环境风险评价法律制度研究
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摘要
自20世纪90年代以来,风险防范原则在国际社会获得广泛认同,并为许多国家的国内法所吸收,作为风险防范原则实施的配套制度——环境风险评价制度在欧美发达国家已经建立并获得初步发展,特别是在国际环境贸易中,环境风险评价成为各国贸易决策中的不可或缺的环节。我国由于在官方和理论研究中很少区分自第三次科学技术革命以来产生的新型环境问题即环境风险与传统的由生产建设项目引发的环境污染和破坏问题,因此在制度设计上只有一套防止传统环境问题的环境影响评价制度,而基本上没有防范不确定性的环境风险产生的风险评价制度,但在实践中,针对比较突出的风险事故、转基因生物安全、农药安全、职业安全等问题,国务院相关部委的规范性文件已经对这些领域的风险评价工作提出了要求,特别是农业部已经在转基因生物安全立法中规定了转基因生物环境风险评价的主体、程序等相关问题。
本文认为,环境风险是第三次科学技术革命以来产生的一种新的环境问题,对这类问题在科学认识上还存在较大的不确定性,它在危害发生机制、发生原因、危害后果等方面与传统环境问题存在较大区别,因此以防止传统环境问题为目的的环境影响评价制度不能满足防范环境风险的要求,为顺应环境保护实践的需要,我国应建立环境风险评价制度。围绕这一目的,本论文从四个方面展开研究:
第一章可概括为环境风险评价的基本理论问题,即回答建立环境风险评价制度的基础理论、必要性及合理性问题。本部分采用概念法学和比较分析方法,界定“风险”、“环境风险”、“环境风险评价”的概念,并重点分析了“环境风险”与“传统环境问题”,“环境风险评价”与“环境影响评价”的区别。环境风险评价在评价对象、评价方法、评价主体、评价程序和依据的原则方面区别于环境影响评价。
第二章可概括为环境风险评价制度的基本内容,即回答建立环境风险评价制度的现实可能性。本部分简要介绍了环境风险评价的一般原则、评价主体及其职责、评价范围及程序,并从一系列典型个案中概括出平衡环境风险评价不确定性的几种模式。本部分重点介绍了健康风险评价、生态风险评价、转基因生物环境释放风险评价及跨国环境风险评价程序。
Since 1990s, the precautionary principle has been admitted extensively in the international community, and is absorbed by the domestic laws of a lot of countries. The environmental risk assessment(ERA)as to implement the precautionary principle has been set up and won preliminary development in the American-European developed country, especially in international environmental trade, he ERA has become an indispensable part while making policy of trade of various countries .Because of seldom distinguishing new-type environmental problem namely environmental risk produced since the third scientific and technical revolution from traditional environmental problems namely environmental pollution and destruction produced many projections among official side and theoretical research in our country. So when Setting up environmental protection system, there's only an environmental impact assessment(EIA) to prevent traditional environmental problems but no system of ERA to take precaution against environmental risk. But in practice, direct against such questions as the more outstanding risk accident , transgenic security of living beings , agriculture chemical security , employment security ,etc., the regulatory files of the relevant ministries and commissions of the State Council have already put forward the demand for the ERA of these fields, especially the Ministry of Agriculture has already stipulated such relevant problems as the subject, procedure of the ERA of transgenic living beings ,etc. among the legislation of transgenic security of living beings.This text thinks , the environmental risk is a kind of new environmental problems produced since the third scientific and technical revolution, still have greater uncertainty to this kind of question in science knows, its' taking place mechanism , reasons , danger consequence ,etc. between traditional environmental problems have heavy difference in danger, so the system of EIA can't respond to the request when we take precautions against the environmental risk order to comply with the needed practiced in environmental protection, our country should set up the system of ERA .Centering on this purpose, this thesis launches research from four respectsChapter one can summarize as the basic theoretical question of the ERA namely answer basic theory, necessity and rationality question of setting up system of ERA. Adopting law science of the concept and compare the analytical method partly, define the concepts of" risk " , " environmental risk " , " environmental risk assessment ",
and has analysed the indifference between " environmental risk " and " traditional environmental problems " especially, " environmental risk assessment" and " environmental impact assessment". It is appraised that the ERA is different from EIA such as the target, method, subject, procedure and basic principle.Chapter two can summarize as the basic content of the system of ERA, namely answer the realistic possibility of setting up the system of ERA Have originallyintroduced the general principle of the ERA------the subject and its' duty, the rangeand procedure briefly partly, and summarize out several kinds mode of ERA from a series of typical cases ,to balance the uncertainty. It emphasizes on such procedure as health risk assessment biological risk assessment, transgenic living beings risk assessment and transnational environmental risk assessment.Chapter three can summarize as the legislation and practice of the ERA, namely answer the operation question in practice of system of. ERA .It also introduces the content of the system of ERA from world, foreign countries angle separately, and carried on real analysis, for the example, with the beef importing case of USA and Europe, U.S.A. stored the mineral products case. It emphasize on introducing GATT (1994 ) , " TBT agreement " , " SPS agreement " , " CBD convention " and " Biosafety protocol" especially partly, provision on carried on real example analysis .Chapter four can summarize as the basic thinking of structuring the legal system of ERA in our country, namely answer how to build the system of ERA, The all opinions are based on the above study. This chapter is divided into four sections. Section one sums up the basic principle of ERA that the activity should be followed.Section two designs the procedure of ERA ,namely the risk is discerned ------riskassessment ------administrative decision of the risk. Section three and Section fourdesign the subject, range, target and the legal result of the conclusion of ERA.The last part of this paper is the conclusion. This conclusion providently makes a summary of the basic issues in an all-round way. Meanwhile, it points out the ways that our country should follow, to further perfect our domestic legal system of ERA.
