矿业地区生态环境安全的研究
|
摘要
由于科学技术的发展,人类利用自然、改造自然的能力大大提高,在工业化程度提高和财富获取的同时,生态环境问题的严峻性也逐步暴露出来,到20世纪五六十年代产生了极为严重的消极后果。抚顺地处浑河流域上游,作为一个矿业城市,由于土地资源利用发展不平衡,造成了土壤侵蚀严重、水体污染、水资源短缺、大气污染严重等一系列生态环境安全问题,不仅对抚顺的人文健康产生严重影响,而且将对下游沈阳和鞍山等市产生影响。
本论文以GIS为平台,收集相关的遥感、土壤测试、水体测试、大气测试及其它的基础数据,利用土壤侵蚀模型、健康风险评价法、综合营养状态指数法、地累积指数法、生物效应潜在指数、层次分析法、信息熵及模糊数学等方法进行大气污染、水体污染和土壤污染的健康风险评价、污染的动态分析、土壤侵蚀的动态定量计算及抚顺地区的生态环境安全的综合评价等。具体成果如下：
(1)大气的主要污染物是SO2、NOx和TSP。大气中SO2的浓度在1981-1995年的15年期间较高,其后有所降低。就各功能区而言,工业区的TSP浓度最大,其次是居民区。工业区和交通区的SO2浓度较大,其次是居民区。整体来看,随时间的推移,所有污染物的等标负荷都在减轻。
(2)通过对浑河抚顺段和大伙房水库的水质进行动态分析、水质评价和水库富营养化和健康风险评价,得出以下结论：①浑河抚顺段和大伙房水库污染指标整体下降,大伙房水库水质已接近富营养化状态。②除古楼和台沟外,其它各河段的四种重金属污染程度都有较大幅度的增加。污染程度空间顺序从强到弱为：浑73>北杂木>浑37>浑7>台沟=古楼。
(3)通过对研究区土地利用和土壤侵蚀的动态分析,得出以下结论：①从1998到2005年,景观整体呈破碎化趋势。②抚顺市的土壤侵蚀强度跨越了微度到强度的四个等级,以微度侵蚀、轻度侵蚀和中度侵蚀为主,伴有少量的强度侵蚀。2005年比1998年侵蚀面积相对减小,但侵蚀强度加大。
(4)抚顺城市健康风险评价显示：①大气环境方面,SO2和NOx所造成的个体终生危险度的趋势与其浓度成正比例关系,目前有好转的趋势。②大伙房水库方面,基因毒物质为主要的危险物,Cr的风险值最大,2000年之后达到标准值的130-260倍,其次为As,2000年之后达到了标准值的27倍,Cd的风险值最小。躯体毒物质的风险值比标准值低1到2个数量级。③土壤方面,在市区内,躯体毒物质的危险要大于基因毒物质。在躯体毒物质中,氟所造成的危险度较大,在所有监测点都超过标准值的1000倍以上。在基因毒物质中,Cr的危险度最大。在李石污灌区,基因毒物质通过食入途径危害人体,而躯体毒物质通过接触途径危害人体。在15个采样点中,有6个样点中的镉风险值比标准值要高50倍以上,总体来看,污灌区种植出来的大米对人体极为有害。在矿区,在排土场中种植的作物对人体的健康存在较大的风险,这些风险主要来自基因毒物质。
(5)通过对研究区域的生态环境安全综合评价得出：新宾县的生态环境安全程度较高,清原县和抚顺县的生态安全程度居中,抚顺市市辖区的生态环境安全程度最低,而在市中心西露天矿附近,评价指标甚至达到4.3,很接近最大值5。与1998年相比,2005年生态环境安全程度有所提高。
整体来看,研究方法适用于矿业地区的生态环境安全研究。研究结论与事实基本相符合。研究结论得出：抚顺市的生态环境安全有好转的趋势。水资源和土地资源是影响抚顺市生态环境安全的主要两大介质。其中,致癌物质Cr和非致癌物质F是影响抚顺市生态环境安全的两种主要元素。另外,本研究方法对于其他地区的生态环境安全特别是矿业地区具有借鉴意义。
The capability of people's utilization and modification of nature has developed accompany with the development of science and technology. The severity of the ecological and environmental problems have been exposed while the advancement of the industrialization and the acquisition of the wealth, which caused many serious negative results to the development of human society 1950s and 1960s. As a mineral city, Fushun city locates in the upstream of Hunhe watershed. The non-equilibrium of development of the soil resources caused many environmental problems, such as soil erosion, water pollution, the shortage of the water resources and air pollutions etc., which would not only have a great impact on the local human's health, but also on the environments of the downstream area such as Shenyang city and Anshan city.
This paper assessed the health risks of air, water and soil pollutions, analyzed the dynamics of the pollutions of three aspects, and calculated the soil erosion pollution and ecological environmental security by these methods:health risk assessment, soil erosion model, synthesis nourishment statement indices, geo-accumulation indices, biological effect potential indices, analytic hierarchy processs (AHP), information entropy and fuzzing mathematics based on the remote sensing data, soil testing data, water quality testing data, air testing data etc.
(1) The air pollution are mainly caused by SO2、NOx and TSP. The concentration of SO2 in the air is higher from 1981 to 1995, and it decreased in the following years. The concentration of TSP in the industry area is highest; the following are the resident's area, transportation area and cleaning area. The concentration of SO2 in the industry area is highest; the following are the transportation area, residents'area and cleaning area. In total, the equal load indices of all pollution material are lightening.
(2) The studies on the dynamics analysis of water quality, the assessment of water quality and the eutrophication of Hunhe River in Fushun section and Dahuofang reservoir have drawn these results:①the pollution equal load of the Hunhe River and Dahuafang reservoir decreased both. Although the water quality in all cross sections is type I from 2001 to 2004, the water in Dahuofang reservoir are on the verge of eutrophication.②The polluted indices of four type heavy metal have increased. Among them, the pollution of section of Hun 73 reached the medium to strong degree. The pollution degrees from strong to week of all sections are:Hun 73> Beizamu> Hun 27> Hun 7> Taigou= Gulou. Except for the Gulou and Taigou sections, the ecological risk of other sections increased. In 2002, the three sections of Dahuofang reservoir were in medium degree dangerous. The danger degrees from strong to week are:Hun 73> Hun 27> Hun 7.
(3) The studies on the land use and soil erosion showed that:①from 1998 to 2005, the area of shrub forest and arid land decreased, other land use types are all increased. The continuity of forest and shrub forest enhanced, other types are more fragmenting in different degree. On the landscape level, the Shannon Diversity, Shannon Evenness and Fractal Dimension increased, but the Dominance, Contagion and Aggregation Index decreased from 1998 to 2005. On the class level, the Fractal Dimension of shrub forest and forest decreased, other types are increased. The Aggregation Index of forest increased, other types decreased. In total, the landscape has the tendency of fragmentation.②the soil erosion degree of Fushun city are changed from mired, light, medium to strong. In total, the main areas are in mired, light and medium erosion degree. The strong erosion only occurred in small area. The erosion area decreased but erosion intensity increased since 1998 to 2005. The slope, elevation and landuse types have a little strong relation with the soil erosion degrees.
(4) The healthy risk assessment of Fushun city drew these conclusions:①in the aspect of air environment, the lifetime individual dangers caused by SO2 and NOx have positive relationship with the content of them, and dangers are lightening at the moment.②in the aspect of Dahuofang reservoir, carcinogens are the main source of dangerous. Among them, the healthy risk value of Cr is the highest, which reached 130 to 260 times of the normal value since 2000; the healthy risk of As reached 27 times of the normal value since 2000; the healthy risk of Cd is the lowest. The risk value non-carcinogens are lower than the normal value from 1 to 2 orders.③In the aspect of soil:in the city area, the risk values of non-carcinogens are greater than that of carcinogens. Among the non-carcinogens, F is the most dangerous, which is exceeding about 1000 times of the normal value. Among the carcinogens, Cr is the most dangerous. In Lishi polluted water irrigation area, the carcinogens destroy the human health through ingestion, and the non-carcinogens through the dermal absorption. Among the 15 samples, the risk values of Cd in 6 samples are 50 times higher than the normal value. In total, the rices planted in this area have great danger to human healthy. In the mine area, crops planted in the tailing area also have the high risk to human healthy through carcinogens.
(5) The studies on the ecological environmental security comprehensive evaluation showed that:in 1998, the security of Xinbin county is the highest, the indices is lower than 2.5; the security of Qingyuan and Fushun county are medium, the indices are changed from 2.5 to 3.0; the security of Fushun urban area are the lowest, the indices are changed from 3.7 to 4.0, and near the west open-pit mine located in the city center, the indices even reached 4.3, which is approached the maxima value 5. In 2005, the security of Xinbin county is still the highest, but the security of southeast area decreased a little; the indices of Qingyuan and Fushun county is lower than 2.6, the security increased a little. The security of Fushun urban area are still the lowest, the indices are changed from 3.2 to 3.8. Compared with the value of 1998, the security increased, which showed the progress in the environment management during this period.
本论文以GIS为平台,收集相关的遥感、土壤测试、水体测试、大气测试及其它的基础数据,利用土壤侵蚀模型、健康风险评价法、综合营养状态指数法、地累积指数法、生物效应潜在指数、层次分析法、信息熵及模糊数学等方法进行大气污染、水体污染和土壤污染的健康风险评价、污染的动态分析、土壤侵蚀的动态定量计算及抚顺地区的生态环境安全的综合评价等。具体成果如下：
(1)大气的主要污染物是SO2、NOx和TSP。大气中SO2的浓度在1981-1995年的15年期间较高,其后有所降低。就各功能区而言,工业区的TSP浓度最大,其次是居民区。工业区和交通区的SO2浓度较大,其次是居民区。整体来看,随时间的推移,所有污染物的等标负荷都在减轻。
(2)通过对浑河抚顺段和大伙房水库的水质进行动态分析、水质评价和水库富营养化和健康风险评价,得出以下结论：①浑河抚顺段和大伙房水库污染指标整体下降,大伙房水库水质已接近富营养化状态。②除古楼和台沟外,其它各河段的四种重金属污染程度都有较大幅度的增加。污染程度空间顺序从强到弱为：浑73>北杂木>浑37>浑7>台沟=古楼。
(3)通过对研究区土地利用和土壤侵蚀的动态分析,得出以下结论：①从1998到2005年,景观整体呈破碎化趋势。②抚顺市的土壤侵蚀强度跨越了微度到强度的四个等级,以微度侵蚀、轻度侵蚀和中度侵蚀为主,伴有少量的强度侵蚀。2005年比1998年侵蚀面积相对减小,但侵蚀强度加大。
(4)抚顺城市健康风险评价显示：①大气环境方面,SO2和NOx所造成的个体终生危险度的趋势与其浓度成正比例关系,目前有好转的趋势。②大伙房水库方面,基因毒物质为主要的危险物,Cr的风险值最大,2000年之后达到标准值的130-260倍,其次为As,2000年之后达到了标准值的27倍,Cd的风险值最小。躯体毒物质的风险值比标准值低1到2个数量级。③土壤方面,在市区内,躯体毒物质的危险要大于基因毒物质。在躯体毒物质中,氟所造成的危险度较大,在所有监测点都超过标准值的1000倍以上。在基因毒物质中,Cr的危险度最大。在李石污灌区,基因毒物质通过食入途径危害人体,而躯体毒物质通过接触途径危害人体。在15个采样点中,有6个样点中的镉风险值比标准值要高50倍以上,总体来看,污灌区种植出来的大米对人体极为有害。在矿区,在排土场中种植的作物对人体的健康存在较大的风险,这些风险主要来自基因毒物质。
(5)通过对研究区域的生态环境安全综合评价得出：新宾县的生态环境安全程度较高,清原县和抚顺县的生态安全程度居中,抚顺市市辖区的生态环境安全程度最低,而在市中心西露天矿附近,评价指标甚至达到4.3,很接近最大值5。与1998年相比,2005年生态环境安全程度有所提高。
整体来看,研究方法适用于矿业地区的生态环境安全研究。研究结论与事实基本相符合。研究结论得出：抚顺市的生态环境安全有好转的趋势。水资源和土地资源是影响抚顺市生态环境安全的主要两大介质。其中,致癌物质Cr和非致癌物质F是影响抚顺市生态环境安全的两种主要元素。另外,本研究方法对于其他地区的生态环境安全特别是矿业地区具有借鉴意义。
The capability of people's utilization and modification of nature has developed accompany with the development of science and technology. The severity of the ecological and environmental problems have been exposed while the advancement of the industrialization and the acquisition of the wealth, which caused many serious negative results to the development of human society 1950s and 1960s. As a mineral city, Fushun city locates in the upstream of Hunhe watershed. The non-equilibrium of development of the soil resources caused many environmental problems, such as soil erosion, water pollution, the shortage of the water resources and air pollutions etc., which would not only have a great impact on the local human's health, but also on the environments of the downstream area such as Shenyang city and Anshan city.
This paper assessed the health risks of air, water and soil pollutions, analyzed the dynamics of the pollutions of three aspects, and calculated the soil erosion pollution and ecological environmental security by these methods:health risk assessment, soil erosion model, synthesis nourishment statement indices, geo-accumulation indices, biological effect potential indices, analytic hierarchy processs (AHP), information entropy and fuzzing mathematics based on the remote sensing data, soil testing data, water quality testing data, air testing data etc.
(1) The air pollution are mainly caused by SO2、NOx and TSP. The concentration of SO2 in the air is higher from 1981 to 1995, and it decreased in the following years. The concentration of TSP in the industry area is highest; the following are the resident's area, transportation area and cleaning area. The concentration of SO2 in the industry area is highest; the following are the transportation area, residents'area and cleaning area. In total, the equal load indices of all pollution material are lightening.
(2) The studies on the dynamics analysis of water quality, the assessment of water quality and the eutrophication of Hunhe River in Fushun section and Dahuofang reservoir have drawn these results:①the pollution equal load of the Hunhe River and Dahuafang reservoir decreased both. Although the water quality in all cross sections is type I from 2001 to 2004, the water in Dahuofang reservoir are on the verge of eutrophication.②The polluted indices of four type heavy metal have increased. Among them, the pollution of section of Hun 73 reached the medium to strong degree. The pollution degrees from strong to week of all sections are:Hun 73> Beizamu> Hun 27> Hun 7> Taigou= Gulou. Except for the Gulou and Taigou sections, the ecological risk of other sections increased. In 2002, the three sections of Dahuofang reservoir were in medium degree dangerous. The danger degrees from strong to week are:Hun 73> Hun 27> Hun 7.
(3) The studies on the land use and soil erosion showed that:①from 1998 to 2005, the area of shrub forest and arid land decreased, other land use types are all increased. The continuity of forest and shrub forest enhanced, other types are more fragmenting in different degree. On the landscape level, the Shannon Diversity, Shannon Evenness and Fractal Dimension increased, but the Dominance, Contagion and Aggregation Index decreased from 1998 to 2005. On the class level, the Fractal Dimension of shrub forest and forest decreased, other types are increased. The Aggregation Index of forest increased, other types decreased. In total, the landscape has the tendency of fragmentation.②the soil erosion degree of Fushun city are changed from mired, light, medium to strong. In total, the main areas are in mired, light and medium erosion degree. The strong erosion only occurred in small area. The erosion area decreased but erosion intensity increased since 1998 to 2005. The slope, elevation and landuse types have a little strong relation with the soil erosion degrees.
(4) The healthy risk assessment of Fushun city drew these conclusions:①in the aspect of air environment, the lifetime individual dangers caused by SO2 and NOx have positive relationship with the content of them, and dangers are lightening at the moment.②in the aspect of Dahuofang reservoir, carcinogens are the main source of dangerous. Among them, the healthy risk value of Cr is the highest, which reached 130 to 260 times of the normal value since 2000; the healthy risk of As reached 27 times of the normal value since 2000; the healthy risk of Cd is the lowest. The risk value non-carcinogens are lower than the normal value from 1 to 2 orders.③In the aspect of soil:in the city area, the risk values of non-carcinogens are greater than that of carcinogens. Among the non-carcinogens, F is the most dangerous, which is exceeding about 1000 times of the normal value. Among the carcinogens, Cr is the most dangerous. In Lishi polluted water irrigation area, the carcinogens destroy the human health through ingestion, and the non-carcinogens through the dermal absorption. Among the 15 samples, the risk values of Cd in 6 samples are 50 times higher than the normal value. In total, the rices planted in this area have great danger to human healthy. In the mine area, crops planted in the tailing area also have the high risk to human healthy through carcinogens.
(5) The studies on the ecological environmental security comprehensive evaluation showed that:in 1998, the security of Xinbin county is the highest, the indices is lower than 2.5; the security of Qingyuan and Fushun county are medium, the indices are changed from 2.5 to 3.0; the security of Fushun urban area are the lowest, the indices are changed from 3.7 to 4.0, and near the west open-pit mine located in the city center, the indices even reached 4.3, which is approached the maxima value 5. In 2005, the security of Xinbin county is still the highest, but the security of southeast area decreased a little; the indices of Qingyuan and Fushun county is lower than 2.6, the security increased a little. The security of Fushun urban area are still the lowest, the indices are changed from 3.2 to 3.8. Compared with the value of 1998, the security increased, which showed the progress in the environment management during this period.
引文
1.钱易,唐孝炎.《环境保护与可持续发展》,北京：高等教育出版社,2000,第133页.
2.中华人民共和国环境保护部.[EB/OL].2004.4.28.http://www.zhb.gov.cn/xcjy/hjcs/200404/t20040428_89735.htm
3.付保荣,惠秀娟.生态环境安全与管理[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005.5：10-37.
4.转引自联合国环境规划署：《全球环境展望3》[M],北京：中国环境科学出版社,2002年版,117.
5.叶文虎.《环境管理学》,北京：高等教育出版社,2000,219.
6.栾胜基,李文龙,全球环境问题.中国环境与发展国际合作委员会秘书处.[EB/OL].2008.2.14.http://www.china.com.cn/tech/zhuanti/wyh/2008-02/14/content_97 99627.htm
7.陈国阶.可持续发展若干理论问题[J].科技导报,2000,(4)：3-6.
8.胡鞍钢,王亚菲.21世纪前5年我国可持续发展战略的取向[J].中国人口资源与环境,2001,11(1)：13-17.
9.陈国阶.论生态安全[J].重庆环境科学,2002,24(3)：1-4
10.刘应杰,邓文奎,龚维斌.中国生态环境安全[M].安徽教育出版社,合肥.2004.8：100-128
11.抚顺市环境保护监测站.抚顺市环境质量报告2001-2005[R].抚顺市环境保护局，2006.1：5-6
12.抚顺市环境保护监测站.抚顺市环境质量报告1981-1985[R].抚顺市环境保护局,1986：160-174
13.抚顺市环境保护监测站.抚顺市环境质量报告1986-1990[R].抚顺市环境保护局,1991：217-220
14.抚顺市环境保护监测站.抚顺市环境质量报告1991-1995[R].抚顺市环境保护局,1996：206-208
15.抚顺市环境保护监测站.抚顺市环境质量报告1996-2000[R].抚顺市环境保护局,2001：249-251
16.抚顺市社会科学院编.抚顺年鉴[M].辽宁人民出版社,沈阳.1998：44
17.曲格平.关注中国的生态安全之一[J].环境保护,2002 5 3-4.
18.肖笃宁,陈文波,郭福良.论生态安全的基本概念和研究内容[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(3)：354-358
19.左伟王桥.区域生态安全评价指标与标准研究[J].地理学与国土研究,2002,18(1)：67-71
20.陈国阶.论生态安全[J].重庆环境科学,2002 624(3)：1-3
21.黄青,任志远.论生态承载力与生态安全[J].干旱区资源与环境,2004,18(2)：11-17.L3209
22.王韩民,郭玮,程漱兰等.国家生态安全：概念、评价及对策[J].管理世界,2001,2：149-156
23.张浩,马蔚纯,HO Hon Hing基于LUCC的城市生态安全研究进展[J].生态学报,2007,27(5)：2109-2117.
24.敖崑腺,刘秀华.基于生态足迹法的区域生态环境效应分析[J].西南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2007,5(1)：1-4
25.崔胜辉,洪华生,黄云风等.生态安全研究进展[J].生态学报,2005,25(4)：861-868
26.王立国.生态环境安全的研究-以江汉平原为例[D].上海华中师范大学,2005.4：13-16
27.金银龙,何公理,刘凡,等.中国煤烟型大气污染对人群健康危害的定量研究[J].卫生研究,2002,31(5)：342-348.
28.徐肇翊,金福杰.辽宁城市大气污染造成的居民健康损失及其货币化估计[J].环境与健康杂志,2003,20(2)：67-71.
29.井立滨,秦怡,徐肇翊,等.本溪市大气污染与死亡率的关系[J].中国公共卫生,1999,15(3)：211-212
30.陈秉衡,阚海东.城市大气污染健康危险度评价的方法[J].环境与健康杂志,2004,21(3)：181-182.
31.邹晓颖.大气环境质量评价的模糊综合评判模型[J].湖南有色金属.2006,22(1)：56-59.
32.秦莉,陈波,胡菊,等.北京市城近郊区大气环境质量分析与综合评价[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(5)：1970-1971.
33.李富贵,赵勇.国家环境安全[J].环境导报,1997,(5)：42-43
34.曾畅云,李贵宝,傅桦.水环境安全的研究进展[J].水利发展研究,2004,4(4)：20-22
35.刘勇,刘兆友,徐萍.区域土地资源生态安全评价-以浙江嘉兴市为例[J].资源科学,2004,26(3)：69-75.
36.李茜,任志远.区域土地生态环境安全评价[J].干旱区资源与环境.2007,21(5)：75-79.
37. Ullman Richard H. Redefining Security.International Security[J].1983,8(1):129-153.
38. Hal Harvey. Natural Security[J].Nuclear Times,1988, (March/April):24-26.
39. Westing A H. The environmental component of comprehensive security[J].Bulletin of Peace Proposals,1989,20(2):129-134.
40. Michael Renner. National Security:The Economic and Environmental Dimensions[N]. Worldwatch Paper No.89,1989.
41. Pirages Dennis. Social Evolution and Ecological Security[J].Bulletin of Peace Proposals, 1991,22(3):329-334.
42. Myers Norman.Environment and Security[J].Foreign Policy,1989,74(Spring):23-41.
43. Myers Norman.Ultimate Security:The Environmental Basis of Political Stability[J]. New York:W. W. Norton&Co.,1993.
44. Conca Ken. In the name of Sustainability:Peace Studies and Environmental Discourse[J]. Peace and Change,1994,19(2):91-113.
45. Lonergan S C. Water Resources and Conflict:Example from the Middle East. Paper presented at the NATO[J].Advanced Research Workshop, Bolkesjo, Norway,12-16 June 1996.
46. Homer-Dixon T F. On the threshold:Environmental changes as causes of acute conflict[J].International Security.1991,19(1):5-40.
47. Homer-Dixon T F. Environmental scarcities and violent conflict:Evidence from cases[J].International Security,1994,16(2):76-116.
48. Libiszewski S. What is an Environmental Conflict? Environment and Conflicts Project(ENCOP), Occasional Paper NO.6. Zurich:Center for Security Studies and Conflict Research,1992.
49. Spillman K R and B chler G. Environmental Crisis:Regional Conflicts and Ways of Cooperation. Environment and Conflicts Project Occasional Paper NO.14. Zurich: Center for Security Studies and Conflict Research,1995.
50. Levy M A. Is the environment a national security issue? [J].International Security, 1995a,20(2):35-62.
51. Levy M A. Time for a third wave of environment and security scholarship? [J].The Environmental Change and Security Project Report1,1995b:44-46.
52. Dabelko G D,&Simmons P J. Environment and security:Core ideas and U.S. government initiatives[J].SAIS Review,1997, (Winter-Spring):127-146.
53. Jon Barnett. Security and climate change[J].Global Environmental Change.2003, (13): 7-17.
54. Simon Dalby. Security and ecology in the age of globalization[J]. ESCP Report 8, 2002(Summer):95-108.
55. Betsy Hartmann. Population, Development, and Human Security[EB/OL]. Aviso 7 (October),2000. Available on line at:http://www.gechs.org.
56. John Eyles, Ranu Sharma. Infectious Diseases and Global Change:Threats to Human Health and Security. Aviso 8 (September),2001. Available on line: http://www.gechs.org.
57. Richard Matthew, Mark Halle, Jason Switzer. Conserving the Peace:resources, livelihoods and security. International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) and IUCN-The World Conservation Union,2002.
58. Vladimir Kotov and Elena Nilitina. Russia:New Dimensions of Environmental Insecurity. Aviso 9 (June),2001. Available on line at:http://www.gechs.org.
59. Richard A Matthew. Environmental Stress and Human Security in North Pakistan. Aviso 10 (July),2001. Available on line at:http://www.gechs.org.
60. Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Balancing Human Security and Ecological Security Interests in a Catchment-Towards Upstream/Downstream Hydrosolidarity. SIWI Seminar, Stockholm, August 16,2002.
61. Gunnar Kullenberg, Regional co-development and security:a comprehensive approach.Ocean and Coastal Management,2002,45:761-776.
62. Janson L. The challenge of sustainable development.Journal of Cleaner Production, 2003,1:231-245.
63.世界环境与发展委员会.我们共同的未来[M].长春：吉林人民出版社,1997.
64.程漱兰,陈焱.高度重视国家生态安全战略[J].生态经济,1999,5：9-11.
65.方创琳.西北干旱区生态安全系统结构与功能的监控思路初论[J].中国沙漠,2000,20(3)：326-328.
66.徐海根.自然保护区生态安全设计的理论与方法[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2000.
67.赵丽惠.国家重点基础研究发展规划项目：长江流域生物多样性变化、可持续利用与区域生态安全项目简介[J].植物学报,2000,42(8)：879-880.
68.蒋信福.入世对我国生态安全的挑战与战略对策[J].环境保护,2000,10：23-25.
69.李康.西部大开发中的生态安全问题[J].环境科学研究,2001,14(1)：1-3.
70.吴豪,许刚,虞孝感.关于建立长江流域生态安全体系的初步探讨[J].地域研究与开发,2001,20(2)：34-37.
71.史培军,李晓兵,王静爱,等.生态区评价中的空间范围确定及其对全球变化的响应-自然单元、社会单元与信息单元的复合[J].第四纪研究,2001,21(4)：321-329.
72.吴国庆.区域农业可持续发展的生态安全及其评价研究[J].自然资源学报,2001,16(3)：227-233.
73.李文华,王如松.生态安全与生态建设[M].北京：气象出版社,2002.23-27.
74.徐凤翔.遵循自然适度开发-论西部生态脆弱区的开发与保护.见：李文华,王如松.北京：生态安全与生态建设[M].气象出版社,2002.17-22.
75.苏智先.西部开发中的生态安全问题与对策.见：李文华,王如松.生态安全与生态建设[M].北京：气象出版社,2002.35-39.
76.左伟,王桥,等.区域生态安全评价指标与标准研究[J].地理学与国土研究,2002,18(1)：67-71.
77.邹长新,沈渭寿.生态安全研究进展[J].农村生态环境.2003,19(1)：56-59
78.施晓清,欧阳志云.城市生态安全及其动态评价方法[J].生态学报,2005,25(12)：3237-3243.
79.周文华,王如松.城市生态安全评价方法研究[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(7)：848-852.
80.马克明,傅伯杰,黎晓亚,等.区域生态安全格局：概念与理论基础[J].生态学报,2004,24(4)：761-768.
81.王耕,吴伟.区域生态安全机理与扰动因素评价指标体系研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2006,16(5)：11-16
82.吴开亚.生态安全理论形成的背景探析[J].合肥工业大学学报(社会科学版),2003, 17(5)：24-27.
83.王根绪,程国栋,钱鞠.生态安全评价研究中的若干问题[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(9)：1551-1556.
84.张虹波,刘黎明.土地资源生态安全研究生进展与展望[J].地理科学进展.2006,25(5)：77-85.
85. Aaron J Cohen, H Ross Anderson, et al. The global burden of disease due to outdoor air Pollution[J], Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health,2005 Part A,68:1-7.
86. Kan H, Chen B, Chen C, et al. An evaluation of Public health Impact of ambient air pollution under various energy scenarios in Shanghai, China [J]. Atmospheric Environment,2004,38:95-102.
87. Katsouyanni K,Touloumi G,Samoli E,et al. Confounding and effect modification in the short-term effects of ambient particles on total mortality:results from 29 European cities within the APHEA-2 project[J].Epidemiology 2001,12:521-31.
88. Samet JM, Dominici F, Curriero FC, et al. Fine particulate air pollution and mortality in 20 US cities,1987-1994[J].N Engl J Med 2000;343:1742-49.
89. Jong-Tae Lee,Ho Kim,et al.Air Pollution and Daily Mortality in Seven Major Cities of Korea,1991-1997[J].Environmental Research Section A 84,247-254(2000).
90.董险峰,于娜.城市大气污染健康危险度评价及其在环境规划中的应用[J].规划天地,2007,48：69-72
91.陈秉衡,洪传洁,阚海东.城市大气污染健康危险度评价的方法与理论[J].环境与健康杂志,2004,21(2)：112-113.
92.陈秉衡,阚海东,城市大气污染健康危险度评价的方法-主要大气污染物的危害认定[J].环境与健康杂志,2004,21(3)：181-182.
93.伏晴艳,阚海东.城市大气污染健康危险度评价的方法-大气污染的暴露评价[J].环境与健康杂志,2004,21(6)：414-417.
94.洪传洁,阚海东,陈秉衡.大气污染对城市居民健康危害的定量评估[J].环境与健康杂志,2005,22(1)：62-65.
95.阚海东,陈秉衡,贾健.城市大气污染健康危险度评价的方法-大气污染物暴露与人群健康效应的暴露反应关系分析[J].环境与健康杂志,2004,21(4)：253-254.
96.高军,徐希平,陈育德等.北京市东、西城区空气污染与居民死亡情况的分析[J].中华预 防医学,1993,27(6)：340-343.
97.常桂秋,潘小川.北京市大气污染与城区居民死亡率关系的时间系列研究[J]中国公共卫生学报,2003,32(6)：565-567.
98.徐肇栩,刘允清,俞大乾等.沈阳市大气污染对死亡率的影响[J].中国公共卫生学报,1996,15(1)：61-64.
99.马洪宝,洪传洁.大气颗粒物污染对慢性呼吸道疾病的影响[J].中国公共卫生学报,1992,11(4)：229-232.
100.贾健,阚海东,陈秉衡.上海市闸北区大气污染与死亡率的病例交叉研究[J].环境与健康杂志,2004,21(5)：279-282.
101.陈小琳,洪传洁,陶旭光等.上海市大气污染与常见呼吸道症状的关系[J].中国公共卫生学报,1993,12(1)：1-3.
102.徐肇诩,宇广华,张淑娟等.沈阳市大气污染与慢性病患病率的关系[J].中国公共卫生学报,1996,15(2)：123-125.
103.周燕荣,曾庆,徐放.重庆地区大气污染对居民呼吸系统疾病的影响[J].重庆医科大学学报,1996,21：S118-122.
104.井立滨,秦怡,徐肇诩.本溪市大气污染与急慢性呼吸系统疾病的关系[J].环境与健康杂志,2000,17(5)：268-270.
105.肖井坤,殷佩海.大气环境质量评定的灰色聚类模式[J].大连海事大学学报,2002,26(1)：84-88.
106.余常贵,王文秀.模糊数学在大气质量评级中的应用[J].重庆环境科学,1991,13(1)：28-32.
107.豆俊峰,邹振扬.主成分分析在大气环境质量综合评价中的应用[J].重庆环境科学,2001,23(2)：32-33.
108.郑成德.大气环境质量的人工神经网络决策模型[J].环境科学进展,1999,7(1)：83-87.
109.方子云.关于水资源持续利用的现状与展望[J].水利水电快报,1998,19(6)：1-6
110.洪阳.中国21世纪的水安全[J].环境保护,1999,(9)：29-31
111.方子云,汪达.国际水资源保护和管理的最近动态-水与可持续发展[J].水资源保护,2001,(1)：1-6
112.方子云.提供水安全是21世纪现代水利的主要目标[J].水电站设计,2001,17(4)：10-11
113.熊正为.水资源污染与水安全问题探讨[J].地质勘探安全.2001,(1)：41-44
114.于子江等.乌鲁木齐市水环境质量评价[J].新疆环境保护,2001,23(4)：5-8
115.夏军 朱一中.水资源安全的度量：水资源承载力的研究与挑战[J].自然资源学报,2002,17(3)：262-269
116.李彤岩,傅金祥.辽宁城镇供水水质安全面临的挑战与保障对策[J].沈阳建筑工程学院学报,2002,18(4)：285-288
117.苏德荣等.甘肃河西内陆区水安全战略与节水型生态农业的发展[J].甘肃水利水电技术,2002,38(1)：9-11
118.李旭春.辽宁省水环境现状及保护对策[J].东北水利水电,2002,(4)：27-28
119.王红琨,蔡春苗.浅谈小城镇可持续发展中的水环境问题[J].哈尔滨师范大学自然科学学报,2002,18(1)：96-99
120.韩宇平,阮本清.区域水安全评价指标初步研究[J].环境科学学报,2003(2)：267-272
121.张建新,邢旭东,刘小娥.湖南土地资源可持续利用的生态安全评价[J].湖南地质,2002,21(2)：119-121.
122.曹新向,郭志永,雒海潮.区域土地资源持续利用的生态安全研究[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(2)：192-195
123.曹新向,郭志永.区域土地资源持续利用的生态安全研究[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(2)：192-195.
124.高桂芹,韩美.区域土地资源生态安全评价-以山东省枣庄市中区为例[J].水土保持研究,2005,12(5)：271-273.
125.梁留科,张运生,方明.我国土地生态安全理论研究初探[J].云南农业大学学报,2005,20(6)：829-834.
126.刘雪,刁承泰,黄娟等.区域土地资源安全评价初探[J].水土保持通报,2006,26(5)：57-61.
127.张虹波,刘黎明,张军连等.区域土地资源生态安全评价的物元模型构建及应用[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2007,33(2)：222-229
128.刘俊,刘泰圻.区域土地资源安全评价研究[J].国土资源科技管理,2007,5：22-26
129.汤洁,朱云峰,李昭阳等.东北农牧交错带土地生态环境安全指标体系的建立与综合评价[J].干旱区资源与环境,2006.20(1)：119-124
130.陆雍森.环境评价[M].上海：同济大学出版社.1999年9月第2版
131.邢廷炎.城市环境模糊预测与综合评价信息系统[M].北京：中国地质大学出版社.2006
132.金相灿等.中国湖泊环境[M].北京：海洋出版社.1995
133.Muller G; Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River [M];Gefj ournal;1969年
134.陈静生.中国水环境重金属研究[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社.1992.171-188.
135.周秀艳,王恩德,姜莉等.辽西滨海矿集区重金属污染状况及原因[J].东北大学学报(自然科学版),2004,25(11)：1107-1110.
136. Jose M., et al. Assessment of sediment and porewater after one year of subaqueous capping of contaminated sediments in Hamilton harbour, Canada[J]. Water Science and Technology,1998,37(6):323-329.
137.黄奕龙,王仰麟,谭启宇,等.城市饮用水源地水环境健康风险评价及风险管理[J].地学前缘,2006,13(3)：162-167.
138.Drishnan K., Raterson J., Willianms, D.T. Health risk assessment of drinking water contaminants in Canada:the applicability of mixture risk assessment methods [J]. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology,1997,26:179-187.
139. EPA. Superfund public health evaluation manual [S]. EPA/540/186060,1986.
140. EPA. Supplement risk assessment Part 1. Guidance for public health risk assessment [S]. EPA.601/5289-2001,1989.
141.傅伯杰,陈利顶,马克明.黄土丘陵小流域土地利用变化对生态环境的影响[J].地理学报,1999,54(3)：241-246.
142.张希彪.泾河中上游流域土地利用格局变化与驱动因子分析[J].水土保持学报,2005.19(6)：137-140
143.王秀兰,包玉海.土地利用动态变化研究方法探讨[J].地理科学进展,1999,18(1)：81-87
144.何兴元,胡志斌,李月辉等.GIS支持下岷江上游土壤侵蚀动态研究[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(12)：2271-2278
145.张宪奎,许靖华,卢秀琴.黑龙江省土壤流失方程的研究[J].水土保持通报,1992,12(4)：1-9.
146.魏建兵,肖笃宁,李秀珍等.东北黑土区小流域农业景观结构与土壤侵蚀的关系[J].生态学报,2006,26(8)：2608-2615
147.张科利,蔡永明,刘宝元.黄土高原地区土壤可蚀性及其应用研究[J].生态学报,2001,21(10)：1687-1695.
148. Wischmeier W.H. Use and misuse of the universal soil loss equation. Journal of Soil Water conservation.1978,31:5-9
149. http://www.envir.gov.cn/info/2001/7/75795.htm
150.张潮海,华村章,邓汉龙,饶秀庭,高树芳,王果.水稻对污染土壤中镐、铅、铜、锌的富集规律的探讨[J].福建农业学报,2003,18(3)：147-150
151.左伟.基于RS、GIS和Models的区域生态环境系统安全综合评价研究-以长江三峡库区忠县为例[D].南京师范大学博士学位论文.2002
152.王清.山东省生态安全评价研究[D].山东大学博士学位论文.2005.
153.王立国.生态环境安全研究-以江汉平原为例[D].华东师范大学硕士学位论文.2005
2.中华人民共和国环境保护部.[EB/OL].2004.4.28.http://www.zhb.gov.cn/xcjy/hjcs/200404/t20040428_89735.htm
3.付保荣,惠秀娟.生态环境安全与管理[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005.5：10-37.
4.转引自联合国环境规划署：《全球环境展望3》[M],北京：中国环境科学出版社,2002年版,117.
5.叶文虎.《环境管理学》,北京：高等教育出版社,2000,219.
6.栾胜基,李文龙,全球环境问题.中国环境与发展国际合作委员会秘书处.[EB/OL].2008.2.14.http://www.china.com.cn/tech/zhuanti/wyh/2008-02/14/content_97 99627.htm
7.陈国阶.可持续发展若干理论问题[J].科技导报,2000,(4)：3-6.
8.胡鞍钢,王亚菲.21世纪前5年我国可持续发展战略的取向[J].中国人口资源与环境,2001,11(1)：13-17.
9.陈国阶.论生态安全[J].重庆环境科学,2002,24(3)：1-4
10.刘应杰,邓文奎,龚维斌.中国生态环境安全[M].安徽教育出版社,合肥.2004.8：100-128
11.抚顺市环境保护监测站.抚顺市环境质量报告2001-2005[R].抚顺市环境保护局，2006.1：5-6
12.抚顺市环境保护监测站.抚顺市环境质量报告1981-1985[R].抚顺市环境保护局,1986：160-174
13.抚顺市环境保护监测站.抚顺市环境质量报告1986-1990[R].抚顺市环境保护局,1991：217-220
14.抚顺市环境保护监测站.抚顺市环境质量报告1991-1995[R].抚顺市环境保护局,1996：206-208
15.抚顺市环境保护监测站.抚顺市环境质量报告1996-2000[R].抚顺市环境保护局,2001：249-251
16.抚顺市社会科学院编.抚顺年鉴[M].辽宁人民出版社,沈阳.1998：44
17.曲格平.关注中国的生态安全之一[J].环境保护,2002 5 3-4.
18.肖笃宁,陈文波,郭福良.论生态安全的基本概念和研究内容[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(3)：354-358
19.左伟王桥.区域生态安全评价指标与标准研究[J].地理学与国土研究,2002,18(1)：67-71
20.陈国阶.论生态安全[J].重庆环境科学,2002 624(3)：1-3
21.黄青,任志远.论生态承载力与生态安全[J].干旱区资源与环境,2004,18(2)：11-17.L3209
22.王韩民,郭玮,程漱兰等.国家生态安全：概念、评价及对策[J].管理世界,2001,2：149-156
23.张浩,马蔚纯,HO Hon Hing基于LUCC的城市生态安全研究进展[J].生态学报,2007,27(5)：2109-2117.
24.敖崑腺,刘秀华.基于生态足迹法的区域生态环境效应分析[J].西南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2007,5(1)：1-4
25.崔胜辉,洪华生,黄云风等.生态安全研究进展[J].生态学报,2005,25(4)：861-868
26.王立国.生态环境安全的研究-以江汉平原为例[D].上海华中师范大学,2005.4：13-16
27.金银龙,何公理,刘凡,等.中国煤烟型大气污染对人群健康危害的定量研究[J].卫生研究,2002,31(5)：342-348.
28.徐肇翊,金福杰.辽宁城市大气污染造成的居民健康损失及其货币化估计[J].环境与健康杂志,2003,20(2)：67-71.
29.井立滨,秦怡,徐肇翊,等.本溪市大气污染与死亡率的关系[J].中国公共卫生,1999,15(3)：211-212
30.陈秉衡,阚海东.城市大气污染健康危险度评价的方法[J].环境与健康杂志,2004,21(3)：181-182.
31.邹晓颖.大气环境质量评价的模糊综合评判模型[J].湖南有色金属.2006,22(1)：56-59.
32.秦莉,陈波,胡菊,等.北京市城近郊区大气环境质量分析与综合评价[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(5)：1970-1971.
33.李富贵,赵勇.国家环境安全[J].环境导报,1997,(5)：42-43
34.曾畅云,李贵宝,傅桦.水环境安全的研究进展[J].水利发展研究,2004,4(4)：20-22
35.刘勇,刘兆友,徐萍.区域土地资源生态安全评价-以浙江嘉兴市为例[J].资源科学,2004,26(3)：69-75.
36.李茜,任志远.区域土地生态环境安全评价[J].干旱区资源与环境.2007,21(5)：75-79.
37. Ullman Richard H. Redefining Security.International Security[J].1983,8(1):129-153.
38. Hal Harvey. Natural Security[J].Nuclear Times,1988, (March/April):24-26.
39. Westing A H. The environmental component of comprehensive security[J].Bulletin of Peace Proposals,1989,20(2):129-134.
40. Michael Renner. National Security:The Economic and Environmental Dimensions[N]. Worldwatch Paper No.89,1989.
41. Pirages Dennis. Social Evolution and Ecological Security[J].Bulletin of Peace Proposals, 1991,22(3):329-334.
42. Myers Norman.Environment and Security[J].Foreign Policy,1989,74(Spring):23-41.
43. Myers Norman.Ultimate Security:The Environmental Basis of Political Stability[J]. New York:W. W. Norton&Co.,1993.
44. Conca Ken. In the name of Sustainability:Peace Studies and Environmental Discourse[J]. Peace and Change,1994,19(2):91-113.
45. Lonergan S C. Water Resources and Conflict:Example from the Middle East. Paper presented at the NATO[J].Advanced Research Workshop, Bolkesjo, Norway,12-16 June 1996.
46. Homer-Dixon T F. On the threshold:Environmental changes as causes of acute conflict[J].International Security.1991,19(1):5-40.
47. Homer-Dixon T F. Environmental scarcities and violent conflict:Evidence from cases[J].International Security,1994,16(2):76-116.
48. Libiszewski S. What is an Environmental Conflict? Environment and Conflicts Project(ENCOP), Occasional Paper NO.6. Zurich:Center for Security Studies and Conflict Research,1992.
49. Spillman K R and B chler G. Environmental Crisis:Regional Conflicts and Ways of Cooperation. Environment and Conflicts Project Occasional Paper NO.14. Zurich: Center for Security Studies and Conflict Research,1995.
50. Levy M A. Is the environment a national security issue? [J].International Security, 1995a,20(2):35-62.
51. Levy M A. Time for a third wave of environment and security scholarship? [J].The Environmental Change and Security Project Report1,1995b:44-46.
52. Dabelko G D,&Simmons P J. Environment and security:Core ideas and U.S. government initiatives[J].SAIS Review,1997, (Winter-Spring):127-146.
53. Jon Barnett. Security and climate change[J].Global Environmental Change.2003, (13): 7-17.
54. Simon Dalby. Security and ecology in the age of globalization[J]. ESCP Report 8, 2002(Summer):95-108.
55. Betsy Hartmann. Population, Development, and Human Security[EB/OL]. Aviso 7 (October),2000. Available on line at:http://www.gechs.org.
56. John Eyles, Ranu Sharma. Infectious Diseases and Global Change:Threats to Human Health and Security. Aviso 8 (September),2001. Available on line: http://www.gechs.org.
57. Richard Matthew, Mark Halle, Jason Switzer. Conserving the Peace:resources, livelihoods and security. International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) and IUCN-The World Conservation Union,2002.
58. Vladimir Kotov and Elena Nilitina. Russia:New Dimensions of Environmental Insecurity. Aviso 9 (June),2001. Available on line at:http://www.gechs.org.
59. Richard A Matthew. Environmental Stress and Human Security in North Pakistan. Aviso 10 (July),2001. Available on line at:http://www.gechs.org.
60. Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Balancing Human Security and Ecological Security Interests in a Catchment-Towards Upstream/Downstream Hydrosolidarity. SIWI Seminar, Stockholm, August 16,2002.
61. Gunnar Kullenberg, Regional co-development and security:a comprehensive approach.Ocean and Coastal Management,2002,45:761-776.
62. Janson L. The challenge of sustainable development.Journal of Cleaner Production, 2003,1:231-245.
63.世界环境与发展委员会.我们共同的未来[M].长春：吉林人民出版社,1997.
64.程漱兰,陈焱.高度重视国家生态安全战略[J].生态经济,1999,5：9-11.
65.方创琳.西北干旱区生态安全系统结构与功能的监控思路初论[J].中国沙漠,2000,20(3)：326-328.
66.徐海根.自然保护区生态安全设计的理论与方法[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2000.
67.赵丽惠.国家重点基础研究发展规划项目：长江流域生物多样性变化、可持续利用与区域生态安全项目简介[J].植物学报,2000,42(8)：879-880.
68.蒋信福.入世对我国生态安全的挑战与战略对策[J].环境保护,2000,10：23-25.
69.李康.西部大开发中的生态安全问题[J].环境科学研究,2001,14(1)：1-3.
70.吴豪,许刚,虞孝感.关于建立长江流域生态安全体系的初步探讨[J].地域研究与开发,2001,20(2)：34-37.
71.史培军,李晓兵,王静爱,等.生态区评价中的空间范围确定及其对全球变化的响应-自然单元、社会单元与信息单元的复合[J].第四纪研究,2001,21(4)：321-329.
72.吴国庆.区域农业可持续发展的生态安全及其评价研究[J].自然资源学报,2001,16(3)：227-233.
73.李文华,王如松.生态安全与生态建设[M].北京：气象出版社,2002.23-27.
74.徐凤翔.遵循自然适度开发-论西部生态脆弱区的开发与保护.见：李文华,王如松.北京：生态安全与生态建设[M].气象出版社,2002.17-22.
75.苏智先.西部开发中的生态安全问题与对策.见：李文华,王如松.生态安全与生态建设[M].北京：气象出版社,2002.35-39.
76.左伟,王桥,等.区域生态安全评价指标与标准研究[J].地理学与国土研究,2002,18(1)：67-71.
77.邹长新,沈渭寿.生态安全研究进展[J].农村生态环境.2003,19(1)：56-59
78.施晓清,欧阳志云.城市生态安全及其动态评价方法[J].生态学报,2005,25(12)：3237-3243.
79.周文华,王如松.城市生态安全评价方法研究[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(7)：848-852.
80.马克明,傅伯杰,黎晓亚,等.区域生态安全格局：概念与理论基础[J].生态学报,2004,24(4)：761-768.
81.王耕,吴伟.区域生态安全机理与扰动因素评价指标体系研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2006,16(5)：11-16
82.吴开亚.生态安全理论形成的背景探析[J].合肥工业大学学报(社会科学版),2003, 17(5)：24-27.
83.王根绪,程国栋,钱鞠.生态安全评价研究中的若干问题[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(9)：1551-1556.
84.张虹波,刘黎明.土地资源生态安全研究生进展与展望[J].地理科学进展.2006,25(5)：77-85.
85. Aaron J Cohen, H Ross Anderson, et al. The global burden of disease due to outdoor air Pollution[J], Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health,2005 Part A,68:1-7.
86. Kan H, Chen B, Chen C, et al. An evaluation of Public health Impact of ambient air pollution under various energy scenarios in Shanghai, China [J]. Atmospheric Environment,2004,38:95-102.
87. Katsouyanni K,Touloumi G,Samoli E,et al. Confounding and effect modification in the short-term effects of ambient particles on total mortality:results from 29 European cities within the APHEA-2 project[J].Epidemiology 2001,12:521-31.
88. Samet JM, Dominici F, Curriero FC, et al. Fine particulate air pollution and mortality in 20 US cities,1987-1994[J].N Engl J Med 2000;343:1742-49.
89. Jong-Tae Lee,Ho Kim,et al.Air Pollution and Daily Mortality in Seven Major Cities of Korea,1991-1997[J].Environmental Research Section A 84,247-254(2000).
90.董险峰,于娜.城市大气污染健康危险度评价及其在环境规划中的应用[J].规划天地,2007,48：69-72
91.陈秉衡,洪传洁,阚海东.城市大气污染健康危险度评价的方法与理论[J].环境与健康杂志,2004,21(2)：112-113.
92.陈秉衡,阚海东,城市大气污染健康危险度评价的方法-主要大气污染物的危害认定[J].环境与健康杂志,2004,21(3)：181-182.
93.伏晴艳,阚海东.城市大气污染健康危险度评价的方法-大气污染的暴露评价[J].环境与健康杂志,2004,21(6)：414-417.
94.洪传洁,阚海东,陈秉衡.大气污染对城市居民健康危害的定量评估[J].环境与健康杂志,2005,22(1)：62-65.
95.阚海东,陈秉衡,贾健.城市大气污染健康危险度评价的方法-大气污染物暴露与人群健康效应的暴露反应关系分析[J].环境与健康杂志,2004,21(4)：253-254.
96.高军,徐希平,陈育德等.北京市东、西城区空气污染与居民死亡情况的分析[J].中华预 防医学,1993,27(6)：340-343.
97.常桂秋,潘小川.北京市大气污染与城区居民死亡率关系的时间系列研究[J]中国公共卫生学报,2003,32(6)：565-567.
98.徐肇栩,刘允清,俞大乾等.沈阳市大气污染对死亡率的影响[J].中国公共卫生学报,1996,15(1)：61-64.
