鲍曼社会理论对现代性的反思
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摘要
鲍曼批判了现代性——提出了流动的现代性概念后,把这种现代性对应称为坚固的现代性——的秩序野心。在现代性下,知识分子作为立法者存在,“知识/权力”的结盟赋予了现代性以巨大的力量,也彻底激发了现代性的雄心,其首要的就是对社会秩序的理性设计和追求。正是这种追求,使得大屠杀成为可能,现代性是大屠杀的必要条件。分类是寻求秩序的手段,但混乱也同样是分类的孪生儿,矛盾性是现代性的副产品。作为陌生人的犹太人,特别是他们中的精英,深刻地体察到了这种矛盾性。与现代性的其他哲学、社会学、文学艺术话语的比较可以看出,鲍曼基本上是把现代性作为启蒙来批判的,注重伦理道德维度是其理论的重要特征,也导致了对后现代伦理道德的关注和研究。鲍曼在批判了现代性后,曾对后现代性倾注了很大的热情。他从知识分子角色、思维状态和社会形态三个方面阐述了后现代性的含义。知识分子角色已经由立法者变成了阐释者;后现代性思维状态是一种建构性的毁坏;后现代社会形态已经在诸多重要方面完全不同于现代,是一个具有自身特征的独立时代。鲍曼认为虽然知识分子失去了立法者的作用,但我们不应满足于做一个阐释者。同样,社会学不应该仅仅是模仿社会,还应该解释社会,所以鲍曼不满于后现代社会学,提倡建立一种后现代性社会学,用一套不同于现代性的新范畴来解释当今社会。鲍曼认为后现代社会虽然出现了伦理危机,但却为道德的复兴提供了机会,根据列维纳斯“为了他者的责任”,鲍曼提出了自己的伦理学主张,认为要赢得道德的复兴,需要个体和社会(特别是政治)的共同努力。鉴于多方面的考虑,鲍曼后来完全用“流动的现代性”概念取代了“后现代性”概念,并在流动的现代性议题下,详细地分析了当今社会状况。消费主义是描述当今社会的一个核心概念,当今社会已经是一个消费者社会,而非坚固的现代性下的生产者社会,消费在各个层面型塑了人们的生活。全球化是影响人们生活的另一个重大社会现象,鲍曼认为全球化主要是经济的全球化,政治不仅没有全球化,反而地方化了,地方政治把许多权力交给了全球性的流动力量,政治沦落成了经济的地方警察。消费主义和全球化产生了一个共同后果:日益加剧的个体化。生活成了消费者的选择,他们也必须承担选择产生的一切后果。由于政治丧失力量,公共问题难以形成,私人问题侵入公共空间。当今社会的共同体已失去了原有的意义,不仅无法解决问题,有时还是造成问题的根源。社会的流动性带来的是不确定性、不安全性和不可靠性,而个体成了它们的主要承担者,这给个体造成了普遍的焦虑和不安。鲍曼认为要解决流动的社会中的问题,主要途径是通过重建“私人/公共”空间,恢复政治权力,他提倡一种新的共和主义。并且作为全球问题,应在全球的层面上得到解决。通过对波德莱尔现代性概念的追溯,可以认为,鲍曼对坚固的现代性和流动的现代性的批判,是对现代性的矛盾的两面的批判。所以,与其说鲍曼是一个后现代性理论家,还不如说他是一个现代性理论家,只是,他做的是对社会的持续批判,这是他给作为一个知识分子的自己规定的任务,也是他给社会主义下的定义,所以他愿作为一个社会主义者而死去。
Bauman criticizes the ambition of order of modernity----after puttingforward the concept of liquid modernity, he name correspondingly this modernity for solid modernity. Under the condition of modernity, intellectuals is legislator, power/knowledge gives modernity a great energy, and arouses thoroughly the ambition of modernity, the first is ratioal design and pursuit for the order of society. Just because of the pursuit, Holocaust becames probable, modernity is the essential condition. Classification is way to pursue order, but confusion is just the twin of classification, ambivalence is byproduct of modernity. Jew, the strange of modernity, specially the essence of tnem, experience and observe the ambivalence. It is seen that Bauman criticize the modernity as tne Enlightenment from the contrast with other philosophical, sociological and article discourse of modernity. But Bauman pay more attention to the dimension of ethics and morality, which leads to research to postmodern ethics and morality. After criticizing the modernity, Bauman devote himself to the study of postmodernity. He set forth the meaning of postmodernity form three facets: the role of intellectuals, state of mind and condition of society. The role of intellectuals have changed from legislator to interpretor;the state of mind of postmodernity is a constructive destroy;the postmodern condition of society is more different than that of the modern, is a independent era having its characteristics. Bauman holds that althought the intellectuals have losed the position of legislator, should not be satisfactory to be an interpretor. So sociology should not only imtate society, but should explain society. Thus, Bauman advocate a sociology of postmodernity, not a postmodern sociology, using a set of new category different from that of modernity to explain society today. Bauman think of that postmodern society bring out ethical crisis, but it also provide the chance for the reviving of morality. In accord with "duty for others" of Levinas, Bauman advance the suggestion of ethics, and think of that the reviving of morality need the great efforts of individual and society(specially politics). Because of some consideration, later Bauman thoroughly replace the concept of "postmodernity" by the concept of "liquid modernity" , and under the topic of liquid modernity analyse detailedly the society today. Consumerism is a core concept to describe the society,which is a consumer society,not producer society of solid modernity. Comsumption moulds people' s life in all fields. Globalization is another important social event influencing people' s life. Bauman holds that globalization is mainly the globalization of economic, politics not only have not globalized , but localized. Local politics give the global economic authorities many powers, politics become the local police of economic. Consumerism and globalization make a common effect: increasingly individualizing. Life become the choice of consumer, they must bear all consequences that choice bring about. Because politics lose power, public matter can not come into, private matter invades public space. Community has losed the original meanings, it not only can not resolve questions, but also is sometimes the cause of question. Liquid society produce undetermination, unsafety and irreliablity, which are beared mainly by individual, that make common anxiety and uneasy. Bauman holds the main way to resolve the question of liquid society is to restore the power of politics by reconstructing the "individual/public" space, he advocates a new republicanism.As a global question,it can only be resolved in the global level. Tracing the concept of modernity back to Baudelair, we find that Bauman' s criticism of solid modernity and liquid modernity is the criticism of two sides of the modernity' s ambivalence. So, that Bauman is a modernity theorist is better than that Bauman is a postmodernity theorist, even then he is forever a critic of society. This is also his duty as a intellectual prescribed by himself. This is also consistent with his definition of socialism, so he is willing to die as a socialist.
