云南典型少数民族村落生态旅游可持续发展研究
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摘要
根据云南省旅游产业“十二五”发展规划，在过去的几年里云南旅游业已取得了巨大成就。文化产业作为国民经济支柱性产业，与作为“战略性支柱产业”的旅游业将有越来越多的融合发展。其中，文化旅游在保护、传承挖掘地方文化、完善旅游产业、促进经济结构调整等方面起着重要的作用。因此选择民族文化典型、生态环境保存完好，正处于旅游发展阶段的沧源翁丁佤寨进行旅游与文化、生态环境紧密联系的生态文化旅游研究，是2012年社科民族问题研究“依托村寨的少数民族传统文化保护研究”大课题的重要组成部分。对于促进云南少数民族村寨生态旅游可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。
本文对翁丁佤寨的自然条件和社会经济现状、历史和文化发展、旅游资源和旅游基础设施建设等旅游产业开发的背景条件进行系统实地调查、对比研究和分析论证的基础上，应用社会科学和自然科学相结合，根据旅游生态系统保护和建设理论、借鉴基于毛利中心旅游——银蕨螺旋价值观（Maori-centred Tourism-Koru Spiral of Values）的新西兰毛利生态文化旅游开发模式、正确处理旅游开发与环境保护、生态建设的关系，形成一种体现佤族生态伦理思想，以巨龙竹文化符号为代表的具环境保护价值观的特色森林文化体系，通过利用这种少数民族生态伦理思想建立起的道德自律意识的可持续发展调节机制，坚持以科学发展观为指导，把保护优先的原则贯穿于旅游规划编制，旅游资源开发、旅游经营管理、旅游市场开拓、等各个环节。依托沧源县民族文化和竹类资源的特色和优势，提出了翁丁佤寨特色旅游产业发展的总体规划方案，全面论述了将民族竹文化和独特竹林景观作为重点的特色文化景观和原始生态系统构建方案，打造“中国最后的佤族原生态村落——生态与文化多样性”的世界佤乡品牌。努力实现以保护促开发，以开发促保护，全面促进云南民族村寨生态旅游可持续发展。
本文主要研究内容和成果包括以下6个方面：
1．根据旅游资源调查评价标准，从旅游资源类型结构、空间分布、质量评价、对比评价和存在问题等方面对项目区旅游资源特点和开发价值进行了分析评价，翁丁佤寨的旅游资源呈现出三大景观板块、三个景观村落的分布特征。主要旅游资源类型包括人文景观、地文景观、水域风光、生物景观、天象与气候景观、遗址遗迹等。旅游资源丰富多样，但基础设施相对薄弱，核心吸引力尚未形成。
2．沧源县竹亚科种质资源十分丰富，分布竹种达17属35种以上，是云南乃至国内外区域性竹种较为集中和丰富的地区之一，在区系上表现了极其丰富的种质多样性和文化多样性。当地特有珍稀竹种巨龙竹是世界上最大的竹子，是推广和开发利用潜力最大的竹种之一，堪称“竹中之王、世界之最”。本文提出和论述了采用参与式发展策略、原生态开发策略、极品化建设策略、互补性联动策略、独特性开发策略和生态安全策略，依托“中国特色竹乡”和“中国巨龙竹之乡”两大品牌，把翁丁打造成“世界原生态佤文化旅游”极品旅游景区。
3．以翁丁佤寨（翁丁佤族村、勐卡傣族村、芒公佤族村）为载体，以“中国最后的佤族原生态村落——生态与文化多样性”为形象定位，规划将翁丁建成集多功能于一体的原生态民族文化旅游区。景观系统的规划包括三大景观板块、三条文化走廊、八大特色景点，通过三个功能区的划分和整合，分别呈现出不同的旅游主题和旅游内容，并通过有效的旅游线路组织，组合为有机相连的景观空间。重点开发民族文化、原生态文化体验、民族建筑、特大型整竹工艺品等系列旅游产品。
4．人文生态景观建设——特色民族文化的保护和创新：竹楼是阿瓦山区的传统特色民居，开发推广新型竹楼民居是人文生态景观建设和特色民族文化的保护与创新的重要领域。更是增加佤乡旅游吸引力的重要举措。开发推广紧密结合旅游产业发展的新型竹楼民居，可以较好地解决改善生态环境、促进增收致富、保护民族文化三大问题，带动特色资源的产业化开发，保障山区社会、生态、经济、旅游可持续发展。
5．自然生态景观建设——独特生态植被的配置和培育：紧密结合旅游生态系统的构建，以优质资源培育为基础，以生态建设为重点，选择当地原生的独特物种和植被类型，把竹产业建成沧源县绿色经济新的增长点，通过生态竹林景观体系的建立，全面提升佤山竹乡形象，把沧源县建成“中国巨龙竹之乡”和中国巨龙竹生态文化旅游之乡。
6．特色生态景观配置——万竹博览园重点建设项目建设依据及建设方案研究：根据建立“完善的林业生态体系、发达的林业产业体系、繁荣的生态文化体系”的要求，结合促进少数民族山区农户增收致富的目标，提出规划实施“嵌入式特色景观配置——万竹博览园”重点建设项目研究方案。对于特色旅游产业开发、生物多样性保护、生态系统构建和生态环境建设等都具有重要的现实意义和极高的科学价值。
According to the12th Five-Year development plan of the tourism industry in Yunnanprovince, a great achievement has been made in this field for the past few years. But there arestill big gaps in realizing goals of making tourism become "the strategic pillar industries for thedevelopment of national economy and modern service industry that satisfied people, especiallyit is poor in further combination of tourism and cultural industry. Culture is the soul of tour andtour is an important way of cultural development. During the12th Five-Year period, therewill be a great development in combination between cultural industry and tourism, both arenational economic and strategic pillar industries. Among these, cultural tourism plays animportant role in conservation and excavation of local culture, improvement of tourismindustry, promotion of adjustment of economic structure and development, So choose toecological culture tourism research that tourism is closely connected with culture, ecologicalenvironment for Wengding Wa village of Cangyuan where have typical national culture,ecological environment in good keep and in tourism development stage. This is the importantcomponent of developing tourism and culture combined and carrying on social science nationalproblems research types: Relying on the villages of the minority nationality traditional cultureprotection and research. It has important realistic significance for promoting Yunnan minorityvillage ecological tourism sustainable development.
In this thesis, on the basis of tourism industry development background conditions thatnatural condition and social economic status, history and culture development, tourismresources and tourism infrastructure construction of China s Cangyuan county Wengding Wavillage, conduct system field survey, contrast research and analysis. Application of socialsciences and natural sciences combined, according to the theories of the tourist ecologicalsystem protection and construction and leaning the New Zealand Maori ecological cultureTourism development mode: Maori-centred Tourism-Koru Spiral of Values. Correctly handle the relationship of tourism development and environmental protection and ecologicalconstruction. Extraction concludes Dendrocalamus sinicus culture symbols, form a kind ofspecial forest culture system that has values for environmental protection. To build thesustainable development adjustment mechanism of moral autonomy consciousness that use thiskind of minority ecological ethics set up. Adhere to the guidance of the scientific concept ofdevelopment, the principle of conservation priority throughout each link, for example, thetourism planning, tourism resources development, tourism management, the development oftourism market and so on. Relying on characteristics and advantages of the cangyuan countynational culture and bamboo resource, put forward Wengding Va village characteristic tourismindustry development of the master plan. In this thesis, discussion was made in constructionscheme of characteristics cultural landscape and original ecology system that the minoritybamboo culture and the unique bamboo forest landscape as the key aspects. Build the Vatownship brand: the last Va original ecological village of China ecological and culturaldiversity. Finally realizes promote exploitation by protection, promote protection byexploitation, push up sustainable development of Yunnan minority village ecotourism in allround.
In this thesis, the following six aspects are included:
1. According to the standards for survey of the tourism resources and evaluation,characteristics of tourism resources and the developing value in the project area are analysedand evaluated from the type structure of the tourist resources, pattern of spatial distribution,quality evaluation, comparative evaluation and currently existing problems. Tourism resourcesin Wengding Va village are shown three big landscape plates and three landscape villagedistribution. The main tourist resources include cultural landscape, land scenery, waters scenery,biological landscape, astronomer and climatic scenery, sites and ruins. Tourism resources arerich and varied, but the infrastructure is relatively weak and therefore, the core appeal has notbeen formed yet.
