05）。有机肥处理可较对照显著提高了玉米抽穗～灌浆期水分利用效率。随施肥年限延长，增施有机肥可显著提高玉米抽穗～灌浆期水分利用效率；中、高量有机肥处理可显著提高玉米灌浆～收获期水分利用效率。施有机肥可显著提高玉米全生育期水分利用效率7.82%～36.58%（P＜0.05）。中、高量有机肥处理的玉米全生育水分利用效率较低量有机肥处理分别显著增加8.48%～15.07%（P＜0.05）和13.52%～20.19%（P＜0.05）。随有机肥施用年限延长，土壤养分状况不再是影响作物全生育水分利用效率提高的主要因子。
高量有机肥处理从施肥第四年开始可较对照显著降低土壤容重4.80%～5.60%(P＜0.05)。高量有机肥处理可较对照分别显著提高土壤脲酶、磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性8.23%～21.65%(P＜0.05)、15.71%～42.03%(P＜0.05)和5.32%～13.46%(P＜0.05)。与对照相比，中量有机肥处理可显著提高土壤碱性磷酸酶活性7.14%～30.43%(P＜0.05)，从施肥第二年开始可显著提高土壤脲酶活性6.88%～15.46%(P＜0.05)，从施肥第三年开始显著提高土壤蔗糖酶活性6.18%～11.15%(P＜0.05)；低量有机肥处理从施肥第二年可显著提高土壤碱性磷酸酶活性5.80%～14.49%(P＜0.05)，从施肥第三年开始可显著提高土壤脲酶活性5.67%～10.14%(P＜0.05)，从施肥第四年开始显著提高土壤蔗糖酶活性6.01%～7.28%(P＜0.05)。
随施肥年限延长，各有机肥处理均可显著提高土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾含量。中、高量有机肥处理可比对照显著提高土壤碱解N含量7.85%～15.05%(P＜0.05)和13.86%～23.55%(P＜0.05)。有机肥处理可比对照显著提高土壤速效P、速效K含量。土壤碱解N、速效P、速效K含量随有机肥用量增加呈显著升高趋势。
施有机肥可显著提高玉米大喇叭口期和抽穗期株高且随有机肥施用量增加玉米大喇叭口期株高显著增加。高、中量有机肥处理可较低量有机肥处理显著提高玉米抽穗期株高7.1～10.2%（P＜0.05）和5.0%～6.1%（P＜0.05）。高量有机肥处理可显著提高玉米灌浆期株高5.1%~5.5%（P＜0.05）。施有机肥可显著提高玉米大喇叭口期、抽穗期、灌浆期和收获期干物质。增施有机肥能显著增加玉米大喇叭口期、抽穗期干物质。随有机肥施用年限延长，土壤养分状况不再是限制玉米干物质积累的主要因素。
施有机肥可显著提高玉米产量。五年的试验结果表明，低、中、高量有机肥处理的产量分别比对照五年平均提高了12.6%、24.2%、27.8%。增施有机肥可提高玉米产量；高量有机肥处理的玉米产量比低量有机肥处理五年平均提高13.5%；中量有机肥处理的玉米产量比低量有机肥处理五年平均提高10.4%。随有机肥施用年限的增加，高、中量有机肥处理间玉米产量差异明显减小；土壤养分不再是提高玉米产量的主要限制因子。施肥第五年（2011），低、中、高量有机肥处理千粒重分别比显著对照提高了6.1%、7.6%、7.7%（P＜0.05）。施有机肥第二、三年可获得较好的经济效益。长期施用低、中量有机肥能获得好的经济效益，有利于农业生产，在发展可持续农业中具有推广意义。
Water and nutrient is the imperative material base for crop growth and the main limitingfactors in improving dryland crop yield. There is lower rainfall and infertile soil in Weibeiarea and the nutrient stress is the main factor limiting a high rainfall use efficiency. Manureapplication increase the capacity of storing soil water and make important significance inachieving the sustainable growth of dryland agriculture. The research was conducted inWeibei dry land in five years and the influences of different rates of organic fertilizerapplication on soil moisture, bulk density, soil enzymes, soil nutrients and maize growth wereanalyzed in this article. The purpose of this research was to provide theoretical and practicalbasis for agricultural sustainable development of dryland and expansion of soil storagecapacity. The main conclusions were as follows:
The manure treatments significantly increased the soil water storage over the0-60cmlayer by4.71%-21.63%compared with control and the high manure treatment significantlyincreased it by4.94%-9.09%compared with low manure treatment in big trumpet stage ofmaize after the fourth fertilization year (P<0.05). The high manure treatment significantlyincreased the soil water storage over the0-60cm layer compared with other treatments ingrain filling stage of maize. Organic manure application could increase the average soil waterstorage over the0-200cm layer during the whole growth period of maize. The high manuretreatment significantly increased the average soil water storage over the0-200cm layer by4.43%-7.65%compared with control (P<0.05). The manure treatments significantlydecreased evapotranspiration in jointing–big trumpet stage of maize with the number of themanure application years increasing. Organic manure application decreasedevapotranspiration in tasseling–grain filling stage of maize. The manure treatmentssignificantly increased evapotranspiration in grain filling–maturity stage of maize. Organicmanure application improved water-use efficiency at different growth stages of maize andmade rational use of limited soil water. Manure application or increasing the manure application rates could significantly increase water-use efficiency in jointing–big trumpetstage of maize. High manure treatment significantly increased water-use efficiency by6.81~18.63%compared with control in big trumpet–tasseling stage of maize (P<0.05).Manure treatments significantly increased water-use efficiency in tasseling–grain filling stageof maize. With the number of the manure application years increasing, increasing the manureapplication