NbX_2（X=S、Se）纳米润滑油添加剂的制备及摩擦学性能研究
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摘要
在润滑工程领域,润滑油添加剂已经被广泛的应用于各种润滑油中,它们起到了减小摩擦系数、降低磨损量甚至对摩擦表面损伤部位进行修补的功能。但是,现有的润滑油添加剂都具有明显的不足,特别体现在对摩擦表面的修补作用上。近年来,通过研究发现,添加纳米颗粒的润滑油在摩擦学性能上得到了显著的提高。因此我们将层状过渡族金属硫、硒化物制备成纳米级的颗粒、线、管/束,从而使层状过渡族金属硫、硒化物具有独特闭合结构,消除了悬挂键的存在,提高化学稳定性。应用于润滑油中,一方面纳米球形颗粒在摩擦面间存在微滚动作用,变滑动摩擦为滚动摩擦,减小摩擦系数;另一方面,纳米颗粒可以沉积到摩擦表面的磨损部位,使摩擦表面得到修补。
本文主要对过渡族金属铌的硫、硒化物NbX_2(X=S、Se)型纳米材料的制备工艺和摩擦学性能等问题进行了初步探索。主要研究内容包括:
(1)将单质Nb粉和S粉混合,密封在石英管内,在高温箱式炉中加热,通过固相反应合成了大量的NbS_2纳米管(线)。对所合成的纳米材料分别用TEM、SEM、EDS、XRD等测试手段进行表面形貌和结构成分的表征。
(2)将单质Se和Nb粉密封在石英管内,在高温箱式炉中加热,通过固相反应合成了大量的NbSe_2纳米纤维。将单质Nb粉和Se粉在高能球磨机内进行球磨,然后在管式炉内加热,在Ar和N_2混合气氛下反应生成了大量的NbSe_2纳米富勒烯颗粒。对所合成的纳米材料分别用TEM、SEM、EDS、XRD等方法进行了结构、形貌和成分的测试和表征。
(3)以NbSe_2为例,对Nb的硫、硒化物纳米材料的生长过程及影响其结晶生长的环境因素,如反应温度、保温时间、过硒系数等反应条件进行了简单讨论,并对一维NbX_2纳米材料的生长机制给出了合理解释。
(4)将NbS_2、NbSe_2纳米线作为润滑油添加剂,在UMT-2摩擦磨损试验机上进行了摩擦性能测试。NbSe_2纳米颗粒作为润滑油添加剂,添加在基础油中,在UMT-2多功能摩擦试验机上进行了不同条件的摩擦学试验,对Nb的硫、硒化物纳米材料的摩擦学行为进行了初步探讨,并对比了不同形貌的NbSe_2的摩擦学性能。
(5)通过对添加NbX_2纳米级固体添加剂的润滑油的摩擦性能试验,初步探讨了含有NbX_2纳米级固体添加剂的润滑油的摩擦机制,其优异的摩擦性能可能归结于NbX_2纳米材料独特的闭合结构,润滑膜机制和填充条件修复机制。
Adding additives into oil reduce friction and wear and even to mend the worn surface has been widely applied in lubrication engineering for quite a long time.But,the research and development of more effective additives have never been ceased since all kinds of additives mentioned above are still not perfect,especially their effect of the wear repairing is far from satisfactory.With the aid of nano-materials,a lot of novel work has been done with enormous encouraging achievements obtained because the tribological properties have been anhanced obviously.So transitional metal dichalcogenides were prepared as nanostructures(such as tubes,wires and particles),the unique closed nanostructure(nanotubes, nanowires,nanobundles) formed with rolled up materials have eliminated the fringe dangling bonds,thereafter they improve the chemical stability. Applied in lubricating oil,one sides,the nano-materials act as spacer between the two friction surface,and some ever proposed that the nano-materials were rolling like a ball in the grinding area which leads to the reduction of friction coefficient.Another sides,nano-materials deposit on the friction surfce and compensate the loss of mass,the so-called mending effect.
In this article,experimental investigation and theoretical analysis were carried out on the preparation process and tribological properties of transitional metal dichalcogenides and diselenium NbX_2(X=S,Se) nanostructures.
Firstly,The solid-phase reaction was used to produce NbS_2 nanotubes(nanowires),in evacuated and sealed quartz ampoules by mixed S and Nb powder.The component and microstructure of NbS_2 were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electronic microscope(SEM) and transmission electronic microscope(TEM).
Secondly,NbSe_2 nanofibers were obtained by heating sealed quartz ampoules by mixed Se and Nb in high temperature boxed furnace.Besides, the mixture of Se and Nb powders were milling in high energy ball-milling machine,the mixture after milling were heat in tubular furnace,a lot of NbSe_2 nanoparticles produced in mixture of Ar and N_2.The component and microstructure of NbSe_2 were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD),scanning electronic microscope(SEM) and transmission electronic microscope(TEM).
Thirdly,for example NbSe_2,the growth and conditions of nanowires (nanofibers) and were discussed including reactional temperature,keep temperature time,coefficient of exceeding Se and so on,and the growth mechanism of NbSe_2 nanostructures were discussed in simply.
Fourthly,The tribological properties of NbS_2 and NbSe_2 nanowires, acting as additives,were investigated in UMT-2 machine.Besides,NbSe_2 nanoparticles were added in basic oil,the tribological properties of them were UMT-2 test in different conditions.Then the tribological behavior of them were discussed and the tribological properties of different shapes NbSe_2 were compared.
At last,the friction mechanism of lubrication including NbX_2 as additives was discussed preliminary.The lubrication has excellent tribological proerties in high load may be due to the following factors:one dimensional nanomaterial has unique closed structures,lubrication films and fill up-repair mechanism.
本文主要对过渡族金属铌的硫、硒化物NbX_2(X=S、Se)型纳米材料的制备工艺和摩擦学性能等问题进行了初步探索。主要研究内容包括:
(1)将单质Nb粉和S粉混合,密封在石英管内,在高温箱式炉中加热,通过固相反应合成了大量的NbS_2纳米管(线)。对所合成的纳米材料分别用TEM、SEM、EDS、XRD等测试手段进行表面形貌和结构成分的表征。
(2)将单质Se和Nb粉密封在石英管内,在高温箱式炉中加热,通过固相反应合成了大量的NbSe_2纳米纤维。将单质Nb粉和Se粉在高能球磨机内进行球磨,然后在管式炉内加热,在Ar和N_2混合气氛下反应生成了大量的NbSe_2纳米富勒烯颗粒。对所合成的纳米材料分别用TEM、SEM、EDS、XRD等方法进行了结构、形貌和成分的测试和表征。
(3)以NbSe_2为例,对Nb的硫、硒化物纳米材料的生长过程及影响其结晶生长的环境因素,如反应温度、保温时间、过硒系数等反应条件进行了简单讨论,并对一维NbX_2纳米材料的生长机制给出了合理解释。
(4)将NbS_2、NbSe_2纳米线作为润滑油添加剂,在UMT-2摩擦磨损试验机上进行了摩擦性能测试。NbSe_2纳米颗粒作为润滑油添加剂,添加在基础油中,在UMT-2多功能摩擦试验机上进行了不同条件的摩擦学试验,对Nb的硫、硒化物纳米材料的摩擦学行为进行了初步探讨,并对比了不同形貌的NbSe_2的摩擦学性能。
(5)通过对添加NbX_2纳米级固体添加剂的润滑油的摩擦性能试验,初步探讨了含有NbX_2纳米级固体添加剂的润滑油的摩擦机制,其优异的摩擦性能可能归结于NbX_2纳米材料独特的闭合结构,润滑膜机制和填充条件修复机制。
Adding additives into oil reduce friction and wear and even to mend the worn surface has been widely applied in lubrication engineering for quite a long time.But,the research and development of more effective additives have never been ceased since all kinds of additives mentioned above are still not perfect,especially their effect of the wear repairing is far from satisfactory.With the aid of nano-materials,a lot of novel work has been done with enormous encouraging achievements obtained because the tribological properties have been anhanced obviously.So transitional metal dichalcogenides were prepared as nanostructures(such as tubes,wires and particles),the unique closed nanostructure(nanotubes, nanowires,nanobundles) formed with rolled up materials have eliminated the fringe dangling bonds,thereafter they improve the chemical stability. Applied in lubricating oil,one sides,the nano-materials act as spacer between the two friction surface,and some ever proposed that the nano-materials were rolling like a ball in the grinding area which leads to the reduction of friction coefficient.Another sides,nano-materials deposit on the friction surfce and compensate the loss of mass,the so-called mending effect.
In this article,experimental investigation and theoretical analysis were carried out on the preparation process and tribological properties of transitional metal dichalcogenides and diselenium NbX_2(X=S,Se) nanostructures.
Firstly,The solid-phase reaction was used to produce NbS_2 nanotubes(nanowires),in evacuated and sealed quartz ampoules by mixed S and Nb powder.The component and microstructure of NbS_2 were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electronic microscope(SEM) and transmission electronic microscope(TEM).
Secondly,NbSe_2 nanofibers were obtained by heating sealed quartz ampoules by mixed Se and Nb in high temperature boxed furnace.Besides, the mixture of Se and Nb powders were milling in high energy ball-milling machine,the mixture after milling were heat in tubular furnace,a lot of NbSe_2 nanoparticles produced in mixture of Ar and N_2.The component and microstructure of NbSe_2 were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD),scanning electronic microscope(SEM) and transmission electronic microscope(TEM).
Thirdly,for example NbSe_2,the growth and conditions of nanowires (nanofibers) and were discussed including reactional temperature,keep temperature time,coefficient of exceeding Se and so on,and the growth mechanism of NbSe_2 nanostructures were discussed in simply.
Fourthly,The tribological properties of NbS_2 and NbSe_2 nanowires, acting as additives,were investigated in UMT-2 machine.Besides,NbSe_2 nanoparticles were added in basic oil,the tribological properties of them were UMT-2 test in different conditions.Then the tribological behavior of them were discussed and the tribological properties of different shapes NbSe_2 were compared.
At last,the friction mechanism of lubrication including NbX_2 as additives was discussed preliminary.The lubrication has excellent tribological proerties in high load may be due to the following factors:one dimensional nanomaterial has unique closed structures,lubrication films and fill up-repair mechanism.
引文
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