2. Germplasm resources are very rich in subfamilies of bamboo in Cangyuan county and,distributed species of bamboo belonged to over17genera and35species. it is one of theregions with the richest bamboo species and concentrated did tribution in Yunnan province andeven abroad. It has shown diversity of germplasm and culture in flora. The rare species, locallyDendrocalamus sinicus is the largest bamboo in the world and it is one of the species withgreatest potential in development and use; and therefore known as "the king of bamboo, worldmost". The participatory development strategy, the original ecological development strategy,the best building strategy, complementary linkage strategy, unique development strategy andecological security strategy are presented and discussed. Relying on two big brands of TheChinese Characteristic Bamboo Township and The Chinese D. Sinicus Township, Wengdingcan be developed to excellent tourism scenic spot-The original ecological Va cultural tourismof the world.
3. Taking the Wengding Wa village (Wengding Wa township, Mengca dai township,Manggong Va township) as carrier and the last Va original ecological village ofChina ecological and cultural diversity as subject image localization, Wengding will be builtinto the original ecological national culture tourist area with multi-functions. Plan of thelandscape system includes three landscape plates, three cultural corridors and eight featureattractions. Through division and integration of the three functional areas, it shows differenttourism themes and contents. Through the effective organization of tour routes, Landscapespace with organic linkage is formed. A series of tourism products are developed including thenational culture, original culture experience, national buildings and handicrafts with super largewhole bamboo.
4. Humanities and ecological landscape construction-protection and innovation ofcharacteristic national culture: bamboo buildings are traditional local-style dwelling houses ofthe Va mountains. It is important measure of the humanities and ecological landscapeconstruction and protection and innovation of characteristic national culture to develop andpromote new bamboo dwellings houses and is the important measures of increasing tourism attraction of Va village. Development and promotion of new bamboo dwellings housescombined closely with the development of tourism industry can be used to resolve threeproblems: the improvement of ecological environment, increasing income and protectingnational culture. And this can drive the industrial development of the characteristics resourcesand ensure sustainable development of the mountainous society, ecology, economy andtourism.
5. Construction of the natural ecology landscape-configuration and cultivation of uniqueecological vegetation: the bamboo industry can be built into new growing point of greeneconomy in Tsang County by construction of tourism ecosystem, at the base of the high qualityresource cultivation, with the key point of ecological construction, and choosing local uniquespecies and vegetation types. The image of Va Shan Township will be enhanced in an overallway through establishment of ecological bamboo forest landscape system and CangyuanCounty can be built into the Town of Dendrocalamus Sinicus of China" and the culturaltourism town of Dendrocalamus Sinicus ecology of China.
