利用大头金蝇幼虫生物转化餐厨垃圾的研究
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摘要
城市餐厨垃圾具有环境废弃物和可循环利用资源的双重特点。餐厨垃圾产量大，水、油脂及盐含量高，易腐烂发臭而成为困扰城市的一大难题；同时，其富含蛋白质、淀粉和油脂等营养物质，又是可循环利用的生物质资源。目前，城市餐厨垃圾的处理方式主要有卫生填埋和焚烧，少部分用堆肥方式处理。现有处理技术均将城市餐厨垃圾当作城市废弃物来对待，存在众多困难与弊端，未能充分利用城市餐厨垃圾。
通过对大型垃圾填埋场滋生的蝇类进行生态学调查，发现大头金蝇Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius)是垃圾填埋场的优势蝇种，生长速度快，幼虫夏季生长期只需5－6d，产卵量大，繁殖率高，具有生物转化有机废弃物、实现餐厨垃圾循环利用的潜力。本研究在前期筛选、驯化蝇种、规模化饲养和定量获取蝇卵的基础上，设计利用大头金蝇幼虫来生物转化餐厨垃圾，在迅捷有效地清除餐厨垃圾污染的同时，生产出优质的昆虫蛋白和生物有机肥。论文从餐厨垃圾的来源、放置天数、油脂的利用、接卵量、处理配方和单位面积内的料重等多个角度分析大头金蝇生物转化餐厨垃圾的技术参数和处理效果，得到下述研究结果。
(1)三种不同来源的餐厨垃圾在理化性质上有差异，如水分、pH值、营养成分等，可通过滤水及放置5d来降低这些差异，减少其对大头金蝇幼虫生长的不利因素，使处理配方和效果趋于稳定。
(2)在利用大头金蝇幼虫生物处理餐厨垃圾的过程中，餐厨垃圾转化料配方对处理效果影响较大。若餐厨垃圾经过滤水工序，可选择P11配方(85％餐厨垃圾＋15％辅料A)，其产虫成本低，产虫量大，处理效果最好。若餐厨垃圾未经过滤水，可选择P12配方(80％餐厨垃圾＋20％辅料A)，此时产虫成本低，产虫量大，处理效果最好。
(3)利用大头金蝇幼虫处理餐厨垃圾，最佳的接卵量为0.5g/kg左右(可根据餐厨垃圾原料的实际营养水平作微调)，但生产留作种蝇的大头金蝇幼虫时，接卵量以0.3g/kg为宜。
(4)大头金蝇幼虫能很好地处理放置1－7d的三种餐厨垃圾，但在放置5d时，餐厨垃圾转化料产出的大头金蝇幼虫总质量最大，幼虫体重最大，体长最长，餐厨垃圾达到最佳处理效果。产出的大头金蝇幼虫(干基)的粗脂肪含量达到25.0－30.0％，可作为一种潜在的油料昆虫，在生物柴油、化工用油及保健用油等方面具有巨大开发潜力；粗蛋白含量约为50.0％左右，脱脂后粗蛋白含量超过70%，完全可与进口鱼粉相媲美；产出的有机肥，有机质含量介于48.0％－52.0％，氮含量3.9％－4.3％，磷含量2.0％－3.1％，钾含量1.8％－2.6％，粗脂肪含量1.6％－9.7％，NaCl含量2.6％－3.6％，水分含量5.0％－6.0％，五项重金属含量(铅<10mg/kg，铬<10mg/kg，镉<3mg/kg，汞<1mg/kg，砷<10mg/kg)均在国家有机肥的重金属含量许可范围之内，属于优质的生物有机肥。利用大头金蝇幼虫处理1t餐厨垃圾转化料，可得到约120kg大头金蝇老熟幼虫和300kg有机肥(含水量10％)，减量100％。
(5)大头金蝇幼虫能有效转化和利用动、植物油脂及混合油脂并贮存在幼虫体内，从而提高大头金蝇幼虫的产量，增强其对餐厨垃圾的处理效果。
(6)在餐厨垃圾转化料配方固定的情况下(75％餐厨垃圾＋25％辅料A)，为获得较好的疏松度、透气性及适当的发酵温度，达到最好的处理效果，可根据各个季节的平均温度来选择适当的料重，如在夏季，可以选择30kg转化料/m~2，如在冬季，可选择40kg转化料/m~2。
综上所述，利用大头金蝇幼虫生物转化餐厨垃圾，处理周期短（5～6天），减量化100％，无二次污染，资源化利用程度高，完全符合有机废弃物处理的“3R”原则(减量化reducing、再利用reusing和再循环recycling)，经济效益、社会效益和生态效益显著。
Food waste is characterized by high moisture, salinity and organic mattercontent, which makes it possess duplicity of the perishable and smelly as a waste andthe potential as a recycling biotic resource. There are significant spatial and temporalvariations in components of food waste from different areas due to geographicdifferences, eating habits and cultural traditions. Thereby it is usually difficult toprocess various food wastes with a unitary approach. At present, commonly useddisposal technologies for food waste include incineration, sanitary landfill, ecofeed,anaerobic digestion, aerobic composting, and vermicomposting. However,incineration is featured with heavy energy consumption because of the high moisturecharacter and sanitary landfill occupies a lot of places with the possibility of thesecondary pollution. Other unconventional approaches (except for incineration andsanitary landfill) also have common limitations, such as a long processing period,complex operation, inefficient reclamation and low economic value, when referredto the principle of decrement, innoxiousness, and reclamation. In recent years,more and more attentions have been paid to the food waste reclamation in view ofthe gradually serious predicament of garbage siege. Nevertheless, the food wastereclamation is still in its infancy with many problems of management and disposal.
