太阳能光合生物连续产氢自控系统与装置研究
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摘要
本论文是在国家自然科学基金项目“超微化秸秆类生物质光合连续产氢过程及代谢热研究”（项目编号：50976029）和国家“863”计划项目“生物制氢关键技术研究及示范”（项目编号：2012AA051502）的资助下完成的。
能源是社会经济持续发展的重要物质基础。当前在面临能源紧张和环境污染两大危机下，开发绿色清洁型能源，建立新的可再生能源开发利用体系，为人类创造一个良好的生存环境是社会进步的必然选择。氢能作为一种环境友好型的清洁能源，受到世界各个国家的高度关注。而生物制氢既可以利用有机废弃物作为原料减少环境污染，又能获取洁净的氢能，已成为制取氢气的重要途径之一。尤其是高效利用太阳能的光合生物制氢技术能实现有机废弃物的清洁化能量高效转换，具有广阔的发展潜力。但太阳能光合生物制氢对温度、酸碱度、光照强度等环境因素要求较高，研究设计环境因素可控的自控系统与装置实现光合产氢过程的稳定、连续、高效进行，对于光合生物制氢技术的产业化、规模化具有重要的意义。
本文结合光合生物制氢工艺过程的影响因素分析，将自动控制技术应用到太阳能光合生物连续制氢系统中，依据工艺技术流程要求建立反应装置的可控参数体系，实现光合生物产氢过程的自动连续化检测与调控，保证光合微生物在最佳的生长环境条件下稳定高效产氢，为太阳能光合生物连续制氢技术的研究与开发提供可靠的基础数据和实验平台。主要研究结果：
1．针对光合生物制氢的环境因素分析及产氢反应器的特点，结合过程自动控制技术，建立一个自动化的太阳能光合生物连续产氢试验平台，为深入研究其运行规律提供设备条件。系统采用单片机开发技术，成本低，可实时显示，方便在线实时测试。一方面可以通过单片机键盘或者软件设定变量的预想值，经控制器判断进行调控，满足不同的测试条件，增强系统的实用性；另一方面能够对单个控制参数提前进行在线调试，确定其可行性，大大减少了系统设计的重复性和复杂性。控制设备具有人工和自动两种工作模式，而且具备自动操纵、自动调整和自动保护功能，保障产氢过程的可靠性和连续性。系统结构上采用模块化设计及冗余优化处理，不仅保证每个子系统相对独立，一个系统瘫痪不会影响其它系统的运行，而且预留接口方便进行功能扩充和数据移植。
2．运用太阳能热交换温度补偿的方式，制定基于数学模型的在线自适应控制算法，采用PT100铂电阻三线制桥接方法检测反应器的温度参数，由单片机PID控制方式实现了整体系统温度自动化的调控。温度补偿采用的是太阳能热水直接加热和光伏电辅助加热相结合的模式，不需外部能源，连续运行成本较低。
3．PH控制系统中合理设计了自搅拌功能的碱液分配器，建立了自控模型，利用双回路PID模糊控制规则对PH调控的非线性进行了优化，使PH值保持在适宜范围内。设计的流量控制系统可在并联“短路径”模式下使流量保持在0.072m3/h,在串联“长路径”模式下使流量保持在0.144m3/h左右，两种模式均能满足最佳滞留时间的运行要求。
4．针对室外聚光器内冷却光导纤维的直角导管设计了液位开关，当水分自然蒸发后，自动进行换水，既减少了温度过热对光纤的烧灼，又避免了导管的混蚀影响透光性。同时针对反应器长时间运行后供光管表面出现的附着物遮光现象，设置光敏电阻起到自动预警作用，提示需要人工拆卸清洗。
5．通过太阳能光合生物连续产氢自控装置的运行试验表明：各个系统功能齐备，调控良好，达到了设计目标和稳定运行要求。从产氢情况分析，温度因素的提升率最大，达到了10-15%；PH因素的提升率次之，在8-10%之间；而流量因素的提升率较小，只有3-5%。这说明在太阳能光合连续产氢过程中，保持适宜的温度是提高产氢量的重要条件。而流量不是主要的考虑因素，只要能保持最佳的水力滞留时间即可。太阳能光合生物连续产氢自控装置在经系统调控的30±2℃温度、7±1PH、36h水力滞留时间的环境下，连续运行40天，工作状态稳定，且对太阳能光合生物连续产氢量的提升率达到了20-30%，产氢效率的提升率达到20%，起到了明显的促进作用，为太阳能光合生物连续制氢技术的进一步研究与开发提供了科学参考。
This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation“Research onmetabolic heat and continuous photohydrogen production from straw biomassultrafine powder”(NO.50976029) and National863High Technology Research andDevelopment Projects“Key technology research and demonstration of biologicalhydrogen production”(NO.2012AA051502).
Energy is an important material foundation for social economic sustainabledevelopment. In the face of the current energy tension and environmental pollution,building a new renewable energy development and utilization system with green cleanenergy and creating a good living environment for mankind is an inevitable choice forsocial progress.As a friendly environmental clean energy, hydrogen gains highattentions by all the countries in the world. Bio-hydrogen production not only can useorganic wastes as raw materials to reduce the pollution of the environment,but alsocan get clean hydrogen energy, it has become one of the most important methods toproduce hydrogen. Especially the hydrogen production by PSB(photosyntheticbacteria) with efficient utilization of solar energy can achieve efficienttransformation,so it has a broad potential. However, hydrogen production by PSBwith solar is impaired by kinds of environmental factors such as temperature, Ph, lightintensity, the research of environmental factors controllable system and equipmentto enable the photosynthetic hydrogen production continuous and stable has importantsignificance for industrial and scale hydrogen production by PSB.
This paper in the base of analysis the influence factors of biological hydrogenproduction process applied automatic control technology to the continuous hydrogenproduction system by PSB with solar, established controllable parameters of thereaction system based on the requirements of technological process, realized theautomatic continuous inspection and control of photosynthetic hydrogen productionsystem to ensure stable and efficient hydrogen production of PSB in the bestenvironment for the growth conditions, provided a basic data and reliableexperimental platform for the research and development of continuous hydrogen production technology of PSB with solar energy.The main research results of this paper are as following:
1．Based on the analysis of environmental factors of biological hydrogen productionand characteristics of photosynthetic bioreactor, combined with process automaticcontrol technology, an experimental platform of automatic continuous hydrogenproduction of PSB with solar was established, provided an equipment conditionfor the in-depth study of the operating laws. The system used microprocessortechnology to make low cost, real-time display for easily online test. Firstly, thesystem can set the expected value of the variable by the microcontroller keyboardor software and regulate them decided by the controller to meet the different testconditions and to enhance its usefulness. Secondly, the system can pre-regulate theon-line single parameter to determine its feasibility, so the repeatability andcomplexity was reduced greatly. The controller devices have two modes ofoperation: automatic mode and manual mode, the devices also have the function asfollows: automatic operation, automatic adjustment and automatic protection andso on, and ensure the reliability and continuity of the hydrogen production. In thestructure，this system used modular design and redundant optