夏玉米—冬小麦“双晚”种植方式对周年光温资源利用研究
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摘要
夏玉米-冬小麦“双晚”种植方式是夏玉米-冬小麦周年高产高效的重要途径。为了进一步明确夏玉米-冬小麦“双晚”增产及资源高效利用的效应,选用2个夏玉米品种(郑单958和登海661)和1个冬小麦品种(登海5197)为研究对象,于2008-2009年在山东省莱州市登海种业股份有限公司第16试验场进行大田试验,夏玉米试验在济宁农科院和聊城农科院同时进行。比较研究了不同播期对夏玉米和冬小麦群体物质生产、叶片光合生产特性和生理特性以及周年产量形成的影响,探讨了夏玉米-冬小麦周年光温资源的分配和利用。主要研究结果如下:
1夏玉米-冬小麦“双晚”周年产量及产量构成
夏玉米直播处理比套种处理籽粒产量增加,收获穗数显著增加,但千粒重有所降低。通过对产量和产量构成因素的相关系数可以看出,收获穗数是产量构成的主要因子,呈显著正相关,且两个品种均达到显著水平。穗粒数和千粒重对产量均呈负相关,但穗粒数和千粒重对产量的相关系数较小且不显著。冬小麦随播期的推迟,收获穗数逐渐降低,千粒重有所增加,穗粒数和籽粒产量呈先上升后降低趋势,最高产量出现在10月15日。夏玉米改套种为直播(播期推迟至6月15日)和冬小麦晚播(播期相应推迟至10月15日)“双晚”种植方式周年产量最高。
2夏玉米-冬小麦“双晚”周年光温资源分配利用
直播夏玉米全生育期天数明显短于套种,其生育期内总积温和辐射总量分别比套种减少,直播夏玉米对光温资源的占有率较套种低,但光能利用率具有明显优势,尤其直播光能利用率比套种明显提高。冬小麦全生育期内,由于传统播期比晚播生育期天数要多6～11 d,因此传统播期的总积温和总辐射量要明显高于晚播,10月15日播种在全生育期内茎叶、籽粒和全株的光能利用率均高于10月8日和10月22日,表明冬小麦适当晚播可以提高光能利用率。
夏玉米6月15日直播结合冬小麦10月15日晚播种得到的周年光能利用率和周年有效积温利用率最高,周年光能利用率和周年有效积温利用率相比其它组合分别提高3.6%～17.9%和5.1%～25.0%,说明适当推迟播期的夏玉米-冬小麦组合能提高周年光温资源利用率。
3夏玉米-冬小麦“双晚”干物质积累和分配
与套种相比,夏玉米直播在开花前和开花后均具有较大的干物质积累量和较快的干物质积累速率,但直播收获系数低于套种。开花期夏玉米的干物质积累分配比例最大的是茎秆,同时直播的茎秆分配比例较套种高,叶片分配比例较套种低;成熟期的干物质积累分配比例最大的的是果穗,且直播的果穗分配比例较套种降低。由各生育期茎叶分配比例与果穗分配比例的相关分析结果表明,成熟期叶片的分配比例对果穗分配比例呈显著负相关,说明直播处理成熟期叶片的干物质向果穗的转运率降低。
冬小麦开花前干物质积累量和干物质积累速率随播期的推迟呈下降趋势;开花后,冬小麦的干物质积累量和干物质积累速率随播期的推迟呈先上升后下降趋势,10月15日播期显著高于10月8日和10月22日。全生育期,10月15日播期的干物质积累量和干物质积累速率显著高于10月8日和10月22日。
4夏玉米叶片光合生产特性
开花后是籽粒产量形成的关键时期,也是植株生理功能渐衰期,玉米花后穗位叶净光合速率均表现出随生育进程逐渐降低的趋势。开花期至花后30 d,直播与套种的穗位叶净光合速率下降缓慢,且直播具有较高的净光合速率;花后30 d至收获期,穗位叶净光合速率降低较快,后期尤为明显,直播的穗位叶净光合速率下降幅度比套种大,成熟期已显著低于套种,这与叶面积指数后期的变化趋势基本一致。
直播处理达到最大灌浆速率的时间明显早于套种,起始势较套种高;但灌浆期、活跃灌浆期和灌浆速率最大时的生长量均低于套种,通过灌浆速率特征参数对千粒重的相关分析可见,灌浆活跃期、灌浆速率最大时的生长量、最大灌浆速率对千粒重呈显著正相关,说明直播处理灌浆活跃期短、灌浆速率最大时的生长量低、灌浆速率慢,是导致千粒重较套种降低的原因。
开花后至花后30d直播处理叶片的叶绿素a和叶绿素(a+b)含量与套种相比差异较小,但自花后30d至成熟期直播处理叶片的叶绿素a和叶绿素(a+b)含量下降较快,显著低于套种。在整个灌浆期间,直播处理叶绿素b含量均显著低于套种,而叶绿素a/b值和类胡萝卜素含量均显著高于套种。
5夏玉米叶片衰老酶活性
夏玉米直播处理叶片的SOD、CAT、POD活性和可溶性蛋白含量在开花至灌浆中期与套种差异显著,而后下降较套种快,成熟期显著低于套种。MDA含量表现为随生育期的推迟逐渐升高,自开花至灌浆中期MDA含量增加趋势缓慢,直播处理叶片的MDA含量均低于套种;而灌浆后期,叶片的MDA含量增加明显,直播处理的MDA含量增加幅度较套种大,成熟期已显著高于套种处理。说明直播处理灌浆后期叶片的细胞膜脂过氧化程度加剧。
因此,通过有效调节资源配置,将冬小麦冗余的光温资源分配给C_4高光效作物玉米,是提高周年高产高效的重要途径。直播较套种有优势,在夏玉米大田生产条件下,重视叶片的光合生产特征,延缓叶片衰老,有利于提高夏玉米的光能利用率,进一步挖掘增产潜力。
The summer maize-winter wheat rotation is the main crop system in North China plain. The double late-cropping patterns of summer maize and winter wheat is of importance for annual high yield and high efficiency. In order to quantitatively analyze the effects of double late-cropping patterns of summer maize and winter wheat on increasing yield and high resource use efficiency, two cultivars of summer maize(Zhengdan958 and Denghai661) and one cultivar of winter wheat(Denghai5197) were sowed in the No.16 farmland of Denghai Seed Co. Ltd in Laizhou City, Shandong Province in 2008-2009. In addition, summer maize experiment was made simultaneously in Jining Institute of Agricultural Science and Liaocheng Institute of Agricultural Science. The effects of different sowing dates on the dry matter production, the photosynthesis characteristics and physiological characteristics of leaf, and annual yield performance of summer maize and winter wheat were analyzed, and distribution and utilization of annual solar and heat resources of summer maize and winter wheat were studied compared. The principal results were as follows:
1. Annual yield and yield components of summer maize and winter wheat in double late-cropping patterns
The grain yield of direct-seeding of summer maize was higher than interplant, and harvest ears were increased significantly, but thousand-grains weight was reduced. The correlation coefficient between yield components and yield showed that harvest ears were the main factor and there was a positive and significant relation between harvest ears and yield components. There was a negative relation amang grains number, thousand-grains weight and yield components, but the correlation coefficient was smaller and insignificant. the spike number of winter wheat was deceased, and thousand-grains weight was increased, and grain number per spike and grain yield was increased firstly and then decreased with the sowing date postponed, the maximum yield occurred on October 15. The annual yield of summer maize (change interplant to direct-planting, and the sowing date postponed to June 15) and winter wheat (the sowing date postponed to October 15) in double late sowing-cropping patterns was the highest.
2. Annual distribution and utilization of solar and heat resources of summer maize and winter wheat in double late-cropping patterns
The total growth days of direct-seeding of summer maize was shorter obviously than interplant, and the accumulative temperature and total solar radiation of direct-seeding were decreased respectively than interplant, which implied that distribution rate of solar and heat resources was lower than interplant. But utilization of solar resources of direct-seeding had obvious advantages, especially utilization of solar resources of grain was obviously improved.