It was found that Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius), a dominant fly species in the rubbish fields which grew fast (the developmental periods of the larvae justwas4-5days in summer) and laid vast eggs, was easy to be mass reared and had thepotential of bio-translating food waste into insect materials and organic fertilizer.Based on the previous investigation on population selection and domestication adultmass rear, and pure egg acquisition, the C. megacephala larvae were used tobio-translate food waste into maggot and organic fertilizer in the present studies. Themajor results are as follows.
(1) There were differences in physical and chemical characters, such as watercontent, pH, and nutrition component, etc, among three sources of food wastes fromfamilies, school canteens, and restaurants. The difference could be reduced byfiltrating water and keeping five days, and then was in favor of C. megacephalalarvae growth in a stable process formula with good translating effects.
(2) During the process of using C. megacephala larvae to bio-translate foodwaste, different formulas affected the disposal effects greatly. When water wasfiltrated from food waste, P11formula was favorable (85%food waste+15%accessory A) with the advantage of the least operating costs, the most yield and thebest disposal effects. If water was not filtrated, P12formula was preferred (80%foodwaste+20%accessory A), which had the similar effects to P11.
(3) When bio-translating food waste, the suitable egg density, introduced intofood waste, of C. megacephala was0.5g/kg (or could redress inappreciablyaccording to the factual nutrition level of food waste). If the produced maggots wereprepared to be used as stud for next generation, the suitable quantity of eggsintroduced was0.3g/kg.
(4) C. megacephala larvae could dispose three sources of food waste deposited1-7days. However, food waste deposited5days produced the most larvae yield withthe heaviest body weight, the longest body length and the best disposal effects. Thecrude fat content of the dry larvae was between25.0%and30.0%, which wouldmake it to be a potential oil insect having huge potential applications in bio-diesel oil,chemical oil and health-care oil. The crude protein content of the dry larvae wasabout50%and even exceeded70%when defatted, which was comparable with the import fish powder. The organic substance content of the organic fertilizer outputwas between48.0%and52.0%, nitrogen (N) was between3.9%and4.3%,phosphorus (P) was between2.0%and3.1%, kalium (K) was between1.8%and2.6%, crude fat was between1.6%and9.7%, NaCl was between2.6%and3.6%,water was between5.0%and6.0%, and five heavy metal content (Pb<10mg/kg,Cr<10mg/kg, Cd<3mg/kg, Hg<1mg/kg, As<10mg/kg) were all within the permissionrange of the national standard, which revealed that the organic fertilizer output was akind of high quality organic fertilizer. One ton food waste disposed by C.megacephala larvae could obtain about120kg maggots and300kg organic fertilizer(water content was10%), and food waste utilization rate reached nearly100%.
(5) C. megacephala larvae could translate and utilize animal, botanic and mixedgrease effectively, and reserve them into their body consequently, advancing thelarvae yield and the disposal effects on food waste.
(6) In the condition of a certain translating formula, it’s possible to confirmsuitable stuff weight according to the average temperature in each season, forexample,30kg stuff per m~2in summer and40kg invert stuff per m~2in winter, to getbetter loosen degree, ventilation, suitable zymosis temperature, and the best disposaleffect.
