基于农户生产技术选择的农业技术推广体系研究
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摘要
现代科学技术的推广应用已成为农业发展的决定性因素,要实现传统农业向现代农业转变,必须依靠科技进步.从国际经验来看,农业科技支持已经成为重要的非价格农业保护工具之一,大多数国家都将农业技术推广应用作为政府扶持农业的一个重要手段.由于推广工作难以量化,我国政府为了减缓财政压力,对农业技术推广组织进行了一系列改革.但由于种种原因,改革并不彻底,在实践中一直存在着农业生产中是否需要农业技术推广活动、其性质应是公益性还是经营性等方面的争论,使我国的农业技术推广组织出现了“线断、网破、人散”等问题.农业技术推广工作乏力,每年有相当大比例科技成果不能及时大规模推广应用,形成了科技成果的无效输出。完善农业技术推广组织体系与机制,改善技术服务方式及服务效率,对提高技术成果转化率和我国农业国际竞争力具有重要意义.本文通过梳理农业技术推广体系发展历程,表明稳定的农业技术推广运行机制有利于农业技术推广活动的开展.
江苏省从北往南,经济发展水平逐渐提高,而小麦生产在家庭中的经济地位却随各地区经济发展水平提高而降低,研究江苏省不同地区农户采纳小麦生产技术现状,可以延伸出不同经济发展水平下的农户技术需求.同时,本研究将技术推广服务放在“科技入户工程”项目实施期内进行考察,通过研究农户的技术需求以及农业技术推广活动等因素对农户技术采纳的影响,对农业技术服务体系的改革和完善提供具有现实意义的对策参考.
基于以上分析,本研究利用农户问卷调查获得的第一手数据资料和相关统计资料,针对2006～2007年江苏省农户小麦生产行为,运用调查数据统计描述农户播耕种技术、施肥措施以及病虫草害防治等具体技术应用措施,对比分析不同地区农户以及“示范户”、“非示范户”的技术应用情况.调查样本分析表明:农户小规模、分散化的经营模式对技术需求提出了多样化要求.种植效益依然是农户采纳新技术的首要考虑因素,不同地区、不同类型农户的技术采纳行为差异不显著,农户技术应用水平并不乐观,技术推广效率亟待提高.
农户科技需求状况直接影响着农业科技推广应用方向与效果。针对农户需求意愿的研究结果表明,农户最主要的技术需求为新品种、病虫草害防治、播种技术和施肥技术,农业技术推广体系是农户最希望提供技术服务的组织,科研院所或农业院校与企业公司也是农业技术推广需求主体之一.本文认为,满足农户的技术需求,提高农户采纳新技术的积极性,必须强化农技推广服务能力,采取灵活的服务方式。通过充分发挥农村中先进农户的示范带头作用,运用多渠道、多种方式为农户提供及时、有效的技术服务。同时,农业技术推广体系还必须协调好无偿技术服务和有偿物资供应之间关系,增加经营性职能同时保证公益性职能的正常履行.
针对农户急需的品种技术、播种技术和施肥技术,运用经济计量模型分析结果如下:①农户选择品种时主要是依据自己的判断,会相据实际生产需要及时调整品种类型.受教育程度较高、年纪较轻以及家庭粮食收入较高农户的品种技术选择行为更加理性,会较早采纳优质小麦品种,更换小麦品种可能性也较高.②农户对技术认识的差异影响着技术采纳行为.当农户认为采用某项技术生产风险较大时,影响农户技术采用因素多为家庭禀赋,如土地规模、家庭人口数、麦地数等;而当某项技术需要生产者自己做出决策,并认为不存在风险时,影响技术采用因素多为农户个人禀赋,如年龄、教育等.③技术培训和与农技员的接触对农户技术采纳具有影响,但不同方式对不同技术采纳影响程度不同.对那些农户容易接受和掌握的技术,或者是那些受生产条件变化影响不大的技术,如播种量问题等,培训班效果较好.对于受生产条件限制或与农户传统生产技术措施有差异的技术,如拔节孕穗肥施用等,农技员与农户进行交流效果要好于培训班,特别是农户主动咨询技术指导员的效果更好。
在农业生产中农户享有充分的经营自主权,但受其自身知识水平等方面限制,其技术创新能力并不强,仍然需要农业部门、尤其是科研机构和技术推广机构的大力扶持。“科技入户工程”的实施,增加了技术员对部分农户技术指导时间,在一定程度上加强了农业技术推广部门对农户技术指导能力,对农户技术应用水平提高起到了积极地促进作用.因此。应适当增加农技员与农户交流;根据技术特性和农户对技术了解与认识选择合理推广方式,从解决农户实际生产问题出发进行的技术服务,有利于农户采用新技术.