The accumulative temperature and total solar radiation of traditional sowing date of winter wheat was evidently higher than late sowing date due to the total growth days of traditional sowing date was more by 6-11d than late sowing date. The utilization of solar resources of stem, leaf, grain and whole plant of winter wheat which sowed on October 15 was higher on average than which sowed on October 8 and 22. That indicated that winter wheat which postponed sowing date properly could improve utilization of solar resources.
The annual utilization of solar resources and accumulative temperature of summer maize which direct-seeding on June 15 and winter wheat which late sowed on October 15 were the highest by 3.6%-17.9% and 5.1%-25.0% than other sowing-date combinations.
3 Accumulation and distribution of dry matter of summer maize and winter wheat in double late-cropping patterns
Direct-seeding of summer maize had a higher accumulation of dry matter and a faster crop growth rate before flowering and after flowering compared with interplant, but the harvest index of direct-seeding was lower than interplant. The distribution rate of stem of summer maize was the biggest on flowering, and distribution rate of stem of direct-seeding was higher than interplant, but distribution rate of leaf was lower; the distribution rate of ear was the biggest on maturity, and distribution rate of ear of direct-seeding was lower than interplant. The correlation coefficient between distribution proportion of stem and leaf and distribution proportion of ear in different growth stages showed that there was a negative relation between distribution proportion of leaf and distribution proportion of ear on maturity, which meaned that the transport rate of dry matter from leaf to ear decreased.
Accumulation of dry matter and crop growth rate of winter wheat declined with delay of sowing date before flowering, but which increased firstly and then decreased with the sowing date postponed after flowering. Accumulation of dry matter and crop growth rate of sowing on October 15 were higher respectively than which sowed on October 8 and 22.
4 The photosynthesis characteristics of leaf of summer maize
The key period of grain yield performance and gradual senescence of physiological function of leaf was after flowering. Net photosynthesis rate of ear leaf of maize decreased gradually with growth course. Leaf area index and net photosynthetic rate of direct-seeding were higher than interplant significantly from flowering to 30d after anthesis, then it was decreased faster, especially rate of decline of leaf area index and net photosynthetic rate of direct-seeding was larger than interplant, and which was obviously lower on maturity.
Characters of grain filling by Richards’model showed direct-seeding reached the maximal grain-filling rate earlier than interplant, and the starting potential of direct-seeding was higher than interplant, while the grain filling period, active grain-filling period and Wmax were lower than interplant. The correlation coefficient between characteristic parameters of grain filling rate and thousand-grains weight showed that there was a positive and significant relation between active grain-filling period, growth weight during the period of maximal grain-filling rate, maximal grain-filling rate and thousand-grains weight. It showed the reason that active grain-filling period was shorter, growth weight during the period of maximal grain-filling rate was smaller, maximal grain-filling rate was slower which lead to decrease thousand-grains weight.
The differences of content of chla and chl(a+b) of leaf of direct-seeding was smaller than interplant from flowering to 30d after anthesis, but which decreased faster from 30d after anthesis to maturity. On the whole filling period, content of chlb of leaf of direct-seeding was lower respectively than interplant. On the contrary, chl a/b and carotenoid content of leaf of direct-seeding was higher respectively than interplant.
5. The aging enzyme activity of leaf of summer maize
Activity of SOD, CAT, POD and soluble protein content of leaf were different significantly between direct-seeding and interplant from flowering to middle filling period, and which were lower than interplant on maturity. MDA content promoted gradually with growth stage postponed. Content of MDA of direct-seeding was lower on average than interplant from flowering to middle filling period. But Content of MDA of direct-seeding ascended faster and higher significantly than interplant on later filling period. It indicated the lipid peroxidation extent of leaf of direct-seeding had enlarged on later filling period.