Bauman criticizes the ambition of order of modernity----after puttingforward the concept of liquid modernity, he name correspondingly this modernity for solid modernity. Under the condition of modernity, intellectuals is legislator, power/knowledge gives modernity a great energy, and arouses thoroughly the ambition of modernity, the first is ratioal design and pursuit for the order of society. Just because of the pursuit, Holocaust becames probable, modernity is the essential condition. Classification is way to pursue order, but confusion is just the twin of classification, ambivalence is byproduct of modernity. Jew, the strange of modernity, specially the essence of tnem, experience and observe the ambivalence. It is seen that Bauman criticize the modernity as tne Enlightenment from the contrast with other philosophical, sociological and article discourse of modernity. But Bauman pay more attention to the dimension of ethics and morality, which leads to research to postmodern ethics and morality. After criticizing the modernity, Bauman devote himself to the study of postmodernity. He set forth the meaning of postmodernity form three facets: the role of intellectuals, state of mind and condition of society. The role of intellectuals have changed from legislator to interpretor;the state of mind of postmodernity is a constructive destroy;the postmodern condition of society is more different than that of the modern, is a independent era having its characteristics. Bauman holds that althought the intellectuals have losed the position of legislator, should not be satisfactory to be an interpretor. So sociology should not only imtate society, but should explain society. Thus, Bauman advocate a sociology of postmodernity, not a postmodern sociology, using a set of new category different from that of modernity to explain society today. Bauman think of that postmodern society bring out ethical crisis, but it also provide the chance for the reviving of morality. In accord with "duty for others" of Levinas, Bauman advance the suggestion of ethics, and think of that the reviving of morality need the great efforts of individual and society(specially politics). Because of some consideration, later Bauman thoroughly replace the concept of "postmodernity" by the concept of "liquid modernity" , and under the topic of liquid modernity analyse detailedly the society today. Consumerism is a core concept to describe the society,which is a consumer society,not producer society of solid modernity. Comsumption moulds people' s life in all fields. Globalization is another important social event influencing people' s life. Bauman holds that globalization is mainly the globalization of economic, politics not only have not globalized , but localized. Local politics give the global economic authorities many powers, politics become the local police of economic. Consumerism and globalization make a common effect: increasingly individualizing. Life become the choice of consumer, they must bear all consequences that choice bring about. Because politics lose power, public matter can not come into, private matter invades public space. Community has losed the original meanings, it not only can not resolve questions, but also is sometimes the cause of question. Liquid society produce undetermination, unsafety and irreliablity, which are beared mainly by individual, that make common anxiety and uneasy. Bauman holds the main way to resolve the question of liquid society is to restore the power of politics by reconstructing the "individual/public" space, he advocates a new republicanism.As a global question,it can only be resolved in the global level. Tracing the concept of modernity back to Baudelair, we find that Bauman' s criticism of solid modernity and liquid modernity is the criticism of two sides of the modernity' s ambivalence. So, that Bauman is a modernity theorist is better than that Bauman is a postmodernity theorist, even then he is forever a critic of society. This is also his duty as a intellectual prescribed by himself. This is also consistent with his definition of socialism, so he is willing to die as a socialist.
引文
[1]Tony Blackshaw,Zygmunt Bauman[M],Lodon:Routledge.2005.p.1.
[2]Dennis Smith,Zygmunt Bauman:Prophet of Postmodernity[M],Cambridge:Polity Press.1999.p.1.
[3]Dennis Smith,Zygmunt Bauman:Prophet of Postmodernity[M],Cambridge:Polity Press.1999.p38-40.
[4]Tony Blackshaw,Zygmunt Bauman[M],Lodon:Routledge.2005.p.11.
[5]Zygmunt Bauman,Modernity and Ambivalence[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.1991.p.256.
[1]Zygmunt Bauman,Intimation of Postmodernity[M].Lodon:Routledge.1992.p.102.
[2]Dennis Smith,Zygmunt Bauman:Prophet of Postmodernity[M],Cambridge:Polity Press.1999.pp.153-154.
[3]Zygmunt Bauman,Intimation of Postmodernity[M].Lodon:Routledge.1992.pp.93-94.
[4]Ibid.pp.96-100.
[5]Ibid.pp.49-51.
[6]Zygmunt Bauman,Life in Fragments:Essays in postmodern morality[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.1995.p.91.
[7]Zygmunt Bauman,Intimation of Postmodernity[M].Lodon:Routledge.1992.p.ⅶ.
[8]Ibid.p.ⅷ.
[9]Ibid.p.ⅸ.
[10]Edited by Peter Beilharz,Zygmunt Bauman Volume I[C],Lodon:Sage publications Ltd.2002.p.32.
[11]Zygmunt Bauman,Intimation of Postmodernity[M].Lodon:Routledge.1992.p.ⅹ.
[12]Edited by Peter Beilharz,Zygmunt Bauman Volume I[C],Lodon:Sage publications Ltd.2002.p.138.
[13]Dennis Smith,Zygmunt Bauman:Prophet of Postmodernity[M],Cambridge:Polity Press.1999.pp.188-189.
[14]Ibid.p.189.
[15]Zygmunt Bauman,Modernity and Ambivalence[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.1991.p.256.
[16]Zygmunt Bauman,Postmodern Ethics[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.1993.p.20.
[17]Ibid.p.33.
[18]Edited by Peter Beilharz,Zygmunt Bauman VolumeⅡ[C],Lodon:Sage publications Ltd.2002.p.342.
[19]Edited by Peter Beilharz,Zygmunt Bauman VolumeⅢ[C],Lodon:Sage publications Ltd.2002.p.32
[20]谢立中,后现代主义方法论--启示与问题[G]//中国社会学年鉴(1995-1998),2000.
[21]Zygmunt Bauman,Intimation of Postmodernity[M].Lodon:Routledge.1992.p.41.
[22]Ibid.p.133.
[23]Zygmunt Bauman,Postmodern Ethics[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.1993.p.3.
[24]Zygmunt Bauman,Intimation of Postmodernity[M].Lodon:Routledge.1992.p.65.
[25]Ibid.p.26.
[26]Ibid.p.188.
[27]Ibid.p.65.
[2S]Ibid.pp.190-191.
[29]Ibid.p.111.
[30]Ibid.p.59.
[31]Ibid.p.93.
[32]Zygmunt Bauman and Keith Tester,Conversations with Zygmunt Bauman[M],Cambridge:Polity Press.2001.p.20.
[33]Zygmunt Bauman,Intimation of Postmodernity[M].Lodon:Routledge.1992.pp.191-196.
[34]这一点证据不是太明显,但从他对列维纳斯“他者的责任”的探讨还是可以发现蛛丝马迹的.
[35]Zygmunt Bauman,Postmodern Ethics[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.1993.p.25.
[36]Ibid.p.25.
[37]Ibid.p.9.
[38]Zygmunt Bauman,Life in Fragments:Essays in postmodern morality[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.1995.p.34.
[39]Ibid.pp.261-262.
[40]在实验员的指导下,以科学的名义,以电击、鞭打等方法残害被实验对象,在电击这种远距离的情况下,当被告知电压不足以造成对象的永久性伤害时,随机找来的人都会打下电闸,在近距离的鞭打情况下,出现一定的拒绝率,当实验人员故意对实验方式表示分歧出现争吵时,一般都会拒绝参与实验.
[41]Zygmunt Bauman,Modernity and Holocaust[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.1989.pp.153-154.
[42]Zygmunt Bauman,Postmodern Ethics[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.1993.p.17.
[43]Ibid.p.20.
[44]Zygmunt Bauman,Life in Fragments:Essays in postmodern morality[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.1995.p.89.
[45]Ibid.89.
[46]Ibid.p.lO0.
[47]Zygmunt Bauman, Postmodern Ethics[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 1993. p. 33.
[48] Ibid. p. 239.
[49]Zygmunt Bauman, Life in Fragments."Essays in postmodern morality[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 1995. p. 100.
[50]Zygmunt Bauman, Postmodern Ethics[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 1993. p. 244.
[51]Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and Holocaust[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 1989. p. 182.
[52]Zygmunt Bauman, Postmodern Ethics[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 1993. p. 50.
[53]Zygmunt Bauman and Keith Tester, Conversations with Zygmunt Bauman[M], Cambridge:Polity Press. 2001.pp.52-53.
[54]Zygmunt Bauman, Postmodern Ethics[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 1993. pp. 10-14.
[55]Zygmunt Bauman, The Individualized Society[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 2001. p. 183.
[56]Zygmunt Bauman, Postmodern Ethics[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 1993.p.246.
[57]Zygmunt Bauman, Community:Seeking Safety in an Insecure World[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 2001. p. 77.
[58]Zygmunt Bauman, Postmodern Ethics[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 1993. p. 142-144.
[59]Zygmunt Bauman, Intimation of Postmodernity[M]. Lodon:Routledge. 1992.p. 97.
[60] Ibid. p. 160.
[1]Zygmunt Bauman,Legislators and Interpreters:on modernity,postmoderty and intellectuals[M].Cambridge:Polity Press,1987.p.117.
[2]Zygmunt Bauman and Keith Tester,Conversations with Zygmunt Bauman[M],Cambridge:Polity Press.2001.p.97.
[3]Edited by Peter Beilharz,Zygmunt Bauman Volume Ⅰ[C],Lodon:Sage publications Ltd.2002.p.32.
[4]Zygmunt Bauman and Keith Tester,Conversations with Zygmunt Bauman[M],Cambridge:Polity Press.2001.p.97.
[5]Edited by Peter Beilharz,Zygmunt Bauman Volume Ⅰ[C],Lodon:Sage publications Ltd.2002.p.32.
[6]Zygmunt Bauman,Liquid Modernity[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.2000.p.198.
[7]Ibid.pp.178-188
[8]Ibid.pp.130-167.
[9]Zygmunt Bauman,Liquid Modernity[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.2000.p.50.
[10]Edited by Peter Beilharz, Zygmunt Bauraan Volume I [C], Lodon:Sage publications Ltd. 2002. p. 141.
[11] Ibid. p. 142.
[12]Zygmunt Bauman, Work, consumerism and The New poor[M]. Buckingham:Open university Press. 1998. p.23.
[13] Ibid. p. 24.
[14]Ibid.p.24.
[15]Zygmunt Bauman, Liquid Life[M]. Polity Press, 2005. p. 83.
[16]Ibid. p. 84.
[17]Zygmunt Bauman, Work, consumerism and The New poor[M]. Buckingham:Open university Press. 1998. p. 30.
[18]Zygmunt Bauman, Liquid Life[M]. Polity Press, 2005. p. 81.
[19]Zygmunt Bauman, Work, consumerism and The New poor[M]. Buckingham:Open university Press. 1998. p. 25.
[20]Zygmunt Bauman, Liquid Life[M].Polity Press,2005. p.81.
[21] Ibid. p. 81.
[22] Ibid. p. 85.
[23] Ibid. p. 83.
[24]Zygmunt Bauman, Legislators and Interpreters: on modernity, postmoderty and intellectuals[M]. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1987. p. 168.
[25] Ibid. p. 169.
[26]Zygmunt Bauman, Globalization:The Human Consequence[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 1998. p. 1.
[27]Ibid. p. 63.
[28]Ibid. p. 60.
[29] Ibid. p. 59.
[30]Zygmunt Bauman, Society under Siege[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 2002. p.77.
[31]Zygmunt Bauman, In Search of Politics[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 1999. p120.
[32]Zygmunt Bauman, Society under Siege[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 2002. p. 289.
[33] Ibid. p. 66.
[34]Zygmunt Bauman, Liquid Modernity[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 2000.p.193.
[35] Zygmunt Bauman, Globalization:The Human Consequence[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 1998. p. 70.
[36]Zygmunt Bauman, Community:Seeking Safety in an Insecure World[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press.2001.p.87.
[37]Zygmunt Bauman,Globalization:The Human Consequence[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.1998.p.69.
[38]参见《经济全球化的替代方案》,[美]约翰·卡瓦纳(John Cavanagh)杰瑞·曼德尔(Jerry Mander)编,童小溪等译,中央编译出版社2007年版;《质疑全球化》,[英]保罗·赫斯特格雷厄姆·汤普森著,张文成许宝友贺和风译,社会科学文献出版社2002年版;《全球化的十大谎言》,[德]格拉德·博克斯贝格哈拉德·克里门塔著,胡善君许建东译新华出版社200年版,等等。
[39]Zygmunt Bauman,Globalization:The Human Consequence[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.1998.p.63.
[40]Zygmunt Bauman,Identity:Conversations with Benedetto Yecchi[M],Cambridge:Polity Press.2004.p.88.
[41]Ibid.p.88.
[42]Ibid.p.89.
[43]Zygmunt Bauman,Liquid Times[M].Polity Press,2OO7.pp.1-3.
[44]Ibid.p.24.
[45]Ibid.26.
[46]Zygmunt Bauman,Identity:Conversations with Benedetto Vecchi[M],Cambridge:Polity Press.2004.p.48.
[47]Ibid.p.20.
[48]Ibid.p.32.
[49][加]查尔斯·泰勒,现代性之隐忧[M],程炼译,北京:中央编译出版社,2001,第12页。
[50]Zygmunt Bauman,Liquid Modernity[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.2000.p.40.
[51]Zygmunt Bauman,Society under Siege[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.2002.p.289.
[33]Ibid.pp.168-170..
[52]Zygmunt Bauman,Community:Seeking Safety in an Insecure World[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.2001.pp.2-3.
[53]Ibid.p.13.
[54]Ibid.p.65.
[55]Zygmunt Bauman,Liquid Modernity[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.2000.p.201.
[56]Zygmunt Bauman,Liquid Life[M].Polity Press,2OOb.p.1.
[57]Zygmunt Bauman,Liquid Times[M].Polity Press,2OO7.pp.100
[58]Ibid.p.107.
[1]Zygmunt Bauman,In Search of Politics[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.1999.p.86.
[2]Ibid.p.78.
[3]Ibid.p.169.
[4]Ibid.p.182.
[5]Ibid.p.186.
[6]Ibid.p.188.
[7]Ibid.p.164.
[8]Ibid.p.166.
[9]Ibid.pp.166-167.
[10]Ibid.pp.173-174.
[11]Ibid.p.175.
[12]Ibid.167.
[13]Ibid.pp191-192.
[14]Ibid.p.107.
[15]Ibid.p.107.
[16][德]乌尔里希·贝克、[英]安东尼·吉登斯、[美]斯科特·拉什,自反性现代化[M],赵文书译,北京:商务印书馆,2001,第1页。
[17]同上,第9页。
[18]转引自[德]乌尔里希·贝克、[英]安东尼·吉登斯、[美]斯科特·拉什,自反性现代化[M],赵文书译,北京:商务印书馆,2001,第13页。
[19][德]乌尔里希·贝克、[英]安东尼·吉登斯、[美]斯科特·拉什,自反性现代化[M],赵文书译,北京:商务印书馆,2001,第6页。
[20]同上,第9页。
[21]同上,13页。
[22][美]马歇尔·伯曼,一切将的东两都烟消云散了--现代性体验[M],徐大建张辑译,北京:商务印书馆,2004,第185页。
[23][法]安托瓦纳·贡巴尼翁,现代性的五个悖论[M],许钧译,北京:商务印书馆,2005,第141页。
[24]同上,第149页。
[25]Zygmunt Bauman and Keith Tester,Conversations with Zygmunt Bauman[M],Cambridge:Polity Press.2001.pp.153-156.
[1]Zygmunt Bauman, Legislators and Interpreters: on modernity, postmoderty and intellectuals[M]. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1987.
[2]Zygmunt Bauman, Sociology after Holocaust[J]. The British Journal of Sociology. Volume39, No4, 469-497. 1988.
[3]Zygmunt Bauman, Sociology and Postmodernity[J]. Sociological Review. Volume36, No4, 790-813. 1988.
[4]Zygmunt Bauman, Is there a Postmodern Sociology?[J]. Theory, Culture & Society. Volume5, No2-3, 217-237. 1988.
[5]Zygmunt Bauman, freedom[M]. Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press. 1988.
[6]Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and Holocaust[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 1989.
[7]Zygmunt Bauman, Social Response to Postmodernity[J]. Thesis Eleven. Volume23, 35-63. 1989.
[8] Zygmunt Bauman, Thinking Sociologically[M]. Oxford:Blackwell. 1990.
[9] Zygmunt Bauman, Philosophical Affinities of Postmodern sociology [J]. Sociology Review, Volume38, No3, 441—454. 1990.
[10] Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and Ambivalence[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 1991.
[11] Zygmunt Bauman, A Sociological theory of Postmodernity[J]. Thesis Eleven. Volume29, 33-46. 1991.
[12] Zygmunt Bauman, Intimation of Postmodernity[M]. Lodon:Routledge. 1992.
[13] Zygmunt Bauman, Mortality, Immortality and other life Strategies[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 1992.
[14] Zygmunt Bauman, Postmodern Ethics[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 1993.
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[16]Zygmunt Bauman, Postmodernity and its Discontents[M]. Cambridge: Polity Press. 1997.
[17]Zygmunt Bauman, Globalization: The Human Consequence[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 1998.
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[19]Zygmunt Bauman, In Search of Politics[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 1999.
[20]Zygmunt Bauman, Liquid Modernity[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 2000.
[21]Zygmunt Bauman, Ethics of Individuals[J]. 2000. Canadian Journal of Sociology. Volume25, No1, 83-96.
[22]Zygmunt Bauman, The Individualized Society[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 2001.
[23]Zygmunt Bauman, Community:Seeking Safety in an Insecure World[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 2001.
[24]Zygmunt Bauman, Society under Siege[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 2002.
[25] Zygmunt Bauman, Liquid Love:On the Fraility of Human Bonds[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 2003.
[26]Tony Blackshaw, Zygmunt Bauman[M], Lodon:Routledge. 2005.
[27]Zygmunt Bauman and Keith Tester, Conversations with Zygmunt Bauman[M], Cambridge:Polity Press. 2001.
[28]Zygmunt Bauman, Identity:Conversations with Benedetto Vecchi[M], Cambridge:Polity Press. 2004.
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[2]Dennis Smith,Zygmunt Bauman:Prophet of Postmodernity[M],Cambridge:Polity Press.1999.p.1.
[3]Dennis Smith,Zygmunt Bauman:Prophet of Postmodernity[M],Cambridge:Polity Press.1999.p38-40.
[4]Tony Blackshaw,Zygmunt Bauman[M],Lodon:Routledge.2005.p.11.
[5]Zygmunt Bauman,Modernity and Ambivalence[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.1991.p.256.
[1]Zygmunt Bauman,Intimation of Postmodernity[M].Lodon:Routledge.1992.p.102.
[2]Dennis Smith,Zygmunt Bauman:Prophet of Postmodernity[M],Cambridge:Polity Press.1999.pp.153-154.
[3]Zygmunt Bauman,Intimation of Postmodernity[M].Lodon:Routledge.1992.pp.93-94.
[4]Ibid.pp.96-100.
[5]Ibid.pp.49-51.
[6]Zygmunt Bauman,Life in Fragments:Essays in postmodern morality[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.1995.p.91.
[7]Zygmunt Bauman,Intimation of Postmodernity[M].Lodon:Routledge.1992.p.ⅶ.
[8]Ibid.p.ⅷ.
[9]Ibid.p.ⅸ.
[10]Edited by Peter Beilharz,Zygmunt Bauman Volume I[C],Lodon:Sage publications Ltd.2002.p.32.
[11]Zygmunt Bauman,Intimation of Postmodernity[M].Lodon:Routledge.1992.p.ⅹ.
[12]Edited by Peter Beilharz,Zygmunt Bauman Volume I[C],Lodon:Sage publications Ltd.2002.p.138.
[13]Dennis Smith,Zygmunt Bauman:Prophet of Postmodernity[M],Cambridge:Polity Press.1999.pp.188-189.
[14]Ibid.p.189.
[15]Zygmunt Bauman,Modernity and Ambivalence[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.1991.p.256.
[16]Zygmunt Bauman,Postmodern Ethics[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.1993.p.20.
[17]Ibid.p.33.
[18]Edited by Peter Beilharz,Zygmunt Bauman VolumeⅡ[C],Lodon:Sage publications Ltd.2002.p.342.
[19]Edited by Peter Beilharz,Zygmunt Bauman VolumeⅢ[C],Lodon:Sage publications Ltd.2002.p.32
[20]谢立中,后现代主义方法论--启示与问题[G]//中国社会学年鉴(1995-1998),2000.
[21]Zygmunt Bauman,Intimation of Postmodernity[M].Lodon:Routledge.1992.p.41.
[22]Ibid.p.133.
[23]Zygmunt Bauman,Postmodern Ethics[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.1993.p.3.
[24]Zygmunt Bauman,Intimation of Postmodernity[M].Lodon:Routledge.1992.p.65.
[25]Ibid.p.26.
[26]Ibid.p.188.
[27]Ibid.p.65.
[2S]Ibid.pp.190-191.
[29]Ibid.p.111.
[30]Ibid.p.59.
[31]Ibid.p.93.
[32]Zygmunt Bauman and Keith Tester,Conversations with Zygmunt Bauman[M],Cambridge:Polity Press.2001.p.20.
[33]Zygmunt Bauman,Intimation of Postmodernity[M].Lodon:Routledge.1992.pp.191-196.
[34]这一点证据不是太明显,但从他对列维纳斯“他者的责任”的探讨还是可以发现蛛丝马迹的.
[35]Zygmunt Bauman,Postmodern Ethics[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.1993.p.25.
[36]Ibid.p.25.
[37]Ibid.p.9.
[38]Zygmunt Bauman,Life in Fragments:Essays in postmodern morality[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.1995.p.34.
[39]Ibid.pp.261-262.
[40]在实验员的指导下,以科学的名义,以电击、鞭打等方法残害被实验对象,在电击这种远距离的情况下,当被告知电压不足以造成对象的永久性伤害时,随机找来的人都会打下电闸,在近距离的鞭打情况下,出现一定的拒绝率,当实验人员故意对实验方式表示分歧出现争吵时,一般都会拒绝参与实验.
[41]Zygmunt Bauman,Modernity and Holocaust[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.1989.pp.153-154.
[42]Zygmunt Bauman,Postmodern Ethics[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.1993.p.17.
[43]Ibid.p.20.
[44]Zygmunt Bauman,Life in Fragments:Essays in postmodern morality[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.1995.p.89.
[45]Ibid.89.
[46]Ibid.p.lO0.
[47]Zygmunt Bauman, Postmodern Ethics[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 1993. p. 33.
[48] Ibid. p. 239.
[49]Zygmunt Bauman, Life in Fragments."Essays in postmodern morality[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 1995. p. 100.
[50]Zygmunt Bauman, Postmodern Ethics[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 1993. p. 244.
[51]Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and Holocaust[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 1989. p. 182.
[52]Zygmunt Bauman, Postmodern Ethics[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 1993. p. 50.
[53]Zygmunt Bauman and Keith Tester, Conversations with Zygmunt Bauman[M], Cambridge:Polity Press. 2001.pp.52-53.
[54]Zygmunt Bauman, Postmodern Ethics[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 1993. pp. 10-14.
[55]Zygmunt Bauman, The Individualized Society[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 2001. p. 183.
[56]Zygmunt Bauman, Postmodern Ethics[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 1993.p.246.
[57]Zygmunt Bauman, Community:Seeking Safety in an Insecure World[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 2001. p. 77.
[58]Zygmunt Bauman, Postmodern Ethics[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 1993. p. 142-144.
[59]Zygmunt Bauman, Intimation of Postmodernity[M]. Lodon:Routledge. 1992.p. 97.
[60] Ibid. p. 160.
[1]Zygmunt Bauman,Legislators and Interpreters:on modernity,postmoderty and intellectuals[M].Cambridge:Polity Press,1987.p.117.
[2]Zygmunt Bauman and Keith Tester,Conversations with Zygmunt Bauman[M],Cambridge:Polity Press.2001.p.97.
[3]Edited by Peter Beilharz,Zygmunt Bauman Volume Ⅰ[C],Lodon:Sage publications Ltd.2002.p.32.
[4]Zygmunt Bauman and Keith Tester,Conversations with Zygmunt Bauman[M],Cambridge:Polity Press.2001.p.97.
[5]Edited by Peter Beilharz,Zygmunt Bauman Volume Ⅰ[C],Lodon:Sage publications Ltd.2002.p.32.
[6]Zygmunt Bauman,Liquid Modernity[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.2000.p.198.
[7]Ibid.pp.178-188
[8]Ibid.pp.130-167.
[9]Zygmunt Bauman,Liquid Modernity[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.2000.p.50.
[10]Edited by Peter Beilharz, Zygmunt Bauraan Volume I [C], Lodon:Sage publications Ltd. 2002. p. 141.
[11] Ibid. p. 142.
[12]Zygmunt Bauman, Work, consumerism and The New poor[M]. Buckingham:Open university Press. 1998. p.23.
[13] Ibid. p. 24.
[14]Ibid.p.24.
[15]Zygmunt Bauman, Liquid Life[M]. Polity Press, 2005. p. 83.
[16]Ibid. p. 84.
[17]Zygmunt Bauman, Work, consumerism and The New poor[M]. Buckingham:Open university Press. 1998. p. 30.
[18]Zygmunt Bauman, Liquid Life[M]. Polity Press, 2005. p. 81.
[19]Zygmunt Bauman, Work, consumerism and The New poor[M]. Buckingham:Open university Press. 1998. p. 25.
[20]Zygmunt Bauman, Liquid Life[M].Polity Press,2005. p.81.
[21] Ibid. p. 81.
[22] Ibid. p. 85.
[23] Ibid. p. 83.
[24]Zygmunt Bauman, Legislators and Interpreters: on modernity, postmoderty and intellectuals[M]. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1987. p. 168.
[25] Ibid. p. 169.
[26]Zygmunt Bauman, Globalization:The Human Consequence[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 1998. p. 1.
[27]Ibid. p. 63.
[28]Ibid. p. 60.
[29] Ibid. p. 59.
[30]Zygmunt Bauman, Society under Siege[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 2002. p.77.
[31]Zygmunt Bauman, In Search of Politics[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 1999. p120.
[32]Zygmunt Bauman, Society under Siege[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 2002. p. 289.
[33] Ibid. p. 66.
[34]Zygmunt Bauman, Liquid Modernity[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 2000.p.193.
[35] Zygmunt Bauman, Globalization:The Human Consequence[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press. 1998. p. 70.
[36]Zygmunt Bauman, Community:Seeking Safety in an Insecure World[M]. Cambridge:Polity Press.2001.p.87.
[37]Zygmunt Bauman,Globalization:The Human Consequence[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.1998.p.69.
[38]参见《经济全球化的替代方案》,[美]约翰·卡瓦纳(John Cavanagh)杰瑞·曼德尔(Jerry Mander)编,童小溪等译,中央编译出版社2007年版;《质疑全球化》,[英]保罗·赫斯特格雷厄姆·汤普森著,张文成许宝友贺和风译,社会科学文献出版社2002年版;《全球化的十大谎言》,[德]格拉德·博克斯贝格哈拉德·克里门塔著,胡善君许建东译新华出版社200年版,等等。
[39]Zygmunt Bauman,Globalization:The Human Consequence[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.1998.p.63.
[40]Zygmunt Bauman,Identity:Conversations with Benedetto Yecchi[M],Cambridge:Polity Press.2004.p.88.
[41]Ibid.p.88.
[42]Ibid.p.89.
[43]Zygmunt Bauman,Liquid Times[M].Polity Press,2OO7.pp.1-3.
[44]Ibid.p.24.
[45]Ibid.26.
[46]Zygmunt Bauman,Identity:Conversations with Benedetto Vecchi[M],Cambridge:Polity Press.2004.p.48.
[47]Ibid.p.20.
[48]Ibid.p.32.
[49][加]查尔斯·泰勒,现代性之隐忧[M],程炼译,北京:中央编译出版社,2001,第12页。
[50]Zygmunt Bauman,Liquid Modernity[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.2000.p.40.
[51]Zygmunt Bauman,Society under Siege[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.2002.p.289.
[33]Ibid.pp.168-170..
[52]Zygmunt Bauman,Community:Seeking Safety in an Insecure World[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.2001.pp.2-3.
[53]Ibid.p.13.
[54]Ibid.p.65.
[55]Zygmunt Bauman,Liquid Modernity[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.2000.p.201.
[56]Zygmunt Bauman,Liquid Life[M].Polity Press,2OOb.p.1.
[57]Zygmunt Bauman,Liquid Times[M].Polity Press,2OO7.pp.100
[58]Ibid.p.107.
[1]Zygmunt Bauman,In Search of Politics[M].Cambridge:Polity Press.1999.p.86.
[2]Ibid.p.78.
[3]Ibid.p.169.
[4]Ibid.p.182.
[5]Ibid.p.186.
[6]Ibid.p.188.
[7]Ibid.p.164.
[8]Ibid.p.166.
[9]Ibid.pp.166-167.
[10]Ibid.pp.173-174.
[11]Ibid.p.175.
[12]Ibid.167.
[13]Ibid.pp191-192.
[14]Ibid.p.107.
[15]Ibid.p.107.
[16][德]乌尔里希·贝克、[英]安东尼·吉登斯、[美]斯科特·拉什,自反性现代化[M],赵文书译,北京:商务印书馆,2001,第1页。
[17]同上,第9页。
[18]转引自[德]乌尔里希·贝克、[英]安东尼·吉登斯、[美]斯科特·拉什,自反性现代化[M],赵文书译,北京:商务印书馆,2001,第13页。
[19][德]乌尔里希·贝克、[英]安东尼·吉登斯、[美]斯科特·拉什,自反性现代化[M],赵文书译,北京:商务印书馆,2001,第6页。
[20]同上,第9页。
[21]同上,13页。
[22][美]马歇尔·伯曼,一切将的东两都烟消云散了--现代性体验[M],徐大建张辑译,北京:商务印书馆,2004,第185页。
[23][法]安托瓦纳·贡巴尼翁,现代性的五个悖论[M],许钧译,北京:商务印书馆,2005,第141页。
[24]同上,第149页。
[25]Zygmunt Bauman and Keith Tester,Conversations with Zygmunt Bauman[M],Cambridge:Polity Press.2001.pp.153-156.
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