三峡库区植物篱生态效益分析与评价
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摘要
本论文在调查分析三峡库区现有坡耕地植物篱的配置方式和生长状况的基础上,通过研究不同植物篱(乔木类植物篱、灌木类植物篱、草本类植物篱)系统土壤物理性质、水土保持特性和土壤养分含量的差异与变化和对比植物篱系统与无植物篱措施坡耕地的土壤物理性质、水土保持特性和土壤养分含量,对植物篱改善土壤物理性质、保持水土、增加土壤养分和控制面源污染的生态效益进行了综合分析,同时提出了植物篱生态效益评价的指标体系,对不同类型和种类的植物篱生态效益进行了评价。并在此基础上确定了三峡库区的不同植物篱的结构,并对不同类型的植物篱进行了典型设计,为长江三峡库区坡耕地植物篱植物种选择、植物篱建设技术及其建设模式提供了理论依据。研究结果表明：
(1)植物篱系统土壤物理性质各指标在植物篱带内、带上、带下和带间坡耕地存在一定的变异性,土壤容重、土壤孔隙度、土壤含水量、土壤饱和导水率、土壤水稳性团聚体的变异系数分别为11.1%,9.8%,17.9%,51.2%和16.3%。
土壤养分含量在植物篱系统表现出一定的规律性,自篱间坡耕地至植物篱带呈增加的趋势,至植物篱带下土壤养分含量减小。
植物篱对土壤颗粒分布具有显著影响,3种植物篱带前、带内和带下土壤粘粒平均含量比带间坡耕地土壤分别高18.5%,26.0%和16.3%,土壤沙粒含量分别减小了14.2%,16.3%和12.0%。
乔木类、草本类和灌木类植物篱带内土壤抗冲指数比带间坡耕地分别提高了121.2%,60.7%和108.3%；土壤抗蚀性在植物篱系统中表现出一定的变异性。
(2)植物篱措施能显著改善植物篱系统土壤理化性质,和无植物篱措施的坡耕地相比,植物篱系统土壤孔隙度、土壤含水量、饱和导水率、水稳性团聚体平均分别增加了9.3%,25.6%,68.4%和11.5%,而土壤容重减小了8.3%。土壤抗冲性和抗蚀性指数平均分别增加了48.3%和53.0%。植物篱系统土壤有机质、全氮、有效氮、全钾、有效钾、全磷,有效磷的平均含量比无植物篱措施的坡耕地分别增加了31.5%,40.3%,31.2%,7.6%,71.3%,76.4%和57.3%,阳离子交换量平均增加了23.1%。植物篱通过增加植物篱系统有机质、改善土壤入渗性能、拦截土壤颗粒的作用和通过根系的固土作用来发挥其改善土壤物理性质、保持水土、增加土壤养分和控制面源污染的生态效益。
(3)植物篱系统土壤体积分形维数与土壤物理性质、土壤养分含量具有显著的相关性,能够定量表征指物理系统土壤物理理性质和土壤养分元素的变化,可作为评价植物篱系统土壤物性质和养分变化的定量综合指标。
(4)建立了植物篱系统土壤抗冲性与土壤孔隙度、土壤含水量、土壤饱和导水率、土壤水稳性团聚体、土壤粉粒含量、土壤粘粒含量、土壤根重密度、土壤有机质9个指标的模型为：
AS=-37.099-0.311SP+1.135SVW+0.568SC-0.300WSA.0.114AE+0.858SILT
+2.866CLAY+30.004ROOT-0.129SOM
(5)遵循层次分析法原理,应用熵值法与专家评分法计算指标权重和层次分析法相结合对不同类型和不同种类植物篱的生态效益进行了评价,结果表明：不同类型植物篱综合生态效益：灌木类植物篱>乔木类植物篱>草本类植物篱,不同种类植物篱：黄荆+臭椿植物篱的综合生态效益最大,而毛豆类植物篱具有较高的增加土壤养分的生态效益,紫背天葵+旱菜植物篱的控制面源污染的生态效益最大。
On the basis of investigation of the current hedgerow configuration and growth status in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, this paper analyzed and contrasted the soil physical properties, soil and water conservation properties and soil nutrients content in hedgerow systems and soil in steep-land with no hedgerows. Besides, soil physical properties variance, soil nutrients distribution, soil particle distribution and variance of soil anti-scouribility and anti-erodibility in hedgerow systems were analyzed in hedgerow systems, and further, the ecological benefits mechanism including soil physical properties improvement, soil and water conservation, soil nutrients augment and non-point pollution controlling were discussed. Then, index of hedgerow ecological benefits evaluation were established and ecological benefits of different hedgerow intercropping were evaluated. On the basis of hedgerow ecological benefits evaluation, the contracture and configuration of hedgerow intercropping were confirmed and hedgerow intercropping afforestation models were typically designed. Expected to provide the theories and techniques for hedgerow species selection and afforestation in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. The main results and conclusion of the paper were indicated as follows:
(1)The parameters of soil physical properties presented definite horizontal variation at steep lands within, before, and behind the hedgerows, and between the hedgerows. The coefficient of variation (CV) of soil bulk density, soil porosity, moisture content, saturated conductivity and water stable aggregates content were 11.1%,9.8%,17.9%,51.2% and 16.3%, respectively; Soil nutrients content were became higher from between hedgerow steep-land to under and before hedgerows, and declined to after hedgerows. Soil particle distribution were effected signify by hedgerow intercropping, with soil under hedgerows involving tree, grass and shrub species, clay content became higher (by 18.5%, 26.0% and 16.3%, respectively) than soil between hedgerows, while sand content became higher between the hedgerow by 14.2%,16.3% and 12.0%, respectively. Comparing with soil between hedgerows, soil anti-scouribility under hedgerows with tree, grass and shrub species increased by 121.2%,60.7% and 108.3% respectively, and soil anti-erodibility varied among hedgerow systems.