运用柯布-道格拉斯生产函数对农户生产行为进一步分析表明:小麦生产存在显著的地区差异;化肥是影响小麦产量最主要物质投入要素;接受了更多技术指导的示范户,能够获得比一般农户更多的产量;两项关键技术——农户种子用量标准和拔节孕穗肥施用对产量增长具有显著地促进作用.虽然粮食生产,特别是小麦生产在农户家庭中经济地位已经下降,但给予农户适当技术指导,帮助农户采纳关键生产措施,通过合理使用要素生产,减少无效投入,可以提高要素的利用效率。
在上述研究的基础上,本研究指出,农户资源禀赋状况对技术推广服务提出了新挑战.农户有着较强的技术需求,但农户技术应用水平并不乐观,技术推广效率亟待提高.农户技术选择行为受多方面因素影响,需要针对不同技术类型采用不同推广服务方式,产量增长受生产投入要素的影响,技术采纳对产量增长具有显著地促进作用.为了改善技术服务水平,提高技术服务效率,本研究提出了如下政策含义:①对农民技术培训需要灵活多样的形式,并针对不同区域和不同类型农民采纳与之相适应培训方法。②完善现有农业技术推广体系,突出农技推广公益性职能;提高农技推广人员素质,建设一支能够真正深入农业生产一线、为农民提供实实在在服务的高素质农技推广队伍.③国家通过政策扶持等措施,为科研单位、大专院校农民合作组织、农业产业化龙头企业等开展农技推广服务营造良好环境,逐步构建一个以国家农技推广机构为主体、多元化发展新型农业技术推广网络。
The extension and application of modern science technology has become the determining factor of agricultural development. Transforming from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture must depend on the advanced technology. From the international experience, support of agricultural science and technology has already become one of important non-price agriculture protection tools. Most countries take the support of the application of the agricultural technology as the government agricultural important means. Because of the difficult quantification of extension work, the China government has carried on a series of reforms to the agricultural technology extension in order to relieve the financial pressure. China agricultural technology extension faces "broken line, broken net, dispersing human". The invalid work of agricultural technology extension causes that the quite great proportion of scientific and technical achievements can't be applied on large-scale every year. Therefore, perfecting agricultural technology extension mechanism and improving technical service means and efficiency will be greatly significant to raise the technical achievement conversion rate and our country agriculture international competitiveness.
The economic development level enhances gradually from north to south of Jiangsu Province. The status of wheat production in family economy reduces while the area economic development level improves. Study the situation of farmer's accepting the wheat production technical in different area of Jiangsu Province may extend farmers' technology demand under the different economic development level. At the same time, this study will see about the technology extension service over the carrying out of "the technical residence project". Through studying farmer's technical demand as well as the influence factors such as agriculture technology extension activities on the farmer's technology acceptance, it will provide practical significance policy-making basis for the agricultural technology services extension reform and perfecting.
Based on the above analysis, the research obtains the first data and the related statistical data with the farmers' questionnaire investigation. In view of 2006～2007 year farmer's wheat production behavior of Jiangsu Province, describing farmer's concrete technical application measure with the cruising data, contrastively analyzing situation of farmer's technology application of different areas and the situation of the fugleman' and non-fugleman' technology application, we may provide the countermeasure reference for raising the technical service efficiency. The analysis of sample indicates that the small scale and the decentralized model of farmer put forward diverse request on the technology demand. The planting benefit is still the most important factor which affects whether farmers accept new technology. The difference on the behavior of technology application of farmers of different areas or the difference types is not remarkable. As a kind of production technology which has been extended for many years, the farmers' technology application level is not very high. The technology extension service efficiency needs to be urgently enhanced.
The farmer's demand of science and technology immediately influences the direction and effect of agriculture science and technology extension application. The result of the study on the peasant household demand wishes suggests that the farmers' most technology demands are the new breed, the prevention and cure of plant disease including the insect pest or grass harm, the sowing seeds technology and the fertilization technology. The agriculture technology extension organization which is such an organization that farmers mostly hope to provide the technical service. The academies of agricultural sciences or the agricultural universities and the enterprises are also one of the main bodies of agricultural technology extension. So we think that the government should meet farmer's technical need, enhance the farmer's enthusiasm to use new technology, strengthen the ability of agricultural technology extension service and take flexible means of service. The government should provide effective technology service betimes through exerting the leading function fully of advanced farmers and applying various channels and means. At the same time, agriculture technology extension organization should harmonize the relationship between free technology service and material providing which is not free. And it should ensure the function of public welfare fulfilled normally while enhancing the function of management.
Regarding the farmer urgent need of breed technology, semination technology and fertilization technology, we can get the following results by utilizing the econometric model analysis.①When the farmers choose the breed, they mainly depend on their own judge, and adjust the breed type promptly according to the actual production.②The farmers' different understandings of the technology affect the new technology adoption.③The technical training and the contact with agricultural technology personnel influences the farmers' acceptance of agriculture technology. However, different ways affect different technology differently.
The farmer enjoys the full independence in the agricultural production, but because of limitation on their own knowledge level and other aspects, and their weak innovation ability, so they still need the support of agriculture department, particularly the academy of agricultural sciences and the technology extension. The implementation of the "Technology Residence Project" increases the time that the technician may apply to instruct farmers, which to some extent intensify the ability of agriculture technology extension department. As a result, technology extension depends on the technology character and farmers' understanding of the technology. Meanwhile, adopting reasonable ways to extend and enhancing the communication between technician and farmers can solve the problems in practical production in order to get it beneficial for farmers applying new technology.
The result of the production function indicates: wheat production exists remarkable regional difference and the chemical fertilizer is the primary material investment which affects the output of wheat production most. The fugleman obtains more output through accepting more technologies. The two key technologies can promote production significantly. Though the economic status of food production, especially the wheat production, has already dropped among the farmers, the suitable technical guidance will increase the efficiency of product factors, by adopting the key technologies.
Based on above research, the research pointed out that the farmer's resources talent condition presented a new challenge to the technology extension service. The farmer has strong technical demand, but the technology application level is not very high, the efficiency of technology extension service urgently needs to be enhanced. The choice behavior of farmer's technology is influenced by various factors, needing to select the different extension service method according to the different technical type. The production investment influences output, the acceptance of technology can obviously promote the output. In order to improve the technical service level, raises the technical service efficiency, the research proposed the following policy meaning. First, adopt flexible training ways to train farmers of different areas and different types. Second, perfect the existing agricultural technology extension network, prominent agricultural technology extension public welfare function. Through improving the ability of agricultural technology extension workers, establish a high qualified troop which can come to the frontline of agriculture in order to supply some concrete service for the farmers. Third, the government should create favorable circumstance for scientific research units, farmer cooperation organization of junior colleges and agriculture industrialization leading enterprises by policy support and construct a new multiplex development agricultural technology extension system.
江苏省从北往南,经济发展水平逐渐提高,而小麦生产在家庭中的经济地位却随各地区经济发展水平提高而降低,研究江苏省不同地区农户采纳小麦生产技术现状,可以延伸出不同经济发展水平下的农户技术需求.同时,本研究将技术推广服务放在“科技入户工程”项目实施期内进行考察,通过研究农户的技术需求以及农业技术推广活动等因素对农户技术采纳的影响,对农业技术服务体系的改革和完善提供具有现实意义的对策参考.
基于以上分析,本研究利用农户问卷调查获得的第一手数据资料和相关统计资料,针对2006～2007年江苏省农户小麦生产行为,运用调查数据统计描述农户播耕种技术、施肥措施以及病虫草害防治等具体技术应用措施,对比分析不同地区农户以及“示范户”、“非示范户”的技术应用情况.调查样本分析表明:农户小规模、分散化的经营模式对技术需求提出了多样化要求.种植效益依然是农户采纳新技术的首要考虑因素,不同地区、不同类型农户的技术采纳行为差异不显著,农户技术应用水平并不乐观,技术推广效率亟待提高.
