水润滑复合橡胶尾轴承摩擦学问题研究
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摘要
水润滑尾轴承是舰船推进系统的重要组成部分,其性能的优劣对舰船航行的快速性、安全性、隐蔽性、经济性等有着重要的影响。尽管水润滑橡胶尾轴承已有100多年的使用史,但其基础研究仍然薄弱,尤其在其摩擦振动的产生机理方面。故而开展以减振降噪为目的的水润滑尾轴承材料研制,摩擦振动产生机理的理论及试验研究,具有重要的理论意义及军事应用价值。
文中结合国家自然科学基金项目,开展水润滑橡胶尾轴承相关摩擦性能、摩擦振动产生机理等关键问题的研究。主要工作如下：
(1)建立了水润滑橡胶尾轴承摩擦振动的非线性分析模型；分析了模型的稳定性,求解了其数值解,得到了其振动位移随时间t的变化规律,分析了正压力、温度等因素对分析模型稳定性的影响。
(2)在丁腈橡胶中加入UHMWPE和石墨粉末进行共混改性,制备了一种低摩擦的新型水润滑尾轴承用复合橡胶材料SPB-N。其物理力学性能达到中国船标CB/T76——92008和美国军标MIL-DTL-17901C (SH)的要求。其摩擦系数达到了美国军标MIL-DTL-17901C (SH)的标准,在低速下更优于标准。局部最大比压可达到0.70MPa。
(3)通过试验设计,试验台架的改进,以模拟全幅轴承摩擦副的形式,进行了SBR和SPB-N两种新材料的试块试验。测试了不同比压、不同橡胶层厚度、不同橡胶层硬度的试块摩擦系数随速度的变化规律,并分析了其影响机理。针对橡胶层的硬度和厚度及其交互作用对摩擦系数影响的显著程度,进行了双因素有交互作用的正交分析。结果表明,试块的动摩擦系数随橡胶层厚度、硬度的降低而降低,二者对水润滑橡胶轴承摩擦性能均有影响；橡胶材料的厚度、硬度及其交互作用三者对水润滑橡胶尾管轴承摩擦性能的影响中,以橡胶层的厚度最为显著,硬度次之,厚度和硬度的交互作用最弱。设计时应优先保证橡胶层厚度值。与SBR相比,共混改性制备的复合橡胶SPB-N试块因其优良的自润滑性能,而具有更优越的低速性能。
(4)研究了粘-滑现象的产生机理及影响因素。通过试验设计,借助高速相机拍摄试块橡胶层随试验轴转动时的振动情况,编写相应的图像处理软件来提取追踪点的振动信息,以一种直观直接的方式研究了试块橡胶层粘-滑现象发生的规律。辅以正交试验法,研究了速度、比压、橡胶层的硬度、厚度、润滑条件等因素对水润滑橡胶轴承表面粘-滑现象的影响程度。结果显示,各因素对试验指标的影响按大小排序如下：润滑条件、比压、橡胶层硬度、橡胶层厚度,即在润滑充足下,增加橡胶层硬度,降低比压及橡胶层的厚度可以降低橡胶轴承的粘-滑效应。
(5)在舰船水润滑尾轴承试验台架上进行尾轴承摩擦性能和振动试验,分析了速度、载荷、橡胶层的硬度、材料的变化等对轴承摩擦性能的影响。测试结果与理论计算、试块试验结果比较接近,验证了相应的理论分析。
As one important part of a ship propulsion system, the water-lubricated rubber stern tube bearing has great effects on shipping navigation, security, covert, and economic and so on. Although water-lubricated rubber stern tube bearings have been used for more than one hundred years, its basic research is still staying primary stage, especially in the aspect of the mechanism of friction-induced vibration. Therefore, there is of great significance theory and military application value on studying water-lubricated stern tube bearing material development, theoretical and experimental research on friction-induced noise generation mechanism which were based on the reduction of vibration and noise.
Funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China, this paper concentrates on key tribological problems of marine water-lubricated rubber stern tube bearings such as friction properties, and friction-induced vibration. The main contents of this dissertation are listed as follows:
(1) A nonlinear analysis model of friction-induced vibration for water-lubricated rubber stern tube bearings was established. At the same time, the paper analyzed the stability of the model and got the digital solution. The vibration displacement curve changing with time t was deduced. The impact of factors such as pressure, temperature was analyzed.