(2)Comparing with soil in steep-land with no hedgerows, the soil porosity, moisture content, saturated conductivity and water stable aggregates content were increased by 9.3%,25.6%,68.4% and 11.5% respectively, while soil bulk density were decreased by 8.3%. Soil anti-scouribility and Anti-erodibility were increased 48.3% and 53.0%. The mean value of soil organic matter, total and exchangeable nitrogen, total and exchangeable potassium, total and exchangeable phosphorus of soil in hedgerows with different species were increased by 31.5%,40.3%,31.2%,7.6%,71.3%,76.4% and 57.3% respectively, cation exchangeable capacity by 23.1%. The hedgerow inter cropping ecological benefits including soil physical properties improvement, soil and water conservation, soil nutrients augment and non-point pollution controlling were performed by increasing organic matter, improvement of soil infiltration, interception of soil particles and soil fixation by hedgerow roots in hedgerow systems.
(3) Soil volumetric fractal dimension was significantly correlated with various soil physical properties and soil nutrients concentration, therefore, Soil volumetric fractal dimension can be considered as a potential and accurate evaluating indicator for soil and nutrients loss and capacity of hedgerow intercropping on soil and nutrients conservation in steep land.
(4)Soil anti-scouribility was correlated significantly with soil porosity, moisture content, saturated conductivity, water stable aggregates content, soil clay content, soil anti-erodibility, root mass density and soil organic matter. The equation between soil anti-scouribility and above mentioned parameters were established as: AS=-37.099-0.311SP+1.135SVW+0.568SC-0.300WSA-0.114AE+O.858SILT+2.866CLAY+30.004ROOT-0.129SOM
(5)Applying analytic hierarchical process theory and combined integrating weight entropy method and expert grade to calculated synthesis weights, the ecological benefits of hedgerow intercropping were evaluated and the results indicated that the shrub hedgerows was performed the best ecological benefit, and the tree species was performed the modest ecological benefit and the grass hedgerows was the poorest one. With different species, hedgerows mixed with Vitex negundo and Ailanthus altissima had the highest value of comprehensive ecological benefits while hedgerows with tephrosia vestita Voge performed best on soil nutrients improvement and hedgerows mixed with gynura bicolo and herba rorippae performed best on non-point pollution controlling.
(1)植物篱系统土壤物理性质各指标在植物篱带内、带上、带下和带间坡耕地存在一定的变异性,土壤容重、土壤孔隙度、土壤含水量、土壤饱和导水率、土壤水稳性团聚体的变异系数分别为11.1%,9.8%,17.9%,51.2%和16.3%。
土壤养分含量在植物篱系统表现出一定的规律性,自篱间坡耕地至植物篱带呈增加的趋势,至植物篱带下土壤养分含量减小。
植物篱对土壤颗粒分布具有显著影响,3种植物篱带前、带内和带下土壤粘粒平均含量比带间坡耕地土壤分别高18.5%,26.0%和16.3%,土壤沙粒含量分别减小了14.2%,16.3%和12.0%。
乔木类、草本类和灌木类植物篱带内土壤抗冲指数比带间坡耕地分别提高了121.2%,60.7%和108.3%；土壤抗蚀性在植物篱系统中表现出一定的变异性。
(2)植物篱措施能显著改善植物篱系统土壤理化性质,和无植物篱措施的坡耕地相比,植物篱系统土壤孔隙度、土壤含水量、饱和导水率、水稳性团聚体平均分别增加了9.3%,25.6%,68.4%和11.5%,而土壤容重减小了8.3%。土壤抗冲性和抗蚀性指数平均分别增加了48.3%和53.0%。植物篱系统土壤有机质、全氮、有效氮、全钾、有效钾、全磷,有效磷的平均含量比无植物篱措施的坡耕地分别增加了31.5%,40.3%,31.2%,7.6%,71.3%,76.4%和57.3%,阳离子交换量平均增加了23.1%。植物篱通过增加植物篱系统有机质、改善土壤入渗性能、拦截土壤颗粒的作用和通过根系的固土作用来发挥其改善土壤物理性质、保持水土、增加土壤养分和控制面源污染的生态效益。
(3)植物篱系统土壤体积分形维数与土壤物理性质、土壤养分含量具有显著的相关性,能够定量表征指物理系统土壤物理理性质和土壤养分元素的变化,可作为评价植物篱系统土壤物性质和养分变化的定量综合指标。
(4)建立了植物篱系统土壤抗冲性与土壤孔隙度、土壤含水量、土壤饱和导水率、土壤水稳性团聚体、土壤粉粒含量、土壤粘粒含量、土壤根重密度、土壤有机质9个指标的模型为：
AS=-37.099-0.311SP+1.135SVW+0.568SC-0.300WSA.0.114AE+0.858SILT
+2.866CLAY+30.004ROOT-0.129SOM
(5)遵循层次分析法原理,应用熵值法与专家评分法计算指标权重和层次分析法相结合对不同类型和不同种类植物篱的生态效益进行了评价,结果表明：不同类型植物篱综合生态效益：灌木类植物篱>乔木类植物篱>草本类植物篱,不同种类植物篱：黄荆+臭椿植物篱的综合生态效益最大,而毛豆类植物篱具有较高的增加土壤养分的生态效益,紫背天葵+旱菜植物篱的控制面源污染的生态效益最大。
On the basis of investigation of the current hedgerow configuration and growth status in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, this paper analyzed and contrasted the soil physical properties, soil and water conservation properties and soil nutrients content in hedgerow systems and soil in steep-land with no hedgerows. Besides, soil physical properties variance, soil nutrients distribution, soil particle distribution and variance of soil anti-scouribility and anti-erodibility in hedgerow systems were analyzed in hedgerow systems, and further, the ecological benefits mechanism including soil physical properties improvement, soil and water