山东省大型真菌生物多样性研究
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摘要
本文对山东省大型真菌物种多样性、区系组成、大型真菌与不同植被类型之间的相关性以及珍稀资源濒危评价与保育等方面进行了研究。
物种多样性研究,通过对山东省范围内的野外采集共获得大型真菌标本2086份,共鉴定出435种,隶属于2门、6纲、20目、64科、166属,其中,食用菌123种,药用菌90种,有毒菌31种,并发现新种2个,中国新记录种12个,山东省新记录286个。物种多样性编目按《Dictionary of The Fungi》第十版(2008)系统排列。
区系组成上看,含10种以上的优势科有12科270种,占总科数的18.75%,占总种数的62.06%。优势科分别为伞菌科Agaricaceae、鹅膏科Amanitaceae、小皮伞科Marasmiaceae、多孔菌科Polyporaceae、小菇科Mycenaceae、球盖菇科Strophariaceae、牛肝菌科Boletaceae、口蘑科Tricholomataceae、小脆柄菇科Psathyrellaceae、丝盖伞科Inocybaceae、粉褶菌科Entolomataceae、红菇科Russulaceae,超过本区总种数的一半。大型真菌北温带分布属53属,占属数的31.92%,北温带分布种150种,占总种数的34%,区系分布具有明显的北温带特征,同时其它区系成分也占有一定的比率,说明山东省大型真菌区系的组成上具有较为复杂多样的特点。区系亲缘关系上与韩国的相似性系数无论是在属的程度还是种的程度都具有较高(56.89%和40.57%)的相似性,说明两地大型真菌在起源上具有密切的联系,与内陆华北、华中、东北等区系成分的比较,也表现出较高的相似性。
大型真菌区系与植被类型相关性研究发现：1)在山东省四个代表性植被区中(A1)与(A2)的多样性指数均比另外两个植被区的要高,这是由于山东半岛和鲁中南山地受海洋性气候影响雨量充足、植被茂密,植被类型组成复杂多变所致。鲁西南和鲁西北主要以人工林及盐生植被为主,且属于内陆地区,干旱少雨,因此大型真菌分布种数少,但分布比较均匀,这是造成这两植被区大型真菌的多样性指数较低,而均匀度指数较高的因素；2)不同植被类型中大型真菌区系组成的比率与植物区系组成的比率具有显著的相关性,大型真菌区系组成的比率随着植物区系组成的比率的增高而增高,说明大型真菌的区系组成上受植物区系组成的影响；3)综合物种多样性、均匀度、濒危评价和优先保护评价,对四个植被区的重点保护区域进行了评价,各不同区域关键度排列顺序为A1>A2>A3>A4。最终确定山东半岛丘陵植被区(A1)、鲁中南山地丘陵植被区(A2)作为山东省大型真菌多样性保育的关键区域。
通过对珍稀资源濒危物种评价与保育研究,发现山东省共有食用菌123种,药用菌90种,其中野生贸易真菌有60种。参照其它生物类群优先保护评价的研究方法,同时结合大型真菌的生物学、生态学特性,建立了山东省大型真菌物种濒危评价和优先保育评估体系,采用层次分析法(AHP)和专家咨询相结合的方法确定个评价层次的目标权重。对分布在该地区的175种物种的濒危程度和优先保育物种进行了评价,结果显示濒危种4种、脆危种34种、敏感种74种、安全种63种。一级保护物种有7种、二级保护物种有25种、三级保护物种有33种、暂缓保护物种有110种。通过此项研究掌握了该地区大型真菌物种的生存状态,为大型真菌资源的有效保护提供了科学依据。
以灵芝为例进行了重要菌物资源核心种质资源库的建立。通过贝叶斯分析(Bayesian analysis)和核苷酸多态性分析等方法,对山东省灵芝种质资源遗传多样性异质性进行了评价。分析表明,山东灵芝资源共有4种,分别为G. sichuanense、G. lucidum、G. australe和G. ramosissimum。最终确立了G. australe(菌株编号：110901-10)、G. ramosissimum(菌株编号：100622-3、100702)、G. lucidum(菌株编号：110825-28、110903-14)和G. sichuanense(菌株编号：100723-54、090711、090724、120830-23、120819-5、110830-24)菌株作为山东省灵芝核心种质资源库。
The catalogue of macrofungi, mycobiota, relationship between species diversity and different vegetation type in Shandong province were studied in the present thesis, as well as the evaluation of endangered species and conservation.
A total of2086macrofungi specimens were collected, and435were identified. They are belonging to2phylumes,6classes,20orders,64families and166genera. Among them,123species were edible,90species were medicinal, and2species were poisonous. Two new species were discovered, as well as12were species new to China and286species were new to Shandong province. The species catalogue was arranged according to the taxonomic system of.
As for the mycobiota,10dominant families with more than12species are18.75%to the total family number, and270species belonging to the dominant family which contributes62.06%to the total species number. There were Agaricaceae, Amanitaceae, Marasmiaceae, Polyporaceae, Mycenaceae, Strophariaceae, Boletaceae, Tricholomataceae, Psathyrellaceae, Inocybaceae, Russulaceae and Entolomataceae. The number of temprate genera is53, which contributes31.92%to the total genera number; and the number of temperate species is150, contributes34%to the total species number. The mycobiota of macrofungi is of distinct north temperate character, although other elements of mycobiota also exist. It is suggested that the mycobiota in Shandong province is diverse, however, is dominant by Norht temperate elements. The mycobiota in Shandong province shares high similarity with South Korea, which indicates that the close relationship for the origin of macrofungi. The similarity of mycobiota between Shandong and Northern, Central and Northeastern China were also observed respectively, which indicates that the diverse origin of mycobiota in Shandong province.
The relationship of mycobiota and vegetation type were studied, and it was suggested that1) the diversity indexes of A1and A2vegetated area were higher than others among four vegetated type in Shandong province. The climate of Shandong Peninsula as well as Central and Southern Shandong is subject to ocean influences, with plenty of rain, dense vegetation and complex and changeable vegetation type, which contribute to the high diversity indexes in these areas. The climate of south-west, north-west Shandong belong to the inland, with lack of rain, artificial forest and saline vegetation, which contributes to the less diversity index of macrofungi species, but the species distribution were more even.2) The ratio of mycobiota in different vegetations correlated positively with such ratio of plants. Such a result indicated that composition of mycobiota correlated with the composition of plant flora.3) The key area for the conservation of macrofungi was determined by the comprehensive analysis of species diversity, species evenness, endangering evaluation and evaluation of conservation priority. It was indicated that the hill vegetation in Shandong peninsula, and mountain-hill vegetation type in South-central Shandong were the key area for the conservation of macrofungi.
The evaluation and conservation of endangered species of macrofungi in Shandong were studied, and the result showed that edible and medicinal fungi were123and90species, respectively. The wild commercial fungi were60species among them. The evaluation system of endangered grade and conservation priority of macrofungi was established according to the evaluation of conservation priority in other biological groups and to its biological and ecological characteristics of macrofungi. The object weight of evaluation level was established according to the combination method of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and expert consultation. The evaluation standard of endangered grade and protection level of macrofungi of Shandong province was established. The endangering degree and the priority for conservation of175species were evaluated by the system. The results showed that4are endangered species,34are vulnerable species,74are lower risk species,63are safety species; and7species belonged to the first class conservation,25species belonged to the second,33species belonged to the third and110species belonged to delayed conservation. Such a result provided scientific base for the efficient conservation of macrofungi in this area.
The core collection of the key Fungal resources was established by a case study of Ganoderma in Shandong. Based on Bayes analysis and nucleotide polymorphism analysis, the heterogeneity of genetic diversity of Ganoderma were evaluated. The results showed that4species were existed in Shandong, namely G. sichuanense, G. lucidum, G. australe and G. ramosissimum. The core collection of Ganoderma was established by composing the following strains:G. australe (110901-10), G. ramosissimum (100622-3,100702), G. lucidum (110825-28,110903-14) and G. sichuanense (100723-54,090711,090724,120830-23,120819-5,110830-24).
