生态公益林项目评价研究—理论、方法与实践
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摘要
我国从二十世纪八十年代开始在生态公益林项目建设上投入了大量经济资源,但是对所投入资源的经济效益评价实践存在不足。国内在相关领域的研究现状是:在森林生态系统经济价值评价方面进行了较为广泛的研究,生态公益林项目评价研究则处于缺乏系统研究状态,主要表现在三个方面:一是缺乏对生态公益林项目评价的评价体系研究;二是对于生态公益林项目评价的产出计算方法的适用性研究较少;三是对投入核算中缺少了重要的投入生产要素(林地)的经济价值核算研究。本文重点对上述三个方面开展研究,对于我国的生态公益林项目评价的理论与实践具有一定意义。
在生态公益林项目评价体系上,通过对影响生态公益林项目的现有分类体系和影响因子的研究,本文认为需要根据生态公益林项目评价特点构建生态公益林项目评价分类体系,提出根据对生态功能需求的不同将生态公益林项目划分为基本生态需求、扩张生态需求和扩展森林功能需求三种类型;根据与人类社会交互关系的紧密程度划分为偏远型和紧密型的两种需求类型。生态公益林的需求类型决定其投资主体与利益相关者构成,针对据不同的生态公益林项目需求类型需要建立以经济评价为主、社会评价为辅的综合评价体系。
在生态公益林项目的产出计算方法上,对于不同需求类型的生态公益林宜采用的不同的计算方法。基本生态需求类型的生态公益林项目应当,由于其产出的边际效用大,对于相应的生态服务产出计算方法可以使用市场替代法进行计算,对于扩张生态需求和扩展森林功能需求类型的生态公益林项目产出计算方法则适宜于采用条件价值评估法(CVM)。在对CVM方法进行研究的过程中,本文将计量经济学中的持续性分析方法用于CVM条件评估法的参数估计,认为使用持续性分析方法估计得到的CVM分布函数对于生态公益林项目评价、生态公益林补偿及其他的相关政策研究上具有很大的应用价值。
在生态公益林项目投入林地资源经济价值核算上,本文根据是针对大区域的还是小范围的生态公益林项目评价认为需要分别使用,对于小范围的生态公益林项目评价可以应用传统对宗地经济价值通过不同参数进行调整得到样地的经济价值。对于大区域的生态公益林项目评价,本文提出可以利用我国森林资源清查的固定样地数据,调查部分固定样地作为训练样本,通过判别分析方法对所有固定样地进行分类,使用抽样推断方法估计林地的经济价值方法评估林地经济价值。
Since 1980s,China has input a lot of economic resources in the construction of non-commercial forest projects.However,there is no adequate evaluation of the economic benefits from the input resources.The status quo of the research in the related fields is as follows:There are comparatively extensive researches on the evaluation of the economic values of the forest ecological systems.However,there are few researches on the evaluation of the non-commercial forest projects.First,there is no research on the evaluation system of the non-commercial forest projects;second,there are very few researches on the applicability of the output calculation of the evaluation of the non-commercial forest projects;third,there is lack of research on the auditing of economic values of the important input production factor(forest land).The thesis will explore the above-mentioned three aspects,which is significant for the theories and practices of the evaluation of the non-commercial forest projects in China.
In terms of the evaluation systems of the non-commercial forest projects,based on the review of the existing classification systems and the determinants of the non-commercial forest projects,the author argues that an evaluation classification system of non-commercial forest projects should be built on the basis of the evaluation characteristics of the non-commercial forest projects.Non-commercial forest projects can be divided into three types in terms of their demands for the ecological functions,namely,demands for basic ecology,demands for expanding ecology and demands for expanding forest.They can also be divided into two types in terms of their relationship with the human society,namely,remote type and close type. The demands for the non-commercial forests depend on their investors and stakeholders.A comprehensive evaluation system oriented by the economic evaluation and supported by the social evaluation should be built on the basis of the different demands of the different non-commercial forest projects.
In terms of the calculation of the output of the non-commercial forest projects, the different calculation methods should be used for the non-commercial forests with different demands.Because of their large marginal output utility,when evaluating the non-commercial forest projects demanding for basic ecology,the market substitution method should be adopted.For the non-commercial forest projects demanding for the expanding ecology and expanding forest,the contingent valuation method(CVM) should be adopted.When doing research on the CVM,the thesis will use the continuous analytical method in the econometrics for the parameters estimate of the CVM.It argues that the CVM distribution functions estimated with the continuous analytical method are of great applicable values in the evaluation of the non-commercial forest projects,compensation of the non-commercial forests and other related policies.
