渤海湾西岸中更新世晚期以来的海相地层与沉积环境演化
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摘要
渤海湾西岸泥质海岸带记录了丰富的海陆相互作用信息，其沉积特征和环境演化既具区域性特征，又受全球变化规律的制约，是进行全球变化研究的理想地区。通过渤海湾海岸带中更新世晚期以来的环境演化和海面变化研究，对提高预测未来全球变化的能力有重要意义。
论文以渤海湾西岸为研究区，主要开展了两方面的研究工作。第一，利用钻孔岩心资料，识别了渤海湾西岸地区80m以浅地层的海相层，厘定海侵期次，并讨论其对海面变化和新构造运动的指示意义。第二，对环境信息保存相对完整的全新世海相层进行精细划分，判别沉积亚相，恢复区内全新世以来的古环境，讨论全新世海侵及沉积物供给等因素对区内沉积环境的影响。
钻孔岩心的岩性、沉积结构与构造、生物组合分带性及加速器质谱碳十四（Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, AMS14C）和光释光(Optically StimulatedLuminescence, OSL)测年结果显示：
(1)渤海湾西岸80m以浅地层自下向上发育了3个海相层，分别是中更新世晚期的第三海相层（简称“海三”）、晚更新世的第二海相层（简称“海二”）和全新世的第一海相层（简称“海一”），标志着中更新世晚期以来研究区经历了3次较大范围的海侵。根据本论文获得的新的OSL年代框架并与全球eustatic（即the ice-equivalent sea level）变化曲线对比，这3个海相层自下向上与深海氧同位素阶段7（Marine Isotope Stage 7, MIS 7)、MIS 5和MIS 1时期的高海面依次对应，表明研究区海相地层记录的海面变化与全球变化趋势一致。
(2)通过多个钻孔对比分析，渤海湾西岸地区中更新世晚期以来的3个海相层分布较广，具有良好的可比性。各孔岩心海相层顶、底板高程和厚度表现出不同程度的差异。其中，第三海相层和第二海相层顶底板高程和厚度的差异显示了研究区中更新世晚期至晚更新世发生了不同期次、不同强度的构造活动。进入全新世后，构造活动影响减弱。
(3)根据新的年代学框架，重新修定了前人的研究成果。经深入研究，本文的第一海相层、第二海相层分别对应前人的MIS 1阶段的I海和MIS 5阶段的III海，但并未发现前人所认为的MIS 3阶段的海侵沉积（前人将此定为“II海”）。MIS 3阶段较低的海面和较浅的渤海海峡地形导致渤海湾西岸地区在该时期并未发生规模较大的海侵。
(4)渤海湾西岸全新世以来经历了（沼泽）–潮滩–浅海–前三角洲–三角洲前缘–三角洲平原环境演化过程。全新世初期研究区南部处于暴露剥蚀状态，无沉积，全新统与上更新统不整合接触，间断期长达27ka。研究区中部和北部发育湖泊和沼泽环境。这种环境差异可能由南北部地貌差别所致。全新世早期，研究区整体进入潮滩环境。潮间带沉积物厚度约1m，远小于渤海湾2.5m的现代平均潮差可提供的可容空间（accommodation），历时数百至千余年。全新世中期水深增大，研究区进入浅海环境，随着沉积速率的增加，中晚全新世过渡为三角洲沉积体系。
(5)全新世环境演化记录了渤海湾西岸的海面变化过程。8.5ka cal BP前后全新世海侵到达研究区，当时的相对海面（Relative Sea Level, RSL）位置在–16.7m~–14.7m。8.5~5.6ka cal BP期间，海面上升速率较快，约0.4~0.6cm/a，初期大致对应融水脉冲MWP 1C（Meltwater Pulse 1C）事件。大约6ka cal BP，研究区相对海面在2.5~ 1.8m。总体说来，研究区全新世的相对海面与冰川融化造成的全球eustatic海面（即the ice-equivalent sea level）变化趋势一致。
(6)研究区全新世沉积速率的变化是沿岸不同河流在不同时期作用的结果，揭示了渤海湾西岸河流输入对沉积环境演化的影响。早全新世至中全新世初期，渤海湾西岸地区整体沉积速率偏低，表明此时段没有明显河流供给。中全新世滦河供给影响渤海湾西岸北部。中全新世晚期，黄河供给影响渤海湾西岸南部。晚全新世黄河和海河先后影响渤海湾西岸中部。
A wealth of information concerning land-ocean interaction was recorded in thewest coast of Bohai Bay. The depositional characteristics and environmental evolutionare constrained by both regional and global variations, thus the muddy coast in westBohai Bay is considered as an ideal area for global change research.
