岩溶水文地质系统中有机氯农药的迁移机理初探
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摘要
有机氯农药(OCPs)是一类具有内分泌干扰作用的持久性有机污染物(POPs),由于其在环境中具有长期残留性、生物蓄积性、半挥发性和高毒性,能够在大气环境中长距离地迁移并且能沉降回到地球,对人类健康和生态环境都具有严重危害,因而受到环境科学界的广泛关注。我国南方岩溶地区(包括云南、贵州、广西、重庆、四川、湖南、湖北和广东等8个省、市、自治区)的岩溶总面积约有60万km2。岩溶区独特的水土资源分布格局导致岩溶区的环境同沙漠边缘一样脆弱,一旦遭到破坏就很难恢复。近年来,人类活动对岩溶区资源和环境的影响日渐明显,尤其是农业生产中使用的有机肥、农药经渗透或直接随农田水进入地下河系统,已经威胁到岩溶区的生态环境和人体健康。
本文从保护岩溶区资源和环境出发,以重庆雪玉洞水文地质系统作为研究对象,以有机氯农药为目标化合物,通过多指标综合分析,探讨雪玉洞水文地质系统中有机氯农药的组成特征、季节变化、迁移规律及其影响因素,目的在于揭示有机氯农药在岩溶区水文地质系统中的环境行为,为西南岩溶区有机氯农药的污染防治提供理论依据和参考。
本研究主要包括三个方面：一、分析雪玉洞上覆土层(日照坝)土壤中OCPs的浓度,研究其水平分布以及垂直向分布趋势、组成特征和来源识别,分析土壤有机碳的含量,研究其对污染物分布的影响；二、分析日照坝红庙水井、落水洞,雪玉洞地下河水、泻玉流光滴水和龙凤呈祥滴水中OCPs的浓度,研究其组成、分布和季节变化特征；三、通过与非岩溶区水文地质系统中OCPs的迁移特征比较,初步探讨岩溶区水文地质系统中OCPs的迁移规律。
采用气相色谱-微池电子捕获检测器(GC-μECD)分析了雪玉洞上覆土层(日照坝)10个代表性表层土样的18种OCPS。结果表明(1)土壤中18种OCPs除o,p'-DDD、ε-HCH、艾氏剂和狄氏剂外均有不同程度的检出,其中HCH、DDT、七氯和甲氧滴滴涕的检出率高达100%,是主要的污染物。土壤中的∑OCPs的浓度范围是1.24～750.56 ng·g-1,平均值为79.57 ng·g-1,洼地中的含量高于坡地。(2)研究区土壤中DDTs和HCHs可能分别来自于工业DDTs和林丹的非法使用,近期可能有新的输入。六氯苯、七氯、甲氧滴滴涕、异艾氏剂和异狄氏剂的残留浓度均不高,并且分布相对比较均匀,表明土壤中这类化合物的可能来源于近些年来区域性的大气沉降或是区域扩散的结果。通过相关分析得出研究区10个采样点OCPs基本具有相同的来源,并且土壤有机碳是影响OCPs分布的重要因素。(3)对比中国的土壤质量标准(GB15618-95),研究区土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留均处于较低水平。与国内外地区土壤中HCHs和DDTs含量相比,研究区十壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留处于低水平。
采用气相色谱-微池电子捕获检测器(GC-μECD)分析了雪玉洞上覆土层(日照坝)2个典型剖面(撂荒地和耕地)32个土样的18种OCPs,结果表明(1)撂荒地样品中HCHs和DDTs浓度范围分别为0.06～2.23 ng·g-1和0.14～18.58 ng·g-1,γ-HCH和p,p'-DDT分别是HCH和的主要组成成分。HCB、甲氧滴滴涕、七氯、异艾氏剂和异狄氏剂的浓度范围分别为N.D～0.93ng·g-1、N.D～2.6 ng·g-1、N.D～0.28 ng·g-1、0.1～0.41 ng·g-1和M.D～0.42ng·g-1。(2)耕地样品中HCHs和DDTs浓度范围为0.08-0.33 ng·g-1和N.D～5.68 ng·g-1,γ-HCH和p,p'-DDT分别是耕地土壤HCH和DDT的主要组成成分。HCB、甲氧滴滴涕、七氯、异艾氏剂和异狄氏剂的浓度范围分别为N.D～0.07 ng·g-1、N.D～2.04 ng·g-1、0.05～0.23 ng·g-1、N.D～0.18 ng·g-1和N.D～0.33ng·g-1。(3)通过比较各土层和土壤表层(1±1 cm) OCPs的含量的百分比,发现异艾氏剂垂向迁移能力最强；HCH、七氯和甲氧滴滴涕的迁移能力次于异艾氏剂；DDT、HCB和狄氏剂的迁移能力较弱。土壤有机碳是影响OCPs分布的重要因素,并且不同的土地利用方式下土壤翻耕程度、透气性及微生物活动强弱等都有差异,因而影响到土壤中OCPs的残留浓度大小
通过分析日照坝红庙水井、落水洞,雪玉洞地下河水、泻玉流光滴水和龙凤呈祥滴水中的18种OCPs,结果表明(1) HCHs的浓度范围为：0.75～4.72 ng·L-1,α-HCH和δ-HCH是HCHs水样HCH的主要组成成分。DDTs的浓度范围为：0.83～18.93 ng·L-1。地表水体中是以p,p'-DDT和p,p'-DDE为主要成分,而在地下河和滴水中是以p,p'-DDD和o,p'-DDD为主要成分。HCB、七氯、甲氧滴滴涕、艾氏剂、异艾氏剂、狄氏剂和异狄氏剂的浓度范围分别为：N.D～0.16 ng·L-1、1.32～10.30 ng·L-1、0.69～5.05 ng·L-1、0.42～2.42 ng·L-1、0.10～3.60 ng·L-1、N.D～5.27ng·L-1、N.D～19.09ng·L-1。(2)水样中OCPs含量呈现出地表水体大于地下河和滴水的分布趋势,由于在经过士壤层时,一部分OCPs可能被固体颗粒物吸附的缘故。与国内外相关研究比较,研究区水体中HCHs和DDTs的污染处于中低水平。(3)水样中OCPs含量具有明显的季节变化趋势：冬季OCPs的含量高于夏季。