(2) The mixture of powder of UHMWPE and graphite was blended into NBR to develop a new kind of compound rubber with cost-effective, low-friction performance. The physical and mechanical properties, coefficient of friction of the compound which is knowed as SPB-N have satisfied the ship industry standards of the People's Republic of China CB/T769——2008, and requirements of the U.S. military standard MIL-DTL-17901C (SH). The local maximum project pressure of SPB-N could reach0.70MPa.
(3) For the reasonable experimental design and improvement of the test rig, the block tests for SBR and SPB-N are carried out respectively in a very close manner to simulate the full-size bearing friction. Variations of coefficient of friction with speed were measured under different projected pressure, with different thickness or hardness of rubber layer of test blocks. And a brief analysis is given to the mechanism of action. To distinguish prominent impact factors among the hardness, thickness of the rubber layer and its interaction on the friction performance of blocks, the orthogonal analysis of two-factor interaction was carried out. The results indicate that the coefficient of dynamic friction of the test block decreased with the rubber layer thickness and hardness reduction. Both have an impact on water-lubricated rubber bearing friction performance. Among the three factors which are rubber layer thickness, hardness, and their interactions, the influence of thickness of rubber layers on friction properties is the most significant, followed by hardness factor. Priority should be given to ensuring the rubber layer thickness during water-lubricated stern tube bearing design. The test blocks of the compound rubber SPB-N had superior low-speed performance because of its excellent self-lubricating properties.
(4) Using a high-speed camera, the generation mechanism and influencing factors of stick-slip induced vibration of test block rubber layer in the process of axial rotation are studied. Orthogonal experiment method is used to distinguish which the main factor among speed, project pressure, the rubber layer hardness, thickness, and lubrication conditions and so on is. The test results show that the influence of the factors is sorted by size as follows:lubrication conditions, project pressure, and the hardness of the rubber layer, the thickness of the rubber layer. In the sufficient lubrication, increasing the hardness of the rubber layer, or decreasing the project pressure ratio and the thickness of the rubber layer could reduce rubber bearings stick-slip effects.
(5) Friction and vibration tests of ship water-lubricated stern tube bearing are carried out on stern tube bearing test rig. At the same time, speed, load, hardness of bearing material, and variety of materials are analyzed on the effects of bearing friction performance. Test data are close to theoretical calculations and the block test results, which verify the theoretical analysis.
文中结合国家自然科学基金项目,开展水润滑橡胶尾轴承相关摩擦性能、摩擦振动产生机理等关键问题的研究。主要工作如下：
(1)建立了水润滑橡胶尾轴承摩擦振动的非线性分析模型；分析了模型的稳定性,求解了其数值解,得到了其振动位移随时间t的变化规律,分析了正压力、温度等因素对分析模型稳定性的影响。
(2)在丁腈橡胶中加入UHMWPE和石墨粉末进行共混改性,制备了一种低摩擦的新型水润滑尾轴承用复合橡胶材料SPB-N。其物理力学性能达到中国船标CB/T76——92008和美国军标MIL-DTL-17901C (SH)的要求。其摩擦系数达到了美国军标MIL-DTL-17901C (SH)的标准,在低速下更优于标准。局部最大比压可达到0.70MPa。
(3)通过试验设计,试验台架的改进,以模拟全幅轴承摩擦副的形式,进行了SBR和SPB-N两种新材料的试块试验。测试了不同比压、不同橡胶层厚度、不同橡胶层硬度的试块摩擦系数随速度的变化规律,并分析了其影响机理。针对橡胶层的硬度和厚度及其交互作用对摩擦系数影响的显著程度,进行了双因素有交互作用的正交分析。结果表明,试块的动摩擦系数随橡胶层厚度、硬度的降低而降低,二者对水润滑橡胶轴承摩擦性能均有影响；橡胶材料的厚度、硬度及其交互作用三者对水润滑橡胶尾管轴承摩擦性能的影响中,以橡胶层的厚度最为显著,硬度次之,厚度和硬度的交互作用最弱。设计时应优先保证橡胶层厚度值。与SBR相比,共混改性制备的复合橡胶SPB-N试块因其优良的自润滑性能,而具有更优越的低速性能。
(4)研究了粘-滑现象的产生机理及影响因素。通过试验设计,借助高速相机拍摄试块橡胶层随试验轴转动时的振动情况,编写相应的图像处理软件来提取追踪点的振动信息,以一种直观直接的方式研究了试块橡胶层粘-滑现象发生的规律。辅以正交试验法,研究了速度、比压、橡胶层的硬度、厚度、润滑条件等因素对水润滑橡胶轴承表面粘-滑现象的影响程度。结果显示,各因素对试验指标的影响按大小排序如下：润滑条件、比压、橡胶层硬度、橡胶层厚度,即在润滑充足下,增加橡胶层硬度,降低比压及橡胶层的厚度可以降低橡胶轴承的粘-滑效应。
(5)在舰船水润滑尾轴承试验台架上进行尾轴承摩擦性能和振动试验,分析了速度、载荷、橡胶层的硬度、材料的变化等对轴承摩擦性能的影响。测试结果与理论计算、试块试验结果比较接近,验证了相应的理论分析。