物种多样性研究,通过对山东省范围内的野外采集共获得大型真菌标本2086份,共鉴定出435种,隶属于2门、6纲、20目、64科、166属,其中,食用菌123种,药用菌90种,有毒菌31种,并发现新种2个,中国新记录种12个,山东省新记录286个。物种多样性编目按《Dictionary of The Fungi》第十版(2008)系统排列。
区系组成上看,含10种以上的优势科有12科270种,占总科数的18.75%,占总种数的62.06%。优势科分别为伞菌科Agaricaceae、鹅膏科Amanitaceae、小皮伞科Marasmiaceae、多孔菌科Polyporaceae、小菇科Mycenaceae、球盖菇科Strophariaceae、牛肝菌科Boletaceae、口蘑科Tricholomataceae、小脆柄菇科Psathyrellaceae、丝盖伞科Inocybaceae、粉褶菌科Entolomataceae、红菇科Russulaceae,超过本区总种数的一半。大型真菌北温带分布属53属,占属数的31.92%,北温带分布种150种,占总种数的34%,区系分布具有明显的北温带特征,同时其它区系成分也占有一定的比率,说明山东省大型真菌区系的组成上具有较为复杂多样的特点。区系亲缘关系上与韩国的相似性系数无论是在属的程度还是种的程度都具有较高(56.89%和40.57%)的相似性,说明两地大型真菌在起源上具有密切的联系,与内陆华北、华中、东北等区系成分的比较,也表现出较高的相似性。
大型真菌区系与植被类型相关性研究发现：1)在山东省四个代表性植被区中(A1)与(A2)的多样性指数均比另外两个植被区的要高,这是由于山东半岛和鲁中南山地受海洋性气候影响雨量充足、植被茂密,植被类型组成复杂多变所致。鲁西南和鲁西北主要以人工林及盐生植被为主,且属于内陆地区,干旱少雨,因此大型真菌分布种数少,但分布比较均匀,这是造成这两植被区大型真菌的多样性指数较低,而均匀度指数较高的因素；2)不同植被类型中大型真菌区系组成的比率与植物区系组成的比率具有显著的相关性,大型真菌区系组成的比率随着植物区系组成的比率的增高而增高,说明大型真菌的区系组成上受植物区系组成的影响；3)综合物种多样性、均匀度、濒危评价和优先保护评价,对四个植被区的重点保护区域进行了评价,各不同区域关键度排列顺序为A1>A2>A3>A4。最终确定山东半岛丘陵植被区(A1)、鲁中南山地丘陵植被区(A2)作为山东省大型真菌多样性保育的关键区域。
通过对珍稀资源濒危物种评价与保育研究,发现山东省共有食用菌123种,药用菌90种,其中野生贸易真菌有60种。参照其它生物类群优先保护评价的研究方法,同时结合大型真菌的生物学、生态学特性,建立了山东省大型真菌物种濒危评价和优先保育评估体系,采用层次分析法(AHP)和专家咨询相结合的方法确定个评价层次的目标权重。对分布在该地区的175种物种的濒危程度和优先保育物种进行了评价,结果显示濒危种4种、脆危种34种、敏感种74种、安全种63种。一级保护物种有7种、二级保护物种有25种、三级保护物种有33种、暂缓保护物种有110种。通过此项研究掌握了该地区大型真菌物种的生存状态,为大型真菌资源的有效保护提供了科学依据。
以灵芝为例进行了重要菌物资源核心种质资源库的建立。通过贝叶斯分析(Bayesian analysis)和核苷酸多态性分析等方法,对山东省灵芝种质资源遗传多样性异质性进行了评价。分析表明,山东灵芝资源共有4种,分别为G. sichuanense、G. lucidum、G. australe和G. ramosissimum。最终确立了G. australe(菌株编号：110901-10)、G. ramosissimum(菌株编号：100622-3、100702)、G. lucidum(菌株编号：110825-28、110903-14)和G. sichuanense(菌株编号：100723-54、090711、090724、120830-23、120819-5、110830-24)菌株作为山东省灵芝核心种质资源库。
The catalogue of macrofungi, mycobiota, relationship between species diversity and different vegetation type in Shandong province were studied in the present thesis, as well as the evaluation of endangered species and conservation.