通过比较雪玉洞上覆土层的表层土壤、剖面,落水洞和红庙水井,洞穴滴水及地下河水样品中主要的OCPs种类及含量,发现上覆土壤、落水洞和红庙水井中含量较高的化合物,在地下河水和洞穴滴水中都有检出,并且在土壤中迁移能力较强的化合物,在地下河水和滴水中检出的含量均较高。表明,由于岩溶区独特的二元结构的存在,OCPs通过农业活动或降雨进入土壤、地表河流和落水洞后,会在岩溶管道或裂隙中运移,最终进入地下河水和洞穴滴水中,对地下河水和洞穴滴水造成污染,这对当地生态环境和以地下水为生活用水的居民存在潜在的威胁。
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are a kind of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which have the role of endocrine disruption. Owing to its characteristics, such as the long-time residue, biological accumulation, semi volatile and highly toxic, OCPs can migrate for long distance in atmospheric environment, and then return to the earth. Because of its serious harm to the health of human beings and ecological environment, OCPs has attracted the attention of environmental chemists.The karst area in southwestern China is about 600000 km2 including Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Chongqing, Sichuan, Hunan, Hubei and Guangdong. The unique distribution pattern of water and soil has made the karst environment as vulnerable as the edge of the desert. Once destroyed, it is hard to recover. In recent years, the impact of human activities on resources and environment in karst area has become serious. Especially the organic fertilizer and pesticide used in agricultural production can directly go into the underground river system by direct leaking or with farmland water. Hence, the karst ecological environment and human health faced the serious threat.
In this article the hydrogeology system of Xueyu Cave which located at Chongqing has been taken as a study case, OCPs as the aim compounds. Through explored the composition, seasonal change, migration rule and influence factors of OCPs in the hydrogeology system of Xueyu Cave, and then reveal its environmental behavior, so as to provide the theory basis and the reference for OCPs pollution prevention and control in southwest karst region.
This research mainly contains three aspects:Firstly, through collecting the overlying soil samples of Xueyu Cave, investigating the horizontal and vertical distribution, composition and then concluding the possible sources of OCPs, analyzing the soil organic carbon, and discussing its influence on the distribution of OCPs. Secondly, through collecting the water samples from doline, underground river and drip waters in different months, discussing the composition and seasonal distribution characteristic of OCPs. Lastly, through comparing with the migration characteristic of OCPs in non-karst areas, discussing the rule of OCPs's migration in karst hydrogeology system.