6. Characteristic ecological landscape configuration-research on construction foundationof key project and scheme: According to perfect forestry ecological system, developed theforestry industry system, the prosperity of the ecological culture system, combined with thegoal of increasing mountain farmers' income. This will have a practical significance and a veryhigh scientific value to development of characteristics tourism industry, conservation ofbiodiversity, building of ecosystem and construction of ecological environment.
本文对翁丁佤寨的自然条件和社会经济现状、历史和文化发展、旅游资源和旅游基础设施建设等旅游产业开发的背景条件进行系统实地调查、对比研究和分析论证的基础上，应用社会科学和自然科学相结合，根据旅游生态系统保护和建设理论、借鉴基于毛利中心旅游——银蕨螺旋价值观（Maori-centred Tourism-Koru Spiral of Values）的新西兰毛利生态文化旅游开发模式、正确处理旅游开发与环境保护、生态建设的关系，形成一种体现佤族生态伦理思想，以巨龙竹文化符号为代表的具环境保护价值观的特色森林文化体系，通过利用这种少数民族生态伦理思想建立起的道德自律意识的可持续发展调节机制，坚持以科学发展观为指导，把保护优先的原则贯穿于旅游规划编制，旅游资源开发、旅游经营管理、旅游市场开拓、等各个环节。依托沧源县民族文化和竹类资源的特色和优势，提出了翁丁佤寨特色旅游产业发展的总体规划方案，全面论述了将民族竹文化和独特竹林景观作为重点的特色文化景观和原始生态系统构建方案，打造“中国最后的佤族原生态村落——生态与文化多样性”的世界佤乡品牌。努力实现以保护促开发，以开发促保护，全面促进云南民族村寨生态旅游可持续发展。
本文主要研究内容和成果包括以下6个方面：
1．根据旅游资源调查评价标准，从旅游资源类型结构、空间分布、质量评价、对比评价和存在问题等方面对项目区旅游资源特点和开发价值进行了分析评价，翁丁佤寨的旅游资源呈现出三大景观板块、三个景观村落的分布特征。主要旅游资源类型包括人文景观、地文景观、水域风光、生物景观、天象与气候景观、遗址遗迹等。旅游资源丰富多样，但基础设施相对薄弱，核心吸引力尚未形成。
2．沧源县竹亚科种质资源十分丰富，分布竹种达17属35种以上，是云南乃至国内外区域性竹种较为集中和丰富的地区之一，在区系上表现了极其丰富的种质多样性和文化多样性。当地特有珍稀竹种巨龙竹是世界上最大的竹子，是推广和开发利用潜力最大的竹种之一，堪称“竹中之王、世界之最”。本文提出和论述了采用参与式发展策略、原生态开发策略、极品化建设策略、互补性联动策略、独特性开发策略和生态安全策略，依托“中国特色竹乡”和“中国巨龙竹之乡”两大品牌，把翁丁打造成“世界原生态佤文化旅游”极品旅游景区。
3．以翁丁佤寨（翁丁佤族村、勐卡傣族村、芒公佤族村）为载体，以“中国最后的佤族原生态村落——生态与文化多样性”为形象定位，规划将翁丁建成集多功能于一体的原生态民族文化旅游区。景观系统的规划包括三大景观板块、三条文化走廊、八大特色景点，通过三个功能区的划分和整合，分别呈现出不同的旅游主题和旅游内容，并通过有效的旅游线路组织，组合为有机相连的景观空间。重点开发民族文化、原生态文化体验、民族建筑、特大型整竹工艺品等系列旅游产品。
4．人文生态景观建设——特色民族文化的保护和创新：竹楼是阿瓦山区的传统特色民居，开发推广新型竹楼民居是人文生态景观建设和特色民族文化的保护与创新的重要领域。更是增加佤乡旅游吸引力的重要举措。开发推广紧密结合旅游产业发展的新型竹楼民居，可以较好地解决改善生态环境、促进增收致富、保护民族文化三大问题，带动特色资源的产业化开发，保障山区社会、生态、经济、旅游可持续发展。
5．自然生态景观建设——独特生态植被的配置和培育：紧密结合旅游生态系统的构建，以优质资源培育为基础，以生态建设为重点，选择当地原生的独特物种和植被类型，把竹产业建成沧源县绿色经济新的增长点，通过生态竹林景观体系的建立，全面提升佤山竹乡形象，把沧源县建成“中国巨龙竹之乡”和中国巨龙竹生态文化旅游之乡。
6．特色生态景观配置——万竹博览园重点建设项目建设依据及建设方案研究：根据建立“完善的林业生态体系、发达的林业产业体系、繁荣的生态文化体系”的要求，结合促进少数民族山区农户增收致富的目标，提出规划实施“嵌入式特色景观配置——万竹博览园”重点建设项目研究方案。对于特色旅游产业开发、生物多样性保护、生态系统构建和生态环境建设等都具有重要的现实意义和极高的科学价值。
According to the12th Five-Year development plan of the tourism industry in Yunnanprovince, a great achievement has been made in this field for the past few years. But there arestill big gaps in realizing goals of making tourism become "the strategic pillar industries for thedevelopment of national economy and modern service industry that satisfied people, especiallyit is poor in further combination of tourism and cultural industry. Culture is the soul of tour andtour is an important way of cultural development. During the12th Five-Year period, therewill be a great development in combination between cultural industry and tourism, both arenational economic and strategic pillar industries. Among these, cultural tourism plays animportant role in conservation and excavation of local culture, improvement of tourismindustry, promotion of adjustment of economic structure and development, So choose toecological culture tourism research that tourism is closely connected with culture, ecologicalenvironment for Wengding Wa village of Cangyuan where have typical national culture,ecological environment in good keep and in tourism development stage. This is the importantcomponent of developing tourism and culture combined and carrying on social science nationalproblems research types: Relying on the villages of the minority nationality traditional cultureprotection and research. It has important realistic significance for promoting Yunnan minorityvillage ecological tourism sustainable development.