In summary, using C. megacephala larvae to bio-translate food waste, whichdisposal period was short (5~6d), and the food waste was completely used withoutsecondary pollution, and resource utilization level was high, which was inconformity with the “3R” principles (reducing, reusing and recycling) of organicwaste disposal absolutely, and economic benefit, social benefit and ecologicalbenefit were remarkable.
通过对大型垃圾填埋场滋生的蝇类进行生态学调查，发现大头金蝇Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius)是垃圾填埋场的优势蝇种，生长速度快，幼虫夏季生长期只需5－6d，产卵量大，繁殖率高，具有生物转化有机废弃物、实现餐厨垃圾循环利用的潜力。本研究在前期筛选、驯化蝇种、规模化饲养和定量获取蝇卵的基础上，设计利用大头金蝇幼虫来生物转化餐厨垃圾，在迅捷有效地清除餐厨垃圾污染的同时，生产出优质的昆虫蛋白和生物有机肥。论文从餐厨垃圾的来源、放置天数、油脂的利用、接卵量、处理配方和单位面积内的料重等多个角度分析大头金蝇生物转化餐厨垃圾的技术参数和处理效果，得到下述研究结果。
(1)三种不同来源的餐厨垃圾在理化性质上有差异，如水分、pH值、营养成分等，可通过滤水及放置5d来降低这些差异，减少其对大头金蝇幼虫生长的不利因素，使处理配方和效果趋于稳定。
(2)在利用大头金蝇幼虫生物处理餐厨垃圾的过程中，餐厨垃圾转化料配方对处理效果影响较大。若餐厨垃圾经过滤水工序，可选择P11配方(85％餐厨垃圾＋15％辅料A)，其产虫成本低，产虫量大，处理效果最好。若餐厨垃圾未经过滤水，可选择P12配方(80％餐厨垃圾＋20％辅料A)，此时产虫成本低，产虫量大，处理效果最好。
(3)利用大头金蝇幼虫处理餐厨垃圾，最佳的接卵量为0.5g/kg左右(可根据餐厨垃圾原料的实际营养水平作微调)，但生产留作种蝇的大头金蝇幼虫时，接卵量以0.3g/kg为宜。
(4)大头金蝇幼虫能很好地处理放置1－7d的三种餐厨垃圾，但在放置5d时，餐厨垃圾转化料产出的大头金蝇幼虫总质量最大，幼虫体重最大，体长最长，餐厨垃圾达到最佳处理效果。产出的大头金蝇幼虫(干基)的粗脂肪含量达到25.0－30.0％，可作为一种潜在的油料昆虫，在生物柴油、化工用油及保健用油等方面具有巨大开发潜力；粗蛋白含量约为50.0％左右，脱脂后粗蛋白含量超过70%，完全可与进口鱼粉相媲美；产出的有机肥，有机质含量介于48.0％－52.0％，氮含量3.9％－4.3％，磷含量2.0％－3.1％，钾含量1.8％－2.6％，粗脂肪含量1.6％－9.7％，NaCl含量2.6％－3.6％，水分含量5.0％－6.0％，五项重金属含量(铅<10mg/kg，铬<10mg/kg，镉<3mg/kg，汞<1mg/kg，砷<10mg/kg)均在国家有机肥的重金属含量许可范围之内，属于优质的生物有机肥。利用大头金蝇幼虫处理1t餐厨垃圾转化料，可得到约120kg大头金蝇老熟幼虫和300kg有机肥(含水量10％)，减量100％。
(5)大头金蝇幼虫能有效转化和利用动、植物油脂及混合油脂并贮存在幼虫体内，从而提高大头金蝇幼虫的产量，增强其对餐厨垃圾的处理效果。
(6)在餐厨垃圾转化料配方固定的情况下(75％餐厨垃圾＋25％辅料A)，为获得较好的疏松度、透气性及适当的发酵温度，达到最好的处理效果，可根据各个季节的平均温度来选择适当的料重，如在夏季，可以选择30kg转化料/m~2，如在冬季，可选择40kg转化料/m~2。
综上所述，利用大头金蝇幼虫生物转化餐厨垃圾，处理周期短（5～6天），减量化100％，无二次污染，资源化利用程度高，完全符合有机废弃物处理的“3R”原则(减量化reducing、再利用reusing和再循环recycling)，经济效益、社会效益和生态效益显著。
Food waste is characterized by high moisture, salinity and organic mattercontent, which makes it possess duplicity of the perishable and smelly as a waste andthe potential as a recycling biotic resource. There are significant spatial and temporalvariations in components of food waste from different areas due to geographicdifferences, eating habits and cultural traditions. Thereby it is usually difficult toprocess various food wastes with a unitary approach. At present, commonly useddisposal technologies for food waste include incineration, sanitary landfill, ecofeed,anaerobic digestion, aerobic composting, and vermicomposting. However,incineration is featured with heavy energy consumption because of the high moisturecharacter and sanitary landfill occupies a lot of places with the possibility of thesecondary pollution. Other unconventional approaches (except for incineration andsanitary landfill) also have common limitations, such as a long processing period,complex operation, inefficient reclamation and low economic value, when referredto the principle of decrement, innoxiousness, and reclamation. In recent years,more and more attentions have been paid to the food waste reclamation in view ofthe gradually serious predicament of garbage siege. Nevertheless, the food wastereclamation is still in its infancy with many problems of management and disposal.