10 typical surface soil samples were taken on the top of Xueyu Cave, in which 18 OCPs were analyzed by gas chromatography equipped with miro-63Ni electron capture detector. The results showe that (1) Most OCPs except for o,p'-DDD,ε-HCH, aldrin and dieldrin are detected in the soil samples. Moreover,4 OCPs including HCH, DDT, heptachlor and methoxychlor are detected in all samples, which compose the predominant contaminations. The OCPs concentrations of surface soils range from 1.24 to 750.56 ng·g-1 with a mean value of 79.57 ng·g-1, and the concentration of OCPs in the depression is higher than on its slope. (2)The ratio of OCPs isomers imply that the unlawful using of lindane and industrial DDTs cause HCHs and DDTs pollution, and a new contamination source can be observed. As for HCB, heptachlor, methoxychlor, isodrin and endrin, the possible source is regional atmospheric deposition or regional diffusion. Correlation analysis between 10 samples indicated that OCPs in study area generally have the same source, and soil organic carbon is an important factor in the distribution of OCPs. (3)Compared with the Environmental Quality Standard for Soils of China GB15618-95, the concentrations of HCHs and DDTs in these samples stay in a low pollution level. Compared to the similar researches in China and abroad, HCHs and DDTs residues in the soil belonged to low levels.
Two typical profile of abandoned and agriculture land, which were taken on the top of Xueyu Cave, in which 18 OCPs were analyzed by gas chromatography equipped with miro-63Ni electron capture detector. The results showe that (1) The HCHs concentrations of abandoned range from 0.06 to 2.23 ng·g-1,γ-HCH is detwoected in all samples, which composes the predominant component of HCH. The DDTs concentrations of abandoned range from 0.14 to 18.58 ng·g-1, p,p'-DDT is detected in all samples, which composes the predominant component of DDT. The concentrations of HCB, methoxychlor, heptachlor, isodrin and endrin in abandoned profiles are N.D～0.93ng·g-1 N.D～2.6ng·g-1, N.D～0.28ng·g-1,0.1～0.41 ng·g-1, N.D～0.42ng·g-1. (2) The HCHs concentrations of agriculture land range from 0.08 to 0.33 ng·g-1,γ-HCH is detected in all samples, which composes the predominant component of HCH. The DDTs concentrations of abandoned range from N.D to 5.68 ng·g-1, p,p'-DDT is detected in all samples, which composes the predominant component of DDT. The concentrations of HCB, methoxychlor, heptachlor, isodrin and endrin in agriculture land profiles were N.D～0.07 ng-·g-1, N.D～2.04ng·g-1,0.05～0.23ng·g-1, N.D～0.18ng·g-1, N.D～0.33 ng·g-1 respectively. (3)By comparing the percentage between the concentration of OCPs in soil layers and surface soil, we find that vertical migration ability of isodrin is strongest, HCH, heptachlor, methoxychlor's vertical migration ability are weaker than isodrin, and DDT,HCB, endrin are the weakest ones.The soil organic carbon is an important factor in the distribution of OCPs. The different land uses which cause different tillage degree, permeability and microbial activities may affect the concentration of OCPs in the soil.
The water samples of Hongmiao well, doline, underground water and two drip waters of Xueyu Cave were analyzed. The results show that (1) The HCHs concentrations of water samples range from 0.75 to 4.72 ng·L-1,α-HCH andδ-HCH are detected in all samples, which compose the predominant component of HCH. The DDTs concentrations range from 0.83 to 18.93 ng·L-1, p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE are the predominant component of DDT in surface waters. p,p'-DDD and o,p'-DDD are the predominant component of DDT in underground water and drip waters. The concentrations of HCB, heptachlor, methoxychlor, isodrin. dieldrin and endrin in water samples are N.D～0.16ng·L-1,1.32～10.30 ng·L-1,0.69～5.05 ng·L-1,0.42～2.42 ng·L-1.0.10～3.60 ng·L-1. N.D～5.27 ng·L-1, N.D～19.09ng·L-1 respectively. (2)The concentration of OCPs in surface water samples is higher than underground water and drip waters. Compared to the similar researches in China and abroad, HCHs and DDTs residues in water samples belonged to low levels. (3)The concentrations of OCPs in winter is higher than that in summer which is the obvious seasonal change among water samples.
By comparing the variety and concentration of OCPs in soil samples overlying Xueyu Cave and water samples of Hongmiao well, doline, underground water and two drip waters of Xueyu Cave, we find that the high concentration compounds in overlying soil and water samples also appear in underground water and two drip waters. The compounds which have stronger transfer ability are detected high concentration in underground water and two drip waters. What's more, DDT exits in the form of p,p'-DDT in surface waters and in the form of p,p'-DDD in underground water and two drip waters. The results show that owing to the special hydrogeological structure in karst area, OCPs that come into the soil, river and doline through the agricultural activity or rainfall will migrate to underground water and drip water through the pipe or fissure finally, which should be a potential threat to the local ecological environment and residents whose living water are underground waters.
本文从保护岩溶区资源和环境出发,以重庆雪玉洞水文地质系统作为研究对象,以有机氯农药为目标化合物,通过多指标综合分析,探讨雪玉洞水文地质系统中有机氯农药的组成特征、季节变化、迁移规律及其影响因素,目的在于揭示有机氯农药在岩溶区水文地质系统中的环境行为,为西南岩溶区有机氯农药的污染防治提供理论依据和参考。
本研究主要包括三个方面：一、分析雪玉洞上覆土层(日照坝)土壤中OCPs的浓度,研究其水平分布以及垂直向分布趋势、组成特征和来源识别,分析土壤有机碳的含量,研究其对污染物分布的影响；二、分析日照坝红庙水井、落水洞,雪玉洞地下河水、泻玉流光滴水和龙凤呈祥滴水中OCPs的浓度,研究其组成、分布和季节变化特征；三、通过与非岩溶区水文地质系统中OCPs的迁移特征比较,初步探讨岩溶区水文地质系统中OCPs的迁移规律。
采用气相色谱-微池电子捕获检测器(GC-μECD)分析了雪玉洞上覆土层(日照坝)10个代表性表层土样的18种OCPS。结果表明(1)土壤中18种OCPs除o,p'-DDD、ε-HCH、艾氏剂和狄氏剂外均有不同程度的检出,其中HCH、DDT、七氯和甲氧滴滴涕的检出率高达100%,是主要的污染物。土壤中的∑OCPs的浓度范围是1.24～750.56 ng·g-1,平均值为79.57 ng·g-1,洼地中的含量高于坡地。(2)研究区土壤中DDTs和HCHs可能分别来自于工业DDTs和林丹的非法使用,近期可能有新的输入。六氯苯、七氯、甲氧滴滴涕、异艾氏剂和异狄氏剂的残留浓度均不高,并且分布相对比较均匀,表明土壤中这类化合物的可能来源于近些年来区域性的大气沉降或是区域扩散的结果。通过相关分析得出研究区10个采样点OCPs基本具有相同的来源,并且土壤有机碳是影响OCPs分布的重要因素。(3)对比中国的土壤质量标准(GB15618-95),研究区土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留均处于较低水平。与国内外地区土壤中HCHs和DDTs含量相比,研究区十壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留处于低水平。
采用气相色谱-微池电子捕获检测器(GC-μECD)分析了雪玉洞上覆土层(日照坝)2个典型剖面(撂荒地和耕地)32个土样的18种OCPs,结果表明(1)撂荒地样品中HCHs和DDTs浓度范围分别为0.06～2.23 ng·g-1和0.14～18.58 ng·g-1,γ-HCH和p,p'-DDT分别是HCH和的主要组成成分。HCB、甲氧滴滴涕、七氯、异艾氏剂和异狄氏剂的浓度范围分别为N.D～0.93ng·g-1、N.D～2.6 ng·g-1、N.D～0.28 ng·g-1、0.1～0.41 ng·g-1和M.D～0.42ng·g-1。(2)耕地样品中HCHs和DDTs浓度范围为0.08-0.33 ng·g-1和N.D～5.68 ng·g-1,γ-HCH和p,p'-DDT分别是耕地土壤HCH和DDT的主要组成成分。HCB、甲氧滴滴涕、七氯、异艾氏剂和异狄氏剂的浓度范围分别为N.D～0.07 ng·g-1、N.D～2.04 ng·g-1、0.05～0.23 ng·g-1、N.D～0.18 ng·g-1和N.D～0.33ng·g-1。(3)通过比较各土层和土壤表层(1±1 cm) OCPs的含量的百分比,发现异艾氏剂垂向迁移能力最强；HCH、七氯和甲氧滴滴涕的迁移能力次于异艾氏剂；DDT、HCB和狄氏剂的迁移能力较弱。土壤有机碳是影响OCPs分布的重要因素,并且不同的土地利用方式下土壤翻耕程度、透气性及微生物活动强弱等都有差异,因而影响到土壤中OCPs的残留浓度大小
通过分析日照坝红庙水井、落水洞,雪玉洞地下河水、泻玉流光滴水和龙凤呈祥滴水中的18种OCPs,结果表明(1) HCHs的浓度范围为：0.75～4.72 ng·L-1,α-HCH和δ-HCH是HCHs水样HCH的主要组成成分。DDTs的浓度范围为：0.83～18.93 ng·L-1。地表水体中是以p,p'-DDT和p,p'-DDE为主要成分,而在地下河和滴水中是以p,p'-DDD和o,p'-DDD为主要成分。HCB、七氯、甲氧滴滴涕、艾氏剂、异艾氏剂、狄氏剂和异狄氏剂的浓度范围分别为：N.D～0.16 ng·L-1、1.32～10.30 ng·L-1、0.69～5.05 ng·L-1、0.42～2.42 ng·L-1、0.10～3.60 ng·L-1、N.D～5.27ng·L-1、N.D～19.09ng·L-1。(2)水样中OCPs含量呈现出地表水体大于地下河和滴水的分布趋势,由于在经过士壤层时,一部分OCPs可能被固体颗粒物吸附的缘故。与国内外相关研究比较,研究区水体中HCHs和DDTs的污染处于中低水平。(3)水样中OCPs含量具有明显的季节变化趋势：冬季OCPs的含量高于夏季。