农户科技需求状况直接影响着农业科技推广应用方向与效果。针对农户需求意愿的研究结果表明,农户最主要的技术需求为新品种、病虫草害防治、播种技术和施肥技术,农业技术推广体系是农户最希望提供技术服务的组织,科研院所或农业院校与企业公司也是农业技术推广需求主体之一.本文认为,满足农户的技术需求,提高农户采纳新技术的积极性,必须强化农技推广服务能力,采取灵活的服务方式。通过充分发挥农村中先进农户的示范带头作用,运用多渠道、多种方式为农户提供及时、有效的技术服务。同时,农业技术推广体系还必须协调好无偿技术服务和有偿物资供应之间关系,增加经营性职能同时保证公益性职能的正常履行.
针对农户急需的品种技术、播种技术和施肥技术,运用经济计量模型分析结果如下:①农户选择品种时主要是依据自己的判断,会相据实际生产需要及时调整品种类型.受教育程度较高、年纪较轻以及家庭粮食收入较高农户的品种技术选择行为更加理性,会较早采纳优质小麦品种,更换小麦品种可能性也较高.②农户对技术认识的差异影响着技术采纳行为.当农户认为采用某项技术生产风险较大时,影响农户技术采用因素多为家庭禀赋,如土地规模、家庭人口数、麦地数等;而当某项技术需要生产者自己做出决策,并认为不存在风险时,影响技术采用因素多为农户个人禀赋,如年龄、教育等.③技术培训和与农技员的接触对农户技术采纳具有影响,但不同方式对不同技术采纳影响程度不同.对那些农户容易接受和掌握的技术,或者是那些受生产条件变化影响不大的技术,如播种量问题等,培训班效果较好.对于受生产条件限制或与农户传统生产技术措施有差异的技术,如拔节孕穗肥施用等,农技员与农户进行交流效果要好于培训班,特别是农户主动咨询技术指导员的效果更好。
在农业生产中农户享有充分的经营自主权,但受其自身知识水平等方面限制,其技术创新能力并不强,仍然需要农业部门、尤其是科研机构和技术推广机构的大力扶持。“科技入户工程”的实施,增加了技术员对部分农户技术指导时间,在一定程度上加强了农业技术推广部门对农户技术指导能力,对农户技术应用水平提高起到了积极地促进作用.因此。应适当增加农技员与农户交流;根据技术特性和农户对技术了解与认识选择合理推广方式,从解决农户实际生产问题出发进行的技术服务,有利于农户采用新技术.
运用柯布-道格拉斯生产函数对农户生产行为进一步分析表明:小麦生产存在显著的地区差异;化肥是影响小麦产量最主要物质投入要素;接受了更多技术指导的示范户,能够获得比一般农户更多的产量;两项关键技术——农户种子用量标准和拔节孕穗肥施用对产量增长具有显著地促进作用.虽然粮食生产,特别是小麦生产在农户家庭中经济地位已经下降,但给予农户适当技术指导,帮助农户采纳关键生产措施,通过合理使用要素生产,减少无效投入,可以提高要素的利用效率。
在上述研究的基础上,本研究指出,农户资源禀赋状况对技术推广服务提出了新挑战.农户有着较强的技术需求,但农户技术应用水平并不乐观,技术推广效率亟待提高.农户技术选择行为受多方面因素影响,需要针对不同技术类型采用不同推广服务方式,产量增长受生产投入要素的影响,技术采纳对产量增长具有显著地促进作用.为了改善技术服务水平,提高技术服务效率,本研究提出了如下政策含义:①对农民技术培训需要灵活多样的形式,并针对不同区域和不同类型农民采纳与之相适应培训方法。②完善现有农业技术推广体系,突出农技推广公益性职能;提高农技推广人员素质,建设一支能够真正深入农业生产一线、为农民提供实实在在服务的高素质农技推广队伍.③国家通过政策扶持等措施,为科研单位、大专院校农民合作组织、农业产业化龙头企业等开展农技推广服务营造良好环境,逐步构建一个以国家农技推广机构为主体、多元化发展新型农业技术推广网络。
The extension and application of modern science technology has become the determining factor of agricultural development. Transforming from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture must depend on the advanced technology. From the international experience, support of agricultural science and technology has already become one of important non-price agriculture protection tools. Most countries take the support of the application of the agricultural technology as the government agricultural important means. Because of the difficult quantification of extension work, the China government has carried on a series of reforms to the agricultural technology extension in order to relieve the financial pressure. China agricultural technology extension faces "broken line, broken net, dispersing human". The invalid work of agricultural technology extension causes that the quite great proportion of scientific and technical achievements can't be applied on large-scale every year. Therefore, perfecting agricultural technology extension mechanism and improving technical service means and efficiency will be greatly significant to raise the technical achievement conversion rate and our country agriculture international competitiveness.