A total of2086macrofungi specimens were collected, and435were identified. They are belonging to2phylumes,6classes,20orders,64families and166genera. Among them,123species were edible,90species were medicinal, and2species were poisonous. Two new species were discovered, as well as12were species new to China and286species were new to Shandong province. The species catalogue was arranged according to the taxonomic system of
As for the mycobiota,10dominant families with more than12species are18.75%to the total family number, and270species belonging to the dominant family which contributes62.06%to the total species number. There were Agaricaceae, Amanitaceae, Marasmiaceae, Polyporaceae, Mycenaceae, Strophariaceae, Boletaceae, Tricholomataceae, Psathyrellaceae, Inocybaceae, Russulaceae and Entolomataceae. The number of temprate genera is53, which contributes31.92%to the total genera number; and the number of temperate species is150, contributes34%to the total species number. The mycobiota of macrofungi is of distinct north temperate character, although other elements of mycobiota also exist. It is suggested that the mycobiota in Shandong province is diverse, however, is dominant by Norht temperate elements. The mycobiota in Shandong province shares high similarity with South Korea, which indicates that the close relationship for the origin of macrofungi. The similarity of mycobiota between Shandong and Northern, Central and Northeastern China were also observed respectively, which indicates that the diverse origin of mycobiota in Shandong province.
The relationship of mycobiota and vegetation type were studied, and it was suggested that1) the diversity indexes of A1and A2vegetated area were higher than others among four vegetated type in Shandong province. The climate of Shandong Peninsula as well as Central and Southern Shandong is subject to ocean influences, with plenty of rain, dense vegetation and complex and changeable vegetation type, which contribute to the high diversity indexes in these areas. The climate of south-west, north-west Shandong belong to the inland, with lack of rain, artificial forest and saline vegetation, which contributes to the less diversity index of macrofungi species, but the species distribution were more even.2) The ratio of mycobiota in different vegetations correlated positively with such ratio of plants. Such a result indicated that composition of mycobiota correlated with the composition of plant flora.3) The key area for the conservation of macrofungi was determined by the comprehensive analysis of species diversity, species evenness, endangering evaluation and evaluation of conservation priority. It was indicated that the hill vegetation in Shandong peninsula, and mountain-hill vegetation type in South-central Shandong were the key area for the conservation of macrofungi.
The evaluation and conservation of endangered species of macrofungi in Shandong were studied, and the result showed that edible and medicinal fungi were123and90species, respectively. The wild commercial fungi were60species among them. The evaluation system of endangered grade and conservation priority of macrofungi was established according to the evaluation of conservation priority in other biological groups and to its biological and ecological characteristics of macrofungi. The object weight of evaluation level was established according to the combination method of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and expert consultation. The evaluation standard of endangered grade and protection level of macrofungi of Shandong province was established. The endangering degree and the priority for conservation of175species were evaluated by the system. The results showed that4are endangered species,34are vulnerable species,74are lower risk species,63are safety species; and7species belonged to the first class conservation,25species belonged to the second,33species belonged to the third and110species belonged to delayed conservation. Such a result provided scientific base for the efficient conservation of macrofungi in this area.
The core collection of the key Fungal resources was established by a case study of Ganoderma in Shandong. Based on Bayes analysis and nucleotide polymorphism analysis, the heterogeneity of genetic diversity of Ganoderma were evaluated. The results showed that4species were existed in Shandong, namely G. sichuanense, G. lucidum, G. australe and G. ramosissimum. The core collection of Ganoderma was established by composing the following strains:G. australe (110901-10), G. ramosissimum (100622-3,100702), G. lucidum (110825-28,110903-14) and G. sichuanense (100723-54,090711,090724,120830-23,120819-5,110830-24).
引文
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