通过比较雪玉洞上覆土层的表层土壤、剖面,落水洞和红庙水井,洞穴滴水及地下河水样品中主要的OCPs种类及含量,发现上覆土壤、落水洞和红庙水井中含量较高的化合物,在地下河水和洞穴滴水中都有检出,并且在土壤中迁移能力较强的化合物,在地下河水和滴水中检出的含量均较高。表明,由于岩溶区独特的二元结构的存在,OCPs通过农业活动或降雨进入土壤、地表河流和落水洞后,会在岩溶管道或裂隙中运移,最终进入地下河水和洞穴滴水中,对地下河水和洞穴滴水造成污染,这对当地生态环境和以地下水为生活用水的居民存在潜在的威胁。
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are a kind of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which have the role of endocrine disruption. Owing to its characteristics, such as the long-time residue, biological accumulation, semi volatile and highly toxic, OCPs can migrate for long distance in atmospheric environment, and then return to the earth. Because of its serious harm to the health of human beings and ecological environment, OCPs has attracted the attention of environmental chemists.The karst area in southwestern China is about 600000 km2 including Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Chongqing, Sichuan, Hunan, Hubei and Guangdong. The unique distribution pattern of water and soil has made the karst environment as vulnerable as the edge of the desert. Once destroyed, it is hard to recover. In recent years, the impact of human activities on resources and environment in karst area has become serious. Especially the organic fertilizer and pesticide used in agricultural production can directly go into the underground river system by direct leaking or with farmland water. Hence, the karst ecological environment and human health faced the serious threat.
In this article the hydrogeology system of Xueyu Cave which located at Chongqing has been taken as a study case, OCPs as the aim compounds. Through explored the composition, seasonal change, migration rule and influence factors of OCPs in the hydrogeology system of Xueyu Cave, and then reveal its environmental behavior, so as to provide the theory basis and the reference for OCPs pollution prevention and control in southwest karst region.
This research mainly contains three aspects:Firstly, through collecting the overlying soil samples of Xueyu Cave, investigating the horizontal and vertical distribution, composition and then concluding the possible sources of OCPs, analyzing the soil organic carbon, and discussing its influence on the distribution of OCPs. Secondly, through collecting the water samples from doline, underground river and drip waters in different months, discussing the composition and seasonal distribution characteristic of OCPs. Lastly, through comparing with the migration characteristic of OCPs in non-karst areas, discussing the rule of OCPs's migration in karst hydrogeology system.