This thesis is mainly focused on two major aspects as follows. First, three marinebeds are indentified within the 80-m-thick strata, revealled by a number of boreholes,and the transgressive stages are determined. Also, the geological significance of suchthree marine beds that indicate sea level change and tectonic movement are discussed.
Second, sophisticated subdivision for the Holocene marine bed, preserved muchentire geoenvrionmental information, is carried out in order to distinguish a system ofsubfacies, and reconstruct the Holocene palaeoenvironment in the study area. Impactsof the Holocene transgression and sediment supply on the environmental revolution inthe region are analyzed.
The analyses of lithology, sediment composition, sedimentary structure, faunalcontent (assemblages of mollusk, benthic foraminifera and ostracoda) as dating ofAMS14C and OSL as well indicate that:
(1) Three typical marine beds are identified in the 80-m-thick strata. Inascending order from the base, they are interpreted as Marine Bed 3 (M3) deposited inthe late Mid-Pleistocene, Marine Bed 2 (M2) in the Late Pleistocene and Marine Bed1 (M1) in the Holocene, respectively. These beds record three major sea levelhighstands, occurred since the late Mid-Pleistocene. M3, M2 and M1, correspond tothe marine facies in MIS 7, MIS 5 and MIS 1, respectively. Therefore, this thesisconcludes that these marine beds recorded the regional sea level trend in the westcoast of Bohai Bay and responded well to the global change.
(2) Comparative analysis with other boreholes in the region indicates that thethree marine beds are widely distributed and are comparable well in the west coast ofBohai Bay. Changeable elevation and thickness of the marine beds among differentboreholes suggest that the differential depression movements existed during the LatePleistocene, while the tectonics are relative stablely in the Holocene.
(3) Our results differ from the previous studies based on the new OSL datingframework: the M1 and M2 in this thesis correspond to the previously concludedmarine bed I, deposited in MIS 1, and marine bed III deposited in MIS 5, respectively.However, there is not such a so-called marine bed II, deposited in the period of MIS 3.The different result indicates that the marine transgression did not reach the study areaduring MIS 3 due to the relative lowstand of sea level at that time and shallowtopography of the Bohai Strait, which separated the sea water from the Yellow Sea tointrude into the Bohai Sea during that period. The previous dating of the marine bed IIneeds to be proven by further dating effort.
(4) In the entire Holocnene, the study area was through various stages ofenvironmental development from swamp, tidal flat, shallow sea, prodelta, delta frontto delta plain. The south part of the study area, however, was exposed withoutdepositon in the Early Holocene. Thus, there is unconformity between the Holoceneand the underlying Pleistocene sediments with a time gap of 27ka. Nevertheless,swamps developed in the mid to north parts in the study area by the beginning of theHolocene. The different environments may be caused by undulated palaeotopographyfrom the south to the north coast. Overall, tidal flat developed in the Early Holocenewith about 1m sediment only which was obviously thiner than the accommodationspace provided by the mean high tidal range, if we consider that the palaeotidal rangeis the same as the present one. This thesis speculates that such a rather thin tidal layerexperienced a relatively short time (several hundred to over a thousand years only).Then, the sedimentary environment was transformed into shallow sea with the EarlyMid–Holocene, and then, changed into delta regime with increased sedimentation rateuntil the Late Holocene.
(5) The environmental change in the west coast of Bohai Bay reflects the sealevel change in the Holocene. The Holocene marine transgression reached the studyarea at ca. 8.5ka cal BP with relative sea level at 16.7~ 14.7m. During the period of8.5~5.6ka cal BP, sea level rose with a faster rate of about 0.4~0.6cm/a. Possibly, sucha jump was indicated by MWP 1C event?! The relative sea level was 2.5~ 1.8m atca. 6.0 ka cal BP and basically coincident with the eustatic level (the ice-equivalentsea level) caused by the melting ice at the same time.
(6) The sedimentation changed with various rates occurred in different periods inthe Holocene responded to different fluvial activities. Such a variety reveals that the sediment supplies impact the sedimentary environment along the west coast of BohaiBay. From the Early Holocene to Early Mid–Holocene, the low sedimentation ratealong the whole west coast presents less impotant fluvial input at that time. Thesediment supplies of Luanhe River were dumped on the north of the west coast ofBohai Bay in the Mid–Holocene, while the Yellow River downloaded its sedimtnes atthe south part of the area in the late Mid–Holocene Finally, during the Late Holocene,both Yellow River and Haihe River emptied to the mid–part of the area.
论文以渤海湾西岸为研究区，主要开展了两方面的研究工作。第一，利用钻孔岩心资料，识别了渤海湾西岸地区80m以浅地层的海相层，厘定海侵期次，并讨论其对海面变化和新构造运动的指示意义。第二，对环境信息保存相对完整的全新世海相层进行精细划分，判别沉积亚相，恢复区内全新世以来的古环境，讨论全新世海侵及沉积物供给等因素对区内沉积环境的影响。
钻孔岩心的岩性、沉积结构与构造、生物组合分带性及加速器质谱碳十四（Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, AMS14C）和光释光(Optically StimulatedLuminescence, OSL)测年结果显示：
(1)渤海湾西岸80m以浅地层自下向上发育了3个海相层，分别是中更新世晚期的第三海相层（简称“海三”）、晚更新世的第二海相层（简称“海二”）和全新世的第一海相层（简称“海一”），标志着中更新世晚期以来研究区经历了3次较大范围的海侵。根据本论文获得的新的OSL年代框架并与全球eustatic（即the ice-equivalent sea level）变化曲线对比，这3个海相层自下向上与深海氧同位素阶段7（Marine Isotope Stage 7, MIS 7)、MIS 5和MIS 1时期的高海面依次对应，表明研究区海相地层记录的海面变化与全球变化趋势一致。
(2)通过多个钻孔对比分析，渤海湾西岸地区中更新世晚期以来的3个海相层分布较广，具有良好的可比性。各孔岩心海相层顶、底板高程和厚度表现出不同程度的差异。其中，第三海相层和第二海相层顶底板高程和厚度的差异显示了研究区中更新世晚期至晚更新世发生了不同期次、不同强度的构造活动。进入全新世后，构造活动影响减弱。
(3)根据新的年代学框架，重新修定了前人的研究成果。经深入研究，本文的第一海相层、第二海相层分别对应前人的MIS 1阶段的I海和MIS 5阶段的III海，但并未发现前人所认为的MIS 3阶段的海侵沉积（前人将此定为“II海”）。MIS 3阶段较低的海面和较浅的渤海海峡地形导致渤海湾西岸地区在该时期并未发生规模较大的海侵。
(4)渤海湾西岸全新世以来经历了（沼泽）–潮滩–浅海–前三角洲–三角洲前缘–三角洲平原环境演化过程。全新世初期研究区南部处于暴露剥蚀状态，无沉积，全新统与上更新统不整合接触，间断期长达27ka。研究区中部和北部发育湖泊和沼泽环境。这种环境差异可能由南北部地貌差别所致。全新世早期，研究区整体进入潮滩环境。潮间带沉积物厚度约1m，远小于渤海湾2.5m的现代平均潮差可提供的可容空间（accommodation），历时数百至千余年。全新世中期水深增大，研究区进入浅海环境，随着沉积速率的增加，中晚全新世过渡为三角洲沉积体系。
(5)全新世环境演化记录了渤海湾西岸的海面变化过程。8.5ka cal BP前后全新世海侵到达研究区，当时的相对海面（Relative Sea Level, RSL）位置在–16.7m~–14.7m。8.5~5.6ka cal BP期间，海面上升速率较快，约0.4~0.6cm/a，初期大致对应融水脉冲MWP 1C（Meltwater Pulse 1C）事件。大约6ka cal BP，研究区相对海面在2.5~ 1.8m。总体说来，研究区全新世的相对海面与冰川融化造成的全球eustatic海面（即the ice-equivalent sea level）变化趋势一致。
(6)研究区全新世沉积速率的变化是沿岸不同河流在不同时期作用的结果，揭示了渤海湾西岸河流输入对沉积环境演化的影响。早全新世至中全新世初期，渤海湾西岸地区整体沉积速率偏低，表明此时段没有明显河流供给。中全新世滦河供给影响渤海湾西岸北部。中全新世晚期，黄河供给影响渤海湾西岸南部。晚全新世黄河和海河先后影响渤海湾西岸中部。
A wealth of information concerning land-ocean interaction was recorded in thewest coast of Bohai Bay. The depositional characteristics and environmental evolutionare constrained by both regional and global variations, thus the muddy coast in westBohai Bay is considered as an ideal area for global change research.