It was found that Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius), a dominant fly species in the rubbish fields which grew fast (the developmental periods of the larvae justwas4-5days in summer) and laid vast eggs, was easy to be mass reared and had thepotential of bio-translating food waste into insect materials and organic fertilizer.Based on the previous investigation on population selection and domestication adultmass rear, and pure egg acquisition, the C. megacephala larvae were used tobio-translate food waste into maggot and organic fertilizer in the present studies. Themajor results are as follows.
(1) There were differences in physical and chemical characters, such as watercontent, pH, and nutrition component, etc, among three sources of food wastes fromfamilies, school canteens, and restaurants. The difference could be reduced byfiltrating water and keeping five days, and then was in favor of C. megacephalalarvae growth in a stable process formula with good translating effects.
(2) During the process of using C. megacephala larvae to bio-translate foodwaste, different formulas affected the disposal effects greatly. When water wasfiltrated from food waste, P11formula was favorable (85%food waste+15%accessory A) with the advantage of the least operating costs, the most yield and thebest disposal effects. If water was not filtrated, P12formula was preferred (80%foodwaste+20%accessory A), which had the similar effects to P11.
(3) When bio-translating food waste, the suitable egg density, introduced intofood waste, of C. megacephala was0.5g/kg (or could redress inappreciablyaccording to the factual nutrition level of food waste). If the produced maggots wereprepared to be used as stud for next generation, the suitable quantity of eggsintroduced was0.3g/kg.
(4) C. megacephala larvae could dispose three sources of food waste deposited1-7days. However, food waste deposited5days produced the most larvae yield withthe heaviest body weight, the longest body length and the best disposal effects. Thecrude fat content of the dry larvae was between25.0%and30.0%, which wouldmake it to be a potential oil insect having huge potential applications in bio-diesel oil,chemical oil and health-care oil. The crude protein content of the dry larvae wasabout50%and even exceeded70%when defatted, which was comparable with the import fish powder. The organic substance content of the organic fertilizer outputwas between48.0%and52.0%, nitrogen (N) was between3.9%and4.3%,phosphorus (P) was between2.0%and3.1%, kalium (K) was between1.8%and2.6%, crude fat was between1.6%and9.7%, NaCl was between2.6%and3.6%,water was between5.0%and6.0%, and five heavy metal content (Pb<10mg/kg,Cr<10mg/kg, Cd<3mg/kg, Hg<1mg/kg, As<10mg/kg) were all within the permissionrange of the national standard, which revealed that the organic fertilizer output was akind of high quality organic fertilizer. One ton food waste disposed by C.megacephala larvae could obtain about120kg maggots and300kg organic fertilizer(water content was10%), and food waste utilization rate reached nearly100%.
(5) C. megacephala larvae could translate and utilize animal, botanic and mixedgrease effectively, and reserve them into their body consequently, advancing thelarvae yield and the disposal effects on food waste.
(6) In the condition of a certain translating formula, it’s possible to confirmsuitable stuff weight according to the average temperature in each season, forexample,30kg stuff per m~2in summer and40kg invert stuff per m~2in winter, to getbetter loosen degree, ventilation, suitable zymosis temperature, and the best disposaleffect.
In summary, using C. megacephala larvae to bio-translate food waste, whichdisposal period was short (5~6d), and the food waste was completely used withoutsecondary pollution, and resource utilization level was high, which was inconformity with the “3R” principles (reducing, reusing and recycling) of organicwaste disposal absolutely, and economic benefit, social benefit and ecologicalbenefit were remarkable.
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