The thesis also argues that the auditing methods of input forestland resources in the non-commercial forest projects should depend on whether these projects are for the big scopes or the small scopes.For the evaluation of the non-commercial forest projects for the small scopes,the economic values of the sample lands can be calculated through the adjustment of different parameters.For the evaluation of the non-commercial forest projects for the large scopes,some fixed samples in the national forest resources surveys will be used as training samples and all the fixed samples will be classified by the analytical method,and the economic values of the forest lands will be estimated with the sample inference method.
在生态公益林项目评价体系上,通过对影响生态公益林项目的现有分类体系和影响因子的研究,本文认为需要根据生态公益林项目评价特点构建生态公益林项目评价分类体系,提出根据对生态功能需求的不同将生态公益林项目划分为基本生态需求、扩张生态需求和扩展森林功能需求三种类型;根据与人类社会交互关系的紧密程度划分为偏远型和紧密型的两种需求类型。生态公益林的需求类型决定其投资主体与利益相关者构成,针对据不同的生态公益林项目需求类型需要建立以经济评价为主、社会评价为辅的综合评价体系。
在生态公益林项目的产出计算方法上,对于不同需求类型的生态公益林宜采用的不同的计算方法。基本生态需求类型的生态公益林项目应当,由于其产出的边际效用大,对于相应的生态服务产出计算方法可以使用市场替代法进行计算,对于扩张生态需求和扩展森林功能需求类型的生态公益林项目产出计算方法则适宜于采用条件价值评估法(CVM)。在对CVM方法进行研究的过程中,本文将计量经济学中的持续性分析方法用于CVM条件评估法的参数估计,认为使用持续性分析方法估计得到的CVM分布函数对于生态公益林项目评价、生态公益林补偿及其他的相关政策研究上具有很大的应用价值。
在生态公益林项目投入林地资源经济价值核算上,本文根据是针对大区域的还是小范围的生态公益林项目评价认为需要分别使用,对于小范围的生态公益林项目评价可以应用传统对宗地经济价值通过不同参数进行调整得到样地的经济价值。对于大区域的生态公益林项目评价,本文提出可以利用我国森林资源清查的固定样地数据,调查部分固定样地作为训练样本,通过判别分析方法对所有固定样地进行分类,使用抽样推断方法估计林地的经济价值方法评估林地经济价值。
Since 1980s,China has input a lot of economic resources in the construction of non-commercial forest projects.However,there is no adequate evaluation of the economic benefits from the input resources.The status quo of the research in the related fields is as follows:There are comparatively extensive researches on the evaluation of the economic values of the forest ecological systems.However,there are few researches on the evaluation of the non-commercial forest projects.First,there is no research on the evaluation system of the non-commercial forest projects;second,there are very few researches on the applicability of the output calculation of the evaluation of the non-commercial forest projects;third,there is lack of research on the auditing of economic values of the important input production factor(forest land).The thesis will explore the above-mentioned three aspects,which is significant for the theories and practices of the evaluation of the non-commercial forest projects in China.
In terms of the evaluation systems of the non-commercial forest projects,based on the review of the existing classification systems and the determinants of the non-commercial forest projects,the author argues that an evaluation classification system of non-commercial forest projects should be built on the basis of the evaluation characteristics of the non-commercial forest projects.Non-commercial forest projects can be divided into three types in terms of their demands for the ecological functions,namely,demands for basic ecology,demands for expanding ecology and demands for expanding forest.They can also be divided into two types in terms of their relationship with the human society,namely,remote type and close type. The demands for the non-commercial forests depend on their investors and stakeholders.A comprehensive evaluation system oriented by the economic evaluation and supported by the social evaluation should be built on the basis of the different demands of the different non-commercial forest projects.
In terms of the calculation of the output of the non-commercial forest projects, the different calculation methods should be used for the non-commercial forests with different demands.Because of their large marginal output utility,when evaluating the non-commercial forest projects demanding for basic ecology,the market substitution method should be adopted.For the non-commercial forest projects demanding for the expanding ecology and expanding forest,the contingent valuation method(CVM) should be adopted.When doing research on the CVM,the thesis will use the continuous analytical method in the econometrics for the parameters estimate of the CVM.It argues that the CVM distribution functions estimated with the continuous analytical method are of great applicable values in the evaluation of the non-commercial forest projects,compensation of the non-commercial forests and other related policies.
The thesis also argues that the auditing methods of input forestland resources in the non-commercial forest projects should depend on whether these projects are for the big scopes or the small scopes.For the evaluation of the non-commercial forest projects for the small scopes,the economic values of the sample lands can be calculated through the adjustment of different parameters.For the evaluation of the non-commercial forest projects for the large scopes,some fixed samples in the national forest resources surveys will be used as training samples and all the fixed samples will be classified by the analytical method,and the economic values of the forest lands will be estimated with the sample inference method.
引文
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