In this thesis, on the basis of tourism industry development background conditions thatnatural condition and social economic status, history and culture development, tourismresources and tourism infrastructure construction of China s Cangyuan county Wengding Wavillage, conduct system field survey, contrast research and analysis. Application of socialsciences and natural sciences combined, according to the theories of the tourist ecologicalsystem protection and construction and leaning the New Zealand Maori ecological cultureTourism development mode: Maori-centred Tourism-Koru Spiral of Values. Correctly handle the relationship of tourism development and environmental protection and ecologicalconstruction. Extraction concludes Dendrocalamus sinicus culture symbols, form a kind ofspecial forest culture system that has values for environmental protection. To build thesustainable development adjustment mechanism of moral autonomy consciousness that use thiskind of minority ecological ethics set up. Adhere to the guidance of the scientific concept ofdevelopment, the principle of conservation priority throughout each link, for example, thetourism planning, tourism resources development, tourism management, the development oftourism market and so on. Relying on characteristics and advantages of the cangyuan countynational culture and bamboo resource, put forward Wengding Va village characteristic tourismindustry development of the master plan. In this thesis, discussion was made in constructionscheme of characteristics cultural landscape and original ecology system that the minoritybamboo culture and the unique bamboo forest landscape as the key aspects. Build the Vatownship brand: the last Va original ecological village of China ecological and culturaldiversity. Finally realizes promote exploitation by protection, promote protection byexploitation, push up sustainable development of Yunnan minority village ecotourism in allround.
In this thesis, the following six aspects are included:
1. According to the standards for survey of the tourism resources and evaluation,characteristics of tourism resources and the developing value in the project area are analysedand evaluated from the type structure of the tourist resources, pattern of spatial distribution,quality evaluation, comparative evaluation and currently existing problems. Tourism resourcesin Wengding Va village are shown three big landscape plates and three landscape villagedistribution. The main tourist resources include cultural landscape, land scenery, waters scenery,biological landscape, astronomer and climatic scenery, sites and ruins. Tourism resources arerich and varied, but the infrastructure is relatively weak and therefore, the core appeal has notbeen formed yet.
2. Germplasm resources are very rich in subfamilies of bamboo in Cangyuan county and,distributed species of bamboo belonged to over17genera and35species. it is one of theregions with the richest bamboo species and concentrated did tribution in Yunnan province andeven abroad. It has shown diversity of germplasm and culture in flora. The rare species, locallyDendrocalamus sinicus is the largest bamboo in the world and it is one of the species withgreatest potential in development and use; and therefore known as "the king of bamboo, worldmost". The participatory development strategy, the original ecological development strategy,the best building strategy, complementary linkage strategy, unique development strategy andecological security strategy are presented and discussed. Relying on two big brands of TheChinese Characteristic Bamboo Township and The Chinese D. Sinicus Township, Wengdingcan be developed to excellent tourism scenic spot-The original ecological Va cultural tourismof the world.
3. Taking the Wengding Wa village (Wengding Wa township, Mengca dai township,Manggong Va township) as carrier and the last Va original ecological village ofChina ecological and cultural diversity as subject image localization, Wengding will be builtinto the original ecological national culture tourist area with multi-functions. Plan of thelandscape system includes three landscape plates, three cultural corridors and eight featureattractions. Through division and integration of the three functional areas, it shows differenttourism themes and contents. Through the effective organization of tour routes, Landscapespace with organic linkage is formed. A series of tourism products are developed including thenational culture, original culture experience, national buildings and handicrafts with super largewhole bamboo.
4. Humanities and ecological landscape construction-protection and innovation ofcharacteristic national culture: bamboo buildings are traditional local-style dwelling houses ofthe Va mountains. It is important measure of the humanities and ecological landscapeconstruction and protection and innovation of characteristic national culture to develop andpromote new bamboo dwellings houses and is the important measures of increasing tourism attraction of Va village. Development and promotion of new bamboo dwellings housescombined closely with the development of tourism industry can be used to resolve threeproblems: the improvement of ecological environment, increasing income and protectingnational culture. And this can drive the industrial development of the characteristics resourcesand ensure sustainable development of the mountainous society, ecology, economy andtourism.
5. Construction of the natural ecology landscape-configuration and cultivation of uniqueecological vegetation: the bamboo industry can be built into new growing point of greeneconomy in Tsang County by construction of tourism ecosystem, at the base of the high qualityresource cultivation, with the key point of ecological construction, and choosing local uniquespecies and vegetation types. The image of Va Shan Township will be enhanced in an overallway through establishment of ecological bamboo forest landscape system and CangyuanCounty can be built into the Town of Dendrocalamus Sinicus of China" and the culturaltourism town of Dendrocalamus Sinicus ecology of China.
6. Characteristic ecological landscape configuration-research on construction foundationof key project and scheme: According to perfect forestry ecological system, developed theforestry industry system, the prosperity of the ecological culture system, combined with thegoal of increasing mountain farmers' income. This will have a practical significance and a veryhigh scientific value to development of characteristics tourism industry, conservation ofbiodiversity, building of ecosystem and construction of ecological environment.
引文
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