10 typical surface soil samples were taken on the top of Xueyu Cave, in which 18 OCPs were analyzed by gas chromatography equipped with miro-63Ni electron capture detector. The results showe that (1) Most OCPs except for o,p'-DDD,ε-HCH, aldrin and dieldrin are detected in the soil samples. Moreover,4 OCPs including HCH, DDT, heptachlor and methoxychlor are detected in all samples, which compose the predominant contaminations. The OCPs concentrations of surface soils range from 1.24 to 750.56 ng·g-1 with a mean value of 79.57 ng·g-1, and the concentration of OCPs in the depression is higher than on its slope. (2)The ratio of OCPs isomers imply that the unlawful using of lindane and industrial DDTs cause HCHs and DDTs pollution, and a new contamination source can be observed. As for HCB, heptachlor, methoxychlor, isodrin and endrin, the possible source is regional atmospheric deposition or regional diffusion. Correlation analysis between 10 samples indicated that OCPs in study area generally have the same source, and soil organic carbon is an important factor in the distribution of OCPs. (3)Compared with the Environmental Quality Standard for Soils of China GB15618-95, the concentrations of HCHs and DDTs in these samples stay in a low pollution level. Compared to the similar researches in China and abroad, HCHs and DDTs residues in the soil belonged to low levels.
Two typical profile of abandoned and agriculture land, which were taken on the top of Xueyu Cave, in which 18 OCPs were analyzed by gas chromatography equipped with miro-63Ni electron capture detector. The results showe that (1) The HCHs concentrations of abandoned range from 0.06 to 2.23 ng·g-1,γ-HCH is detwoected in all samples, which composes the predominant component of HCH. The DDTs concentrations of abandoned range from 0.14 to 18.58 ng·g-1, p,p'-DDT is detected in all samples, which composes the predominant component of DDT. The concentrations of HCB, methoxychlor, heptachlor, isodrin and endrin in abandoned profiles are N.D～0.93ng·g-1 N.D～2.6ng·g-1, N.D～0.28ng·g-1,0.1～0.41 ng·g-1, N.D～0.42ng·g-1. (2) The HCHs concentrations of agriculture land range from 0.08 to 0.33 ng·g-1,γ-HCH is detected in all samples, which composes the predominant component of HCH. The DDTs concentrations of abandoned range from N.D to 5.68 ng·g-1, p,p'-DDT is detected in all samples, which composes the predominant component of DDT. The concentrations of HCB, methoxychlor, heptachlor, isodrin and endrin in agriculture land profiles were N.D～0.07 ng-·g-1, N.D～2.04ng·g-1,0.05～0.23ng·g-1, N.D～0.18ng·g-1, N.D～0.33 ng·g-1 respectively. (3)By comparing the percentage between the concentration of OCPs in soil layers and surface soil, we find that vertical migration ability of isodrin is strongest, HCH, heptachlor, methoxychlor's vertical migration ability are weaker than isodrin, and DDT,HCB, endrin are the weakest ones.The soil organic carbon is an important factor in the distribution of OCPs. The different land uses which cause different tillage degree, permeability and microbial activities may affect the concentration of OCPs in the soil.
The water samples of Hongmiao well, doline, underground water and two drip waters of Xueyu Cave were analyzed. The results show that (1) The HCHs concentrations of water samples range from 0.75 to 4.72 ng·L-1,α-HCH andδ-HCH are detected in all samples, which compose the predominant component of HCH. The DDTs concentrations range from 0.83 to 18.93 ng·L-1, p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE are the predominant component of DDT in surface waters. p,p'-DDD and o,p'-DDD are the predominant component of DDT in underground water and drip waters. The concentrations of HCB, heptachlor, methoxychlor, isodrin. dieldrin and endrin in water samples are N.D～0.16ng·L-1,1.32～10.30 ng·L-1,0.69～5.05 ng·L-1,0.42～2.42 ng·L-1.0.10～3.60 ng·L-1. N.D～5.27 ng·L-1, N.D～19.09ng·L-1 respectively. (2)The concentration of OCPs in surface water samples is higher than underground water and drip waters. Compared to the similar researches in China and abroad, HCHs and DDTs residues in water samples belonged to low levels. (3)The concentrations of OCPs in winter is higher than that in summer which is the obvious seasonal change among water samples.
By comparing the variety and concentration of OCPs in soil samples overlying Xueyu Cave and water samples of Hongmiao well, doline, underground water and two drip waters of Xueyu Cave, we find that the high concentration compounds in overlying soil and water samples also appear in underground water and two drip waters. The compounds which have stronger transfer ability are detected high concentration in underground water and two drip waters. What's more, DDT exits in the form of p,p'-DDT in surface waters and in the form of p,p'-DDD in underground water and two drip waters. The results show that owing to the special hydrogeological structure in karst area, OCPs that come into the soil, river and doline through the agricultural activity or rainfall will migrate to underground water and drip water through the pipe or fissure finally, which should be a potential threat to the local ecological environment and residents whose living water are underground waters.
引文
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