The economic development level enhances gradually from north to south of Jiangsu Province. The status of wheat production in family economy reduces while the area economic development level improves. Study the situation of farmer's accepting the wheat production technical in different area of Jiangsu Province may extend farmers' technology demand under the different economic development level. At the same time, this study will see about the technology extension service over the carrying out of "the technical residence project". Through studying farmer's technical demand as well as the influence factors such as agriculture technology extension activities on the farmer's technology acceptance, it will provide practical significance policy-making basis for the agricultural technology services extension reform and perfecting.
Based on the above analysis, the research obtains the first data and the related statistical data with the farmers' questionnaire investigation. In view of 2006～2007 year farmer's wheat production behavior of Jiangsu Province, describing farmer's concrete technical application measure with the cruising data, contrastively analyzing situation of farmer's technology application of different areas and the situation of the fugleman' and non-fugleman' technology application, we may provide the countermeasure reference for raising the technical service efficiency. The analysis of sample indicates that the small scale and the decentralized model of farmer put forward diverse request on the technology demand. The planting benefit is still the most important factor which affects whether farmers accept new technology. The difference on the behavior of technology application of farmers of different areas or the difference types is not remarkable. As a kind of production technology which has been extended for many years, the farmers' technology application level is not very high. The technology extension service efficiency needs to be urgently enhanced.
The farmer's demand of science and technology immediately influences the direction and effect of agriculture science and technology extension application. The result of the study on the peasant household demand wishes suggests that the farmers' most technology demands are the new breed, the prevention and cure of plant disease including the insect pest or grass harm, the sowing seeds technology and the fertilization technology. The agriculture technology extension organization which is such an organization that farmers mostly hope to provide the technical service. The academies of agricultural sciences or the agricultural universities and the enterprises are also one of the main bodies of agricultural technology extension. So we think that the government should meet farmer's technical need, enhance the farmer's enthusiasm to use new technology, strengthen the ability of agricultural technology extension service and take flexible means of service. The government should provide effective technology service betimes through exerting the leading function fully of advanced farmers and applying various channels and means. At the same time, agriculture technology extension organization should harmonize the relationship between free technology service and material providing which is not free. And it should ensure the function of public welfare fulfilled normally while enhancing the function of management.
Regarding the farmer urgent need of breed technology, semination technology and fertilization technology, we can get the following results by utilizing the econometric model analysis.①When the farmers choose the breed, they mainly depend on their own judge, and adjust the breed type promptly according to the actual production.②The farmers' different understandings of the technology affect the new technology adoption.③The technical training and the contact with agricultural technology personnel influences the farmers' acceptance of agriculture technology. However, different ways affect different technology differently.
The farmer enjoys the full independence in the agricultural production, but because of limitation on their own knowledge level and other aspects, and their weak innovation ability, so they still need the support of agriculture department, particularly the academy of agricultural sciences and the technology extension. The implementation of the "Technology Residence Project" increases the time that the technician may apply to instruct farmers, which to some extent intensify the ability of agriculture technology extension department. As a result, technology extension depends on the technology character and farmers' understanding of the technology. Meanwhile, adopting reasonable ways to extend and enhancing the communication between technician and farmers can solve the problems in practical production in order to get it beneficial for farmers applying new technology.
The result of the production function indicates: wheat production exists remarkable regional difference and the chemical fertilizer is the primary material investment which affects the output of wheat production most. The fugleman obtains more output through accepting more technologies. The two key technologies can promote production significantly. Though the economic status of food production, especially the wheat production, has already dropped among the farmers, the suitable technical guidance will increase the efficiency of product factors, by adopting the key technologies.
Based on above research, the research pointed out that the farmer's resources talent condition presented a new challenge to the technology extension service. The farmer has strong technical demand, but the technology application level is not very high, the efficiency of technology extension service urgently needs to be enhanced. The choice behavior of farmer's technology is influenced by various factors, needing to select the different extension service method according to the different technical type. The production investment influences output, the acceptance of technology can obviously promote the output. In order to improve the technical service level, raises the technical service efficiency, the research proposed the following policy meaning. First, adopt flexible training ways to train farmers of different areas and different types. Second, perfect the existing agricultural technology extension network, prominent agricultural technology extension public welfare function. Through improving the ability of agricultural technology extension workers, establish a high qualified troop which can come to the frontline of agriculture in order to supply some concrete service for the farmers. Third, the government should create favorable circumstance for scientific research units, farmer cooperation organization of junior colleges and agriculture industrialization leading enterprises by policy support and construct a new multiplex development agricultural technology extension system.
引文
1 1978年12月中共中央关于加快农业发展若干问题的决定。[EB/OL].http://www.china.com.cn/policy/zhuanti/yh/txt/2004-02/09/content_5493900.htm,2004-02-09.
1 1988年5月,《国务院关于深化科技体制改革若干问题的决定》.
1 《中华人民共和国农业技术推广法》第二十二条--第二十八条.
2 1999年《关于稳定基层农业技术推广体系的意见》(国办发(1999)79号文件).
1 2001年4月《农业科技发展纲要(2001-2010年)》(国发(2001)12号文件).
1 2001年《江苏省省政府关于加强和改进农技推广体系建设的通知》(苏政发[2001]160号).
2 2002年《江苏省省编办等部门关于加强和改进农技推广服务体系建设有关问题意见的通知》(苏政发[2002]147号).
1 2000年《中共中央、国务院关于进行农村税费改革试点工作的通知》(中发[2000]号文件).
1 《全国农业科技入户示范工程管理办法(试行)》(农办科[2005]40号).
2 《江苏省关于推进农业科技入户工作的意见》(苏农科[2004]19号).
3 《江苏省农业科技入户示范工程管理办法(试行)》(苏农科[2006]5号).
4 本文所指“县”包括县级市和行政县。
1 2006年“科技入户工程”在江苏省全面展开,这里示范县的示范户指小麦生产示范户,非示范县的示范户指其他项目的示范户.
1 《全国农业科技入户示范工程管理办法(试行)》(农办科[2005]40号).
1 资料来源:优质弱筋专用小麦籽粒品质形成的生理机制及调控模式(江苏省自然科学基金重点项目,基金号:BK2002025).
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1 1988年5月,《国务院关于深化科技体制改革若干问题的决定》.
1 《中华人民共和国农业技术推广法》第二十二条--第二十八条.
2 1999年《关于稳定基层农业技术推广体系的意见》(国办发(1999)79号文件).
1 2001年4月《农业科技发展纲要(2001-2010年)》(国发(2001)12号文件).
1 2001年《江苏省省政府关于加强和改进农技推广体系建设的通知》(苏政发[2001]160号).
2 2002年《江苏省省编办等部门关于加强和改进农技推广服务体系建设有关问题意见的通知》(苏政发[2002]147号).
1 2000年《中共中央、国务院关于进行农村税费改革试点工作的通知》(中发[2000]号文件).
1 《全国农业科技入户示范工程管理办法(试行)》(农办科[2005]40号).
2 《江苏省关于推进农业科技入户工作的意见》(苏农科[2004]19号).
3 《江苏省农业科技入户示范工程管理办法(试行)》(苏农科[2006]5号).
4 本文所指“县”包括县级市和行政县。
1 2006年“科技入户工程”在江苏省全面展开,这里示范县的示范户指小麦生产示范户,非示范县的示范户指其他项目的示范户.
1 《全国农业科技入户示范工程管理办法(试行)》(农办科[2005]40号).
1 资料来源:优质弱筋专用小麦籽粒品质形成的生理机制及调控模式(江苏省自然科学基金重点项目,基金号:BK2002025).
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