This thesis is mainly focused on two major aspects as follows. First, three marinebeds are indentified within the 80-m-thick strata, revealled by a number of boreholes,and the transgressive stages are determined. Also, the geological significance of suchthree marine beds that indicate sea level change and tectonic movement are discussed.
Second, sophisticated subdivision for the Holocene marine bed, preserved muchentire geoenvrionmental information, is carried out in order to distinguish a system ofsubfacies, and reconstruct the Holocene palaeoenvironment in the study area. Impactsof the Holocene transgression and sediment supply on the environmental revolution inthe region are analyzed.
The analyses of lithology, sediment composition, sedimentary structure, faunalcontent (assemblages of mollusk, benthic foraminifera and ostracoda) as dating ofAMS14C and OSL as well indicate that:
(1) Three typical marine beds are identified in the 80-m-thick strata. Inascending order from the base, they are interpreted as Marine Bed 3 (M3) deposited inthe late Mid-Pleistocene, Marine Bed 2 (M2) in the Late Pleistocene and Marine Bed1 (M1) in the Holocene, respectively. These beds record three major sea levelhighstands, occurred since the late Mid-Pleistocene. M3, M2 and M1, correspond tothe marine facies in MIS 7, MIS 5 and MIS 1, respectively. Therefore, this thesisconcludes that these marine beds recorded the regional sea level trend in the westcoast of Bohai Bay and responded well to the global change.
(2) Comparative analysis with other boreholes in the region indicates that thethree marine beds are widely distributed and are comparable well in the west coast ofBohai Bay. Changeable elevation and thickness of the marine beds among differentboreholes suggest that the differential depression movements existed during the LatePleistocene, while the tectonics are relative stablely in the Holocene.
(3) Our results differ from the previous studies based on the new OSL datingframework: the M1 and M2 in this thesis correspond to the previously concludedmarine bed I, deposited in MIS 1, and marine bed III deposited in MIS 5, respectively.However, there is not such a so-called marine bed II, deposited in the period of MIS 3.The different result indicates that the marine transgression did not reach the study areaduring MIS 3 due to the relative lowstand of sea level at that time and shallowtopography of the Bohai Strait, which separated the sea water from the Yellow Sea tointrude into the Bohai Sea during that period. The previous dating of the marine bed IIneeds to be proven by further dating effort.
(4) In the entire Holocnene, the study area was through various stages ofenvironmental development from swamp, tidal flat, shallow sea, prodelta, delta frontto delta plain. The south part of the study area, however, was exposed withoutdepositon in the Early Holocene. Thus, there is unconformity between the Holoceneand the underlying Pleistocene sediments with a time gap of 27ka. Nevertheless,swamps developed in the mid to north parts in the study area by the beginning of theHolocene. The different environments may be caused by undulated palaeotopographyfrom the south to the north coast. Overall, tidal flat developed in the Early Holocenewith about 1m sediment only which was obviously thiner than the accommodationspace provided by the mean high tidal range, if we consider that the palaeotidal rangeis the same as the present one. This thesis speculates that such a rather thin tidal layerexperienced a relatively short time (several hundred to over a thousand years only).Then, the sedimentary environment was transformed into shallow sea with the EarlyMid–Holocene, and then, changed into delta regime with increased sedimentation rateuntil the Late Holocene.
(5) The environmental change in the west coast of Bohai Bay reflects the sealevel change in the Holocene. The Holocene marine transgression reached the studyarea at ca. 8.5ka cal BP with relative sea level at 16.7~ 14.7m. During the period of8.5~5.6ka cal BP, sea level rose with a faster rate of about 0.4~0.6cm/a. Possibly, sucha jump was indicated by MWP 1C event?! The relative sea level was 2.5~ 1.8m atca. 6.0 ka cal BP and basically coincident with the eustatic level (the ice-equivalentsea level) caused by the melting ice at the same time.
(6) The sedimentation changed with various rates occurred in different periods inthe Holocene responded to different fluvial activities. Such a variety reveals that the sediment supplies impact the sedimentary environment along the west coast of BohaiBay. From the Early Holocene to Early Mid–Holocene, the low sedimentation ratealong the whole west coast presents less impotant fluvial input at that time. Thesediment supplies of Luanhe River were dumped on the north of the west coast ofBohai Bay in the Mid–Holocene, while the Yellow River downloaded its sedimtnes atthe south part of the area in the late Mid–Holocene Finally, during the Late Holocene,both Yellow River and Haihe River emptied to the mid–part of the area.
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