As one important part of a ship propulsion system, the water-lubricated rubber stern tube bearing has great effects on shipping navigation, security, covert, and economic and so on. Although water-lubricated rubber stern tube bearings have been used for more than one hundred years, its basic research is still staying primary stage, especially in the aspect of the mechanism of friction-induced vibration. Therefore, there is of great significance theory and military application value on studying water-lubricated stern tube bearing material development, theoretical and experimental research on friction-induced noise generation mechanism which were based on the reduction of vibration and noise.
Funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China, this paper concentrates on key tribological problems of marine water-lubricated rubber stern tube bearings such as friction properties, and friction-induced vibration. The main contents of this dissertation are listed as follows:
(1) A nonlinear analysis model of friction-induced vibration for water-lubricated rubber stern tube bearings was established. At the same time, the paper analyzed the stability of the model and got the digital solution. The vibration displacement curve changing with time t was deduced. The impact of factors such as pressure, temperature was analyzed.
(2) The mixture of powder of UHMWPE and graphite was blended into NBR to develop a new kind of compound rubber with cost-effective, low-friction performance. The physical and mechanical properties, coefficient of friction of the compound which is knowed as SPB-N have satisfied the ship industry standards of the People's Republic of China CB/T769——2008, and requirements of the U.S. military standard MIL-DTL-17901C (SH). The local maximum project pressure of SPB-N could reach0.70MPa.
(3) For the reasonable experimental design and improvement of the test rig, the block tests for SBR and SPB-N are carried out respectively in a very close manner to simulate the full-size bearing friction. Variations of coefficient of friction with speed were measured under different projected pressure, with different thickness or hardness of rubber layer of test blocks. And a brief analysis is given to the mechanism of action. To distinguish prominent impact factors among the hardness, thickness of the rubber layer and its interaction on the friction performance of blocks, the orthogonal analysis of two-factor interaction was carried out. The results indicate that the coefficient of dynamic friction of the test block decreased with the rubber layer thickness and hardness reduction. Both have an impact on water-lubricated rubber bearing friction performance. Among the three factors which are rubber layer thickness, hardness, and their interactions, the influence of thickness of rubber layers on friction properties is the most significant, followed by hardness factor. Priority should be given to ensuring the rubber layer thickness during water-lubricated stern tube bearing design. The test blocks of the compound rubber SPB-N had superior low-speed performance because of its excellent self-lubricating properties.
(4) Using a high-speed camera, the generation mechanism and influencing factors of stick-slip induced vibration of test block rubber layer in the process of axial rotation are studied. Orthogonal experiment method is used to distinguish which the main factor among speed, project pressure, the rubber layer hardness, thickness, and lubrication conditions and so on is. The test results show that the influence of the factors is sorted by size as follows:lubrication conditions, project pressure, and the hardness of the rubber layer, the thickness of the rubber layer. In the sufficient lubrication, increasing the hardness of the rubber layer, or decreasing the project pressure ratio and the thickness of the rubber layer could reduce rubber bearings stick-slip effects.
(5) Friction and vibration tests of ship water-lubricated stern tube bearing are carried out on stern tube bearing test rig. At the same time, speed, load, hardness of bearing material, and variety of materials are analyzed on the effects of bearing friction performance. Test data are close to theoretical calculations and the block test results, which verify the theoretical analysis.
引文
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