Thus, the double late-cropping patterns had good performances on grain yield and resource use efficiency. The high annual yield and high production efficiency in double late-cropping patterns were mainly subject to the cropping season of maize, a C_4 plant with high photosynthetic efficiency. Directing-seeding was proved to be superior to interplant under the field planting condition. In order to enhance high solar and heat utilization efficiency and excavate yield potential, it’s essential to improve the leaves photosynthesis efficiency and postpone their aging.
1夏玉米-冬小麦“双晚”周年产量及产量构成
夏玉米直播处理比套种处理籽粒产量增加,收获穗数显著增加,但千粒重有所降低。通过对产量和产量构成因素的相关系数可以看出,收获穗数是产量构成的主要因子,呈显著正相关,且两个品种均达到显著水平。穗粒数和千粒重对产量均呈负相关,但穗粒数和千粒重对产量的相关系数较小且不显著。冬小麦随播期的推迟,收获穗数逐渐降低,千粒重有所增加,穗粒数和籽粒产量呈先上升后降低趋势,最高产量出现在10月15日。夏玉米改套种为直播(播期推迟至6月15日)和冬小麦晚播(播期相应推迟至10月15日)“双晚”种植方式周年产量最高。
2夏玉米-冬小麦“双晚”周年光温资源分配利用
直播夏玉米全生育期天数明显短于套种,其生育期内总积温和辐射总量分别比套种减少,直播夏玉米对光温资源的占有率较套种低,但光能利用率具有明显优势,尤其直播光能利用率比套种明显提高。冬小麦全生育期内,由于传统播期比晚播生育期天数要多6～11 d,因此传统播期的总积温和总辐射量要明显高于晚播,10月15日播种在全生育期内茎叶、籽粒和全株的光能利用率均高于10月8日和10月22日,表明冬小麦适当晚播可以提高光能利用率。
夏玉米6月15日直播结合冬小麦10月15日晚播种得到的周年光能利用率和周年有效积温利用率最高,周年光能利用率和周年有效积温利用率相比其它组合分别提高3.6%～17.9%和5.1%～25.0%,说明适当推迟播期的夏玉米-冬小麦组合能提高周年光温资源利用率。
3夏玉米-冬小麦“双晚”干物质积累和分配
与套种相比,夏玉米直播在开花前和开花后均具有较大的干物质积累量和较快的干物质积累速率,但直播收获系数低于套种。开花期夏玉米的干物质积累分配比例最大的是茎秆,同时直播的茎秆分配比例较套种高,叶片分配比例较套种低;成熟期的干物质积累分配比例最大的的是果穗,且直播的果穗分配比例较套种降低。由各生育期茎叶分配比例与果穗分配比例的相关分析结果表明,成熟期叶片的分配比例对果穗分配比例呈显著负相关,说明直播处理成熟期叶片的干物质向果穗的转运率降低。
冬小麦开花前干物质积累量和干物质积累速率随播期的推迟呈下降趋势;开花后,冬小麦的干物质积累量和干物质积累速率随播期的推迟呈先上升后下降趋势,10月15日播期显著高于10月8日和10月22日。全生育期,10月15日播期的干物质积累量和干物质积累速率显著高于10月8日和10月22日。
4夏玉米叶片光合生产特性
开花后是籽粒产量形成的关键时期,也是植株生理功能渐衰期,玉米花后穗位叶净光合速率均表现出随生育进程逐渐降低的趋势。开花期至花后30 d,直播与套种的穗位叶净光合速率下降缓慢,且直播具有较高的净光合速率;花后30 d至收获期,穗位叶净光合速率降低较快,后期尤为明显,直播的穗位叶净光合速率下降幅度比套种大,成熟期已显著低于套种,这与叶面积指数后期的变化趋势基本一致。
直播处理达到最大灌浆速率的时间明显早于套种,起始势较套种高;但灌浆期、活跃灌浆期和灌浆速率最大时的生长量均低于套种,通过灌浆速率特征参数对千粒重的相关分析可见,灌浆活跃期、灌浆速率最大时的生长量、最大灌浆速率对千粒重呈显著正相关,说明直播处理灌浆活跃期短、灌浆速率最大时的生长量低、灌浆速率慢,是导致千粒重较套种降低的原因。
开花后至花后30d直播处理叶片的叶绿素a和叶绿素(a+b)含量与套种相比差异较小,但自花后30d至成熟期直播处理叶片的叶绿素a和叶绿素(a+b)含量下降较快,显著低于套种。在整个灌浆期间,直播处理叶绿素b含量均显著低于套种,而叶绿素a/b值和类胡萝卜素含量均显著高于套种。
5夏玉米叶片衰老酶活性
夏玉米直播处理叶片的SOD、CAT、POD活性和可溶性蛋白含量在开花至灌浆中期与套种差异显著,而后下降较套种快,成熟期显著低于套种。MDA含量表现为随生育期的推迟逐渐升高,自开花至灌浆中期MDA含量增加趋势缓慢,直播处理叶片的MDA含量均低于套种;而灌浆后期,叶片的MDA含量增加明显,直播处理的MDA含量增加幅度较套种大,成熟期已显著高于套种处理。说明直播处理灌浆后期叶片的细胞膜脂过氧化程度加剧。
因此,通过有效调节资源配置,将冬小麦冗余的光温资源分配给C_4高光效作物玉米,是提高周年高产高效的重要途径。直播较套种有优势,在夏玉米大田生产条件下,重视叶片的光合生产特征,延缓叶片衰老,有利于提高夏玉米的光能利用率,进一步挖掘增产潜力。
The summer maize-winter wheat rotation is the main crop system in North China plain. The double late-cropping patterns of summer maize and winter wheat is of importance for annual high yield and high efficiency. In order to quantitatively analyze the effects of double late-cropping patterns of summer maize and winter wheat on increasing yield and high resource use efficiency, two cultivars of summer maize(Zhengdan958 and Denghai661) and one cultivar of winter