99.马洪宝,洪传洁.大气颗粒物污染对慢性呼吸道疾病的影响[J].中国公共卫生学报,1992,11(4)：229-232.
100.贾健,阚海东,陈秉衡.上海市闸北区大气污染与死亡率的病例交叉研究[J].环境与健康杂志,2004,21(5)：279-282.
101.陈小琳,洪传洁,陶旭光等.上海市大气污染与常见呼吸道症状的关系[J].中国公共卫生学报,1993,12(1)：1-3.
102.徐肇诩,宇广华,张淑娟等.沈阳市大气污染与慢性病患病率的关系[J].中国公共卫生学报,1996,15(2)：123-125.
103.周燕荣,曾庆,徐放.重庆地区大气污染对居民呼吸系统疾病的影响[J].重庆医科大学学报,1996,21：S118-122.
104.井立滨,秦怡,徐肇诩.本溪市大气污染与急慢性呼吸系统疾病的关系[J].环境与健康杂志,2000,17(5)：268-270.
105.肖井坤,殷佩海.大气环境质量评定的灰色聚类模式[J].大连海事大学学报,2002,26(1)：84-88.
106.余常贵,王文秀.模糊数学在大气质量评级中的应用[J].重庆环境科学,1991,13(1)：28-32.
107.豆俊峰,邹振扬.主成分分析在大气环境质量综合评价中的应用[J].重庆环境科学,2001,23(2)：32-33.
108.郑成德.大气环境质量的人工神经网络决策模型[J].环境科学进展,1999,7(1)：83-87.
109.方子云.关于水资源持续利用的现状与展望[J].水利水电快报,1998,19(6)：1-6
110.洪阳.中国21世纪的水安全[J].环境保护,1999,(9)：29-31
111.方子云,汪达.国际水资源保护和管理的最近动态-水与可持续发展[J].水资源保护,2001,(1)：1-6
112.方子云.提供水安全是21世纪现代水利的主要目标[J].水电站设计,2001,17(4)：10-11
113.熊正为.水资源污染与水安全问题探讨[J].地质勘探安全.2001,(1)：41-44
114.于子江等.乌鲁木齐市水环境质量评价[J].新疆环境保护,2001,23(4)：5-8
115.夏军 朱一中.水资源安全的度量：水资源承载力的研究与挑战[J].自然资源学报,2002,17(3)：262-269
116.李彤岩,傅金祥.辽宁城镇供水水质安全面临的挑战与保障对策[J].沈阳建筑工程学院学报,2002,18(4)：285-288
117.苏德荣等.甘肃河西内陆区水安全战略与节水型生态农业的发展[J].甘肃水利水电技术,2002,38(1)：9-11
118.李旭春.辽宁省水环境现状及保护对策[J].东北水利水电,2002,(4)：27-28
119.王红琨,蔡春苗.浅谈小城镇可持续发展中的水环境问题[J].哈尔滨师范大学自然科学学报,2002,18(1)：96-99
120.韩宇平,阮本清.区域水安全评价指标初步研究[J].环境科学学报,2003(2)：267-272
121.张建新,邢旭东,刘小娥.湖南土地资源可持续利用的生态安全评价[J].湖南地质,2002,21(2)：119-121.
122.曹新向,郭志永,雒海潮.区域土地资源持续利用的生态安全研究[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(2)：192-195
123.曹新向,郭志永.区域土地资源持续利用的生态安全研究[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(2)：192-195.
124.高桂芹,韩美.区域土地资源生态安全评价-以山东省枣庄市中区为例[J].水土保持研究,2005,12(5)：271-273.
125.梁留科,张运生,方明.我国土地生态安全理论研究初探[J].云南农业大学学报,2005,20(6)：829-834.
126.刘雪,刁承泰,黄娟等.区域土地资源安全评价初探[J].水土保持通报,2006,26(5)：57-61.
127.张虹波,刘黎明,张军连等.区域土地资源生态安全评价的物元模型构建及应用[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2007,33(2)：222-229
128.刘俊,刘泰圻.区域土地资源安全评价研究[J].国土资源科技管理,2007,5：22-26
129.汤洁,朱云峰,李昭阳等.东北农牧交错带土地生态环境安全指标体系的建立与综合评价[J].干旱区资源与环境,2006.20(1)：119-124
130.陆雍森.环境评价[M].上海：同济大学出版社.1999年9月第2版
131.邢廷炎.城市环境模糊预测与综合评价信息系统[M].北京：中国地质大学出版社.2006
132.金相灿等.中国湖泊环境[M].北京：海洋出版社.1995
133.Muller G; Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River [M];Gefj ournal;1969年
134.陈静生.中国水环境重金属研究[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社.1992.171-188.
135.周秀艳,王恩德,姜莉等.辽西滨海矿集区重金属污染状况及原因[J].东北大学学报(自然科学版),2004,25(11)：1107-1110.
136. Jose M., et al. Assessment of sediment and porewater after one year of subaqueous capping of contaminated sediments in Hamilton harbour, Canada[J]. Water Science and Technology,1998,37(6):323-329.
137.黄奕龙,王仰麟,谭启宇,等.城市饮用水源地水环境健康风险评价及风险管理[J].地学前缘,2006,13(3)：162-167.
138.Drishnan K., Raterson J., Willianms, D.T. Health risk assessment of drinking water contaminants in Canada:the applicability of mixture risk assessment methods [J]. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology,1997,26:179-187.
139. EPA. Superfund public health evaluation manual [S]. EPA/540/186060,1986.
140. EPA. Supplement risk assessment Part 1. Guidance for public health risk assessment [S]. EPA.601/5289-2001,1989.
141.傅伯杰,陈利顶,马克明.黄土丘陵小流域土地利用变化对生态环境的影响[J].地理学报,1999,54(3)：241-246.
142.张希彪.泾河中上游流域土地利用格局变化与驱动因子分析[J].水土保持学报,2005.19(6)：137-140
143.王秀兰,包玉海.土地利用动态变化研究方法探讨[J].地理科学进展,1999,18(1)：81-87
144.何兴元,胡志斌,李月辉等.GIS支持下岷江上游土壤侵蚀动态研究[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(12)：2271-2278
145.张宪奎,许靖华,卢秀琴.黑龙江省土壤流失方程的研究[J].水土保持通报,1992,12(4)：1-9.
146.魏建兵,肖笃宁,李秀珍等.东北黑土区小流域农业景观结构与土壤侵蚀的关系[J].生态学报,2006,26(8)：2608-2615
147.张科利,蔡永明,刘宝元.黄土高原地区土壤可蚀性及其应用研究[J].生态学报,2001,21(10)：1687-1695.
148. Wischmeier W.H. Use and misuse of the universal soil loss equation. Journal of Soil Water conservation.1978,31:5-9
149. http://www.envir.gov.cn/info/2001/7/75795.htm
150.张潮海,华村章,邓汉龙,饶秀庭,高树芳,王果.水稻对污染土壤中镐、铅、铜、锌的富集规律的探讨[J].福建农业学报,2003,18(3)：147-150
151.左伟.基于RS、GIS和Models的区域生态环境系统安全综合评价研究-以长江三峡库区忠县为例[D].南京师范大学博士学位论文.2002
152.王清.山东省生态安全评价研究[D].山东大学博士学位论文.2005.
153.王立国.生态环境安全研究-以江汉平原为例[D].华东师范大学硕士学位论文.2005
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |