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中国农业富余劳动力转移研究
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摘要
近年来我国农业发展水平不断提高,随之而来的是农业富余劳动力的出现和农业富余劳动力的大规模转移。农业大国的基本特征决定了我国农业富余劳动力转移面临着巨大的压力和挑战,如何合理引导并促进农业富余劳动力转移是加快农业发展、建设新农村的需要,也是增加农民收入、解决三农问题的艰巨任务之一。因此,加强农业富余劳动力转移研究具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。
     本研究以“中国农业富余劳动力转移研究”为选题,采用理论研究、实证研究、比较研究、系统研究等研究方法,对农业富余劳动力转移进行了深入、系统地研究。主要研究内容及研究结论如下
     (1)理论研究及研究结论。对国内外典型的劳动力转移模型进行研究,系统分析了各理论模型的分析思路、分析框架、分析结论及各自的局限性。对农业富余劳动力产生的原因和内在机制进行研究,并以此为基础计算了近年来我国农业富余劳动力的数量。研究了农业富余劳动力转移量的计算方法,并计算了近年来我国农业富余劳动力转移量。
     (2)实证研究及研究结论。系统研究了近年来我国农业富余劳动力的现状及农业富余劳动力转移的现状,并对农业富余劳动力转移的影响因素及农业富余劳动力转移的影响进行了实证分析。
     农业富余劳动力现状研究包括农业富余劳动力的数量特征、地域分布特征和变动趋势特征。主要研究结论有:我国农业富余劳动力在总量上呈波动下降趋势,除部分年度略有增加外,总体上是呈下降趋势的;近年来,东部地区、中部地区、西部地区和东北地区农业富余劳动力在数量上都表现出波动下降的特征
     农业富余劳动力转移现状研究主要内容有农业富余劳动力转移的数量特征、地域差异等。主要研究结论有:1995-2008年我国农业富余劳动力转移量和转移率从整体来看是逐年增加的;各省市之间在农业富余劳动力转移方面存在很大差异;传统分区不适合对农业富余劳动力转移进行深入研究。
     农业富余劳动力转移影响因素实证研究主要考察了城乡收入差距、农业机械总动力、经济增长、城镇化水平、综合因素对农业富余劳动力转移的影响。主要研究结论:从整体上来看,各地区在农业富余劳动力转移影响因素方面存在一定的共性,同时也存在较大的差异性;同一影响因素对不同地区的影响程度不同;同一影响因素对不同地区的影响性质可能不同;各地区农业富余劳动力转移的主要影响因素不同。
     农业富余劳动力转移影响实证研究主要考察了农业富余劳动力转移对经济增长、产业结构、工业化水平、农民收入、城镇化水平城乡收入差距的影响。主要研究结论有:农业富余劳动力转移对产业结构调整、工业化水平、城市化水平和城乡收入差距具有影响,但是对经济增长和农民收入的影响不大。农业富余劳动力转移并不是导致全国经济增长和农民收入增加的直接原因。农业富余劳动力转移能促进产业结构调整。农业富余劳动力转移能提高工业化水平。农业富余劳动力转移能够促进A区城镇化水平的提高。农业富余劳动力转移加大了D区城乡收入差距。
     (3)对策研究。本研究还进行了促进农业富余劳动力转移的对策研究,提出相应的对策和建议,主要包括组织层面、农业自身层面、非农产业层面、城镇化层面、教育培训层面等。
In recent years, China's agricultural development level has improved continuously, followed by the emergence and large scale transfer of agricultural surplus labor. The basic characteristics of agricultural country determine that transfer of agricultural surplus labor in our country faces enormous pressures and challenges. Rational guidances and promotion measures of agricultural surplus labor transfer are needed to accelerate agricultural development and new countryside construction, it's an arduous task of increase farmers'income and resolving "Countryside, Agriculture, Peasant" problems. Therefore, strengthening the study of agricultural surplus labor transfer has important theoretical significance and practical value.
     This dissertation takes "Researeh on China's agricultural surplus labor transfer" as topic selection, with comprehensive application of theoretical research, empirical research, comparative research, systematic research and other research methods, further and systematic study on China's agricultural surplus labor transfer are taken. The main contents and conclusions are as follows:
     (1) theoretical research results and conclusions. Typical domestic and foreign labor transfer models are studied; analytical thinking, analysis framework, conclusions and limitations of each model are systematically analysized. The causes and internal mechanisms of agricultural surplus labor transfer are studied; depedent on this, the numbers of agricultural surplus labor force in China in recent years is calculated. Research on the calculation method of the amount of agricultural surplus labor transfer; the amount of agricultural surplus labor transfer in China in recent years is calculated.
     (2) empirical research and conclusions. The status of both China's agricultural surplus labor and China's agricultural surplus labor transfer are systematically studied, empirical analysis about the influencing factors and effects of agricultural surplus labor transfer are carried.
     Research on the status of China's agricultural surplus labor includes the characteristics of the numbers, geographical distributions and changing trend. The main conclusions as follows:China's agricultural surplus labor in the total is downward trend with fluctuations except some years. The agricultural surplus labor in East areas and other areas recently show a gradual and similar downward trend.
     Research on the status of China's agricultural surplus labor transfer includes the characteristics of the numbers, geographical distributions. The main conclusions as follows:from1995to2008, both transfer amount and transfer rate of China's agricultural surplus labor are increasing; great differences exist between different provinces; traditional division is not suitable for the in-depth study of agricultural surplus labor transfer.
     Empirical analysis about the influencing factors of agricultural surplus labor transfer includes urban-rural income gap, total power of agricultural machinery, economic growth, urbanization level and comprehensive factors. The main conclusions as follows:On the whole, both generality and differences exist between different areas; the degree of the same influencing factor is different for different areas; the nature of the same influencing factor may be different for different areas; the main influencing factors of each area are different.
     Empirical analysis about the effects of agricultural surplus labor transfer includes economic growth, industrial structure adjustment, industrialization level, peasants' income, urbanization level and urban-rural income gap. The main conclusions as follows:agricultural surplus labor transfer has some effects on economic growth, industrialization level, peasants'income increase, urbanization level and urban-rural income gap; the effects on industrial structure are very little. Agricultural surplus labor transfer is not the direct cause of industrial structure adjustment. Agricultural surplus labor transfer can promote the economic growth, improve the industrialization level, increase peasants'income and raise the urbanization level. For B and D area, agricultural surplus labor transfer increases the urban-rural income gap.
     (3)Countermeasure research. This dissertation takes countermeasure research to promote the agricultural surplus labor transfer, corresponding countermeasures and suggestions are put forward. The corresponding countermeasures and suggestions are mainly in five aspects:organization, agriculture itself, non-agricultural industries, urbanization, education and training.
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