wheat(Denghai5197) were sowed in the No.16 farmland of Denghai Seed Co. Ltd in Laizhou City, Shandong Province in 2008-2009. In addition, summer maize experiment was made simultaneously in Jining Institute of Agricultural Science and Liaocheng Institute of Agricultural Science. The effects of different sowing dates on the dry matter production, the photosynthesis characteristics and physiological characteristics of leaf, and annual yield performance of summer maize and winter wheat were analyzed, and distribution and utilization of annual solar and heat resources of summer maize and winter wheat were studied compared. The principal results were as follows:
1. Annual yield and yield components of summer maize and winter wheat in double late-cropping patterns
The grain yield of direct-seeding of summer maize was higher than interplant, and harvest ears were increased significantly, but thousand-grains weight was reduced. The correlation coefficient between yield components and yield showed that harvest ears were the main factor and there was a positive and significant relation between harvest ears and yield components. There was a negative relation amang grains number, thousand-grains weight and yield components, but the correlation coefficient was smaller and insignificant. the spike number of winter wheat was deceased, and thousand-grains weight was increased, and grain number per spike and grain yield was increased firstly and then decreased with the sowing date postponed, the maximum yield occurred on October 15. The annual yield of summer maize (change interplant to direct-planting, and the sowing date postponed to June 15) and winter wheat (the sowing date postponed to October 15) in double late sowing-cropping patterns was the highest.
2. Annual distribution and utilization of solar and heat resources of summer maize and winter wheat in double late-cropping patterns
The total growth days of direct-seeding of summer maize was shorter obviously than interplant, and the accumulative temperature and total solar radiation of direct-seeding were decreased respectively than interplant, which implied that distribution rate of solar and heat resources was lower than interplant. But utilization of solar resources of direct-seeding had obvious advantages, especially utilization of solar resources of grain was obviously improved.
The accumulative temperature and total solar radiation of traditional sowing date of winter wheat was evidently higher than late sowing date due to the total growth days of traditional sowing date was more by 6-11d than late sowing date. The utilization of solar resources of stem, leaf, grain and whole plant of winter wheat which sowed on October 15 was higher on average than which sowed on October 8 and 22. That indicated that winter wheat which postponed sowing date properly could improve utilization of solar resources.
The annual utilization of solar resources and accumulative temperature of summer maize which direct-seeding on June 15 and winter wheat which late sowed on October 15 were the highest by 3.6%-17.9% and 5.1%-25.0% than other sowing-date combinations.
3 Accumulation and distribution of dry matter of summer maize and winter wheat in double late-cropping patterns
Direct-seeding of summer maize had a higher accumulation of dry matter and a faster crop growth rate before flowering and after flowering compared with interplant, but the harvest index of direct-seeding was lower than interplant. The distribution rate of stem of summer maize was the biggest on flowering, and distribution rate of stem of direct-seeding was higher than interplant, but distribution rate of leaf was lower; the distribution rate of ear was the biggest on maturity, and distribution rate of ear of direct-seeding was lower than interplant. The correlation coefficient between distribution proportion of stem and leaf and distribution proportion of ear in different growth stages showed that there was a negative relation between distribution proportion of leaf and distribution proportion of ear on maturity, which meaned that the transport rate of dry matter from leaf to ear decreased.
Accumulation of dry matter and crop growth rate of winter wheat declined with delay of sowing date before flowering, but which increased firstly and then decreased with the sowing date postponed after flowering. Accumulation of dry matter and crop growth rate of sowing on October 15 were higher respectively than which sowed on October 8 and 22.
4 The photosynthesis characteristics of leaf of summer maize
The key period of grain yield performance and gradual senescence of physiological function of leaf was after flowering. Net photosynthesis rate of ear leaf of maize decreased gradually with growth course. Leaf area index and net photosynthetic rate of direct-seeding were higher than interplant significantly from flowering to 30d after anthesis, then it was decreased faster, especially rate of decline of leaf area index and net photosynthetic rate of direct-seeding was larger than interplant, and which was obviously lower on maturity.
Characters of grain filling by Richards’model showed direct-seeding reached the maximal grain-filling rate earlier than interplant, and the starting potential of direct-seeding was higher than interplant, while the grain filling period, active grain-filling period and Wmax were lower than interplant. The correlation coefficient between characteristic parameters of grain filling rate and thousand-grains weight showed that there was a positive and significant relation between active grain-filling period, growth weight during the period of maximal grain-filling rate, maximal grain-filling rate and thousand-grains weight. It showed the reason that active grain-filling period was shorter, growth weight during the period of maximal grain-filling rate was smaller, maximal grain-filling rate was slower which lead to decrease thousand-grains weight.
The differences of content of chla and chl(a+b) of leaf of direct-seeding was smaller than interplant from flowering to 30d after anthesis, but which decreased faster from 30d after anthesis to maturity. On the whole filling period, content of chlb of leaf of direct-seeding was lower respectively than interplant. On the contrary, chl a/b and carotenoid content of leaf of direct-seeding was higher respectively than interplant.
5. The aging enzyme activity of leaf of summer maize
Activity of SOD, CAT, POD and soluble protein content of leaf were different significantly between direct-seeding and interplant from flowering to middle filling period, and which were lower than interplant on maturity. MDA content promoted gradually with growth stage postponed. Content of MDA of direct-seeding was lower on average than interplant from flowering to middle filling period. But Content of MDA of direct-seeding ascended faster and higher significantly than interplant on later filling period. It indicated the lipid peroxidation extent of leaf of direct-seeding had enlarged on later filling period.
Thus, the double late-cropping patterns had good performances on grain yield and resource use efficiency. The high annual yield and high production efficiency in double late-cropping patterns were mainly subject to the cropping season of maize, a C_4 plant with high photosynthetic efficiency. Directing-seeding was proved to be superior to interplant under the field planting condition. In order to enhance high solar and heat utilization efficiency and excavate yield potential, it’s essential to improve the leaves photosynthesis efficiency and postpone their aging.
引文
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