rates could significantly increased water-use efficiency in tasseling–grain fillingstage of maize, and medium and high manure treatments significantly increased water-useefficiency in grain filling–maturity stage of maize. Manure application significantly increasedwater-use efficiency by7.82%-36.58%compared with control in whole growth period ofmaize (P<0.05). Medium and high manure treatments could significantly increased water-useefficiency by8.48%-15.07%and13.52%-20.19%repectively in whole growth period ofmaize (P<0.05). With the number of the manure application years increasing, soil nutrientcondition was no longer the main factor limiting the increasing of water-use efficiency inwhole growth period of maize.
High manure treatment significantly decreased soil bulk density by4.80%-5.60%compared with contro after the fourth fertilization year (P<0.05). High manure treatmentsignificantly increased soil urease, alkaline phosphatase and invertase activity by8.23%-21.65%(P<0.05)15.71%-42.03%(P<0.05)和5.32%-13.46%(P<0.05). Medium manuretreatment significantly increased soil alkaline phosphatase activity by7.14%-30.43%compared with control (P<0.05), and significantly increased urease activity by6.88%-15.46%after the second fertilization year (P<0.05), and significantly increased invertaseactivity by6.01%-7.28%(P<0.05).
With the number of the manure application years increasing, manure treatmentssignificantly increased soil organic matter, total N, total P and toal K contents. Medium andhigh manure treatments could significantly increase soil available N content by7.85%-15.05%(P<0.05) and13.86%-23.55%(P<0.05), respectively. Manure treatmentssignificantly increased soil available P and available K contents compared with control. Soilavailable N, available P and available K contents significantly increased with the manureapplication rates increasing.
Manure application could significantly increase maize height at big trumpet, tasselingstages of maize. Increasing the manure application rates could significantly increase maizeheight at big trumpet stage of maize. High and medium manure treatments could significantlyincrease maize height by7.1-10.2%(p<0.05) and5.0%-6.1%(p<0.05) at tasseling stage ofmaize. High manure treatment significantly increased maize height by5.1%-5.5%comparedwith control at grain filling stage of maize (P<0.05). Manure application significantly increased maize dry matter compared with control at big trumpet, tasseling, grain filling andmaturity stages of maize. Increasing manure application rates could significantly increasemaize dry matter compared with control at big trumpet and tasseling stages of maize. With thenumber of the manure application years increasing, soil nutrient condition was no longer themain factor limiting maize dry matter accumulation increasing.
Manure application could significantly increase maize yield. Low, medium and highmanure treatments increased average yield of five years by12.6%,24.2%and27.8%respectively compared with control (p<0.05). Increasing manure application rates couldincrease maize yield. High manur treatment increased average yield of five years by13.5%compared with low manure treatment. Medium manur treatment increased average yield offive years by10.4%compared with low manure treatment. With the number of the manureapplication years increasing, the difference between high manure treatment and mediummanure treatment dramatically decrease and the soil nutrient condition was no longer themain factor limiting maize yield increasing. In the fifth fertilization year (2011), low, mediumand high manure treatments significantly increased the weight per1000grains by6.1%7.6%
7.7%(P<0.05). Manure application could achieve well economic returns in the second andthird fertilization years. Long-term application of low or medium manure could achieve welleconomic returns, which had advantages on agricultural productivity, and had goodpopularization meanings for developing sustainable agriculture.
引文
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