conservation, soil nutrients augment and non-point pollution controlling were discussed. Then, index of hedgerow ecological benefits evaluation were established and ecological benefits of different hedgerow intercropping were evaluated. On the basis of hedgerow ecological benefits evaluation, the contracture and configuration of hedgerow intercropping were confirmed and hedgerow intercropping afforestation models were typically designed. Expected to provide the theories and techniques for hedgerow species selection and afforestation in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. The main results and conclusion of the paper were indicated as follows:
(1)The parameters of soil physical properties presented definite horizontal variation at steep lands within, before, and behind the hedgerows, and between the hedgerows. The coefficient of variation (CV) of soil bulk density, soil porosity, moisture content, saturated conductivity and water stable aggregates content were 11.1%,9.8%,17.9%,51.2% and 16.3%, respectively; Soil nutrients content were became higher from between hedgerow steep-land to under and before hedgerows, and declined to after hedgerows. Soil particle distribution were effected signify by hedgerow intercropping, with soil under hedgerows involving tree, grass and shrub species, clay content became higher (by 18.5%, 26.0% and 16.3%, respectively) than soil between hedgerows, while sand content became higher between the hedgerow by 14.2%,16.3% and 12.0%, respectively. Comparing with soil between hedgerows, soil anti-scouribility under hedgerows with tree, grass and shrub species increased by 121.2%,60.7% and 108.3% respectively, and soil anti-erodibility varied among hedgerow systems.
(2)Comparing with soil in steep-land with no hedgerows, the soil porosity, moisture content, saturated conductivity and water stable aggregates content were increased by 9.3%,25.6%,68.4% and 11.5% respectively, while soil bulk density were decreased by 8.3%. Soil anti-scouribility and Anti-erodibility were increased 48.3% and 53.0%. The mean value of soil organic matter, total and exchangeable nitrogen, total and exchangeable potassium, total and exchangeable phosphorus of soil in hedgerows with different species were increased by 31.5%,40.3%,31.2%,7.6%,71.3%,76.4% and 57.3% respectively, cation exchangeable capacity by 23.1%. The hedgerow inter cropping ecological benefits including soil physical properties improvement, soil and water conservation, soil nutrients augment and non-point pollution controlling were performed by increasing organic matter, improvement of soil infiltration, interception of soil particles and soil fixation by hedgerow roots in hedgerow systems.
(3) Soil volumetric fractal dimension was significantly correlated with various soil physical properties and soil nutrients concentration, therefore, Soil volumetric fractal dimension can be considered as a potential and accurate evaluating indicator for soil and nutrients loss and capacity of hedgerow intercropping on soil and nutrients conservation in steep land.
(4)Soil anti-scouribility was correlated significantly with soil porosity, moisture content, saturated conductivity, water stable aggregates content, soil clay content, soil anti-erodibility, root mass density and soil organic matter. The equation between soil anti-scouribility and above mentioned parameters were established as: AS=-37.099-0.311SP+1.135SVW+0.568SC-0.300WSA-0.114AE+O.858SILT+2.866CLAY+30.004ROOT-0.129SOM
(5)Applying analytic hierarchical process theory and combined integrating weight entropy method and expert grade to calculated synthesis weights, the ecological benefits of hedgerow intercropping were evaluated and the results indicated that the shrub hedgerows was performed the best ecological benefit, and the tree species was performed the modest ecological benefit and the grass hedgerows was the poorest one. With different species, hedgerows mixed with Vitex negundo and Ailanthus altissima had the highest value of comprehensive ecological benefits while hedgerows with tephrosia vestita Voge performed best on soil nutrients improvement and hedgerows mixed with gynura bicolo and herba rorippae performed best on non-point pollution controlling.
引文
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