本文认为,环境风险是第三次科学技术革命以来产生的一种新的环境问题,对这类问题在科学认识上还存在较大的不确定性,它在危害发生机制、发生原因、危害后果等方面与传统环境问题存在较大区别,因此以防止传统环境问题为目的的环境影响评价制度不能满足防范环境风险的要求,为顺应环境保护实践的需要,我国应建立环境风险评价制度。围绕这一目的,本论文从四个方面展开研究:
第一章可概括为环境风险评价的基本理论问题,即回答建立环境风险评价制度的基础理论、必要性及合理性问题。本部分采用概念法学和比较分析方法,界定“风险”、“环境风险”、“环境风险评价”的概念,并重点分析了“环境风险”与“传统环境问题”,“环境风险评价”与“环境影响评价”的区别。环境风险评价在评价对象、评价方法、评价主体、评价程序和依据的原则方面区别于环境影响评价。
第二章可概括为环境风险评价制度的基本内容,即回答建立环境风险评价制度的现实可能性。本部分简要介绍了环境风险评价的一般原则、评价主体及其职责、评价范围及程序,并从一系列典型个案中概括出平衡环境风险评价不确定性的几种模式。本部分重点介绍了健康风险评价、生态风险评价、转基因生物环境释放风险评价及跨国环境风险评价程序。
Since 1990s, the precautionary principle has been admitted extensively in the international community, and is absorbed by the domestic laws of a lot of countries. The environmental risk assessment(ERA)as to implement the precautionary principle has been set up and won preliminary development in the American-European developed country, especially in international environmental trade, he ERA has become an indispensable part while making policy of trade of various countries .Because of seldom distinguishing new-type environmental problem namely environmental risk produced since the third scientific and technical revolution from traditional environmental problems namely environmental pollution and destruction produced many projections among official side and theoretical research in our country. So when Setting up environmental protection system, there's only an environmental impact assessment(EIA) to prevent traditional environmental problems but no system of ERA to take precaution against environmental risk. But in practice, direct against such questions as the more outstanding risk accident , transgenic security of living beings , agriculture chemical security , employment security ,etc., the regulatory files of the relevant ministries and commissions of the State Council have already put forward the demand for the ERA of these fields, especially the Ministry of Agriculture has already stipulated such relevant problems as the subject, procedure of the ERA of transgenic living beings ,etc. among the legislation of transgenic security of living beings.This text thinks , the environmental risk is a kind of new environmental problems produced since the third scientific and technical revolution, still have greater uncertainty to this kind of question in science knows, its' taking place mechanism , reasons , danger consequence ,etc. between traditional environmental problems have heavy difference in danger, so the system of EIA can't respond to the request when we take precautions against the environmental risk order to comply with the needed practiced in environmental protection, our country should set up the system of ERA .Centering on this purpose, this thesis launches research from four respectsChapter one can summarize as the basic theoretical question of the ERA namely answer basic theory, necessity and rationality question of setting up system of ERA. Adopting law science of the concept and compare the analytical method partly, define the concepts of" risk " , " environmental risk " , " environmental risk assessment ",
and has analysed the indifference between " environmental risk " and " traditional environmental problems " especially, " environmental risk assessment" and " environmental impact assessment". It is appraised that the ERA is different from EIA such as the target, method, subject, procedure and basic principle.Chapter two can summarize as the basic content of the system of ERA, namely answer the realistic possibility of setting up the system of ERA Have originallyintroduced the general principle of the ERA------the subject and its' duty, the rangeand procedure briefly partly, and summarize out several kinds mode of ERA from a series of typical cases ,to balance the uncertainty. It emphasizes on such procedure as health risk assessment biological risk assessment, transgenic living beings risk assessment and transnational environmental risk assessment.Chapter three can summarize as the legislation and practice of the ERA, namely answer the operation question in practice of system of. ERA .It also introduces the content of the system of ERA from world, foreign countries angle separately, and carried on real analysis, for the example, with the beef importing case of USA and Europe, U.S.A. stored the mineral products case. It emphasize on introducing GATT (1994 ) , " TBT agreement " , " SPS agreement " , " CBD convention " and " Biosafety protocol" especially partly, provision on carried on real example analysis .Chapter four can summarize as the basic thinking of structuring the legal system of ERA in our country, namely answer how to build the system of ERA, The all opinions are based on the above study. This chapter is divided into four sections. Section one sums up the basic principle of ERA that the activity should be followed.Section two designs the procedure of ERA ,namely the risk is discerned ------riskassessment ------administrative decision of the risk. Section three and Section fourdesign the subject, range, target and the legal result of the conclusion of ERA.The last part of this paper is the conclusion. This conclusion providently makes a summary of the basic issues in an all-round way. Meanwhile, it points out the ways that our country should follow, to further perfect our domestic legal system of ERA.
引文
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4.约翰·罗尔斯著:《正义论》,何怀宏等译,中国社会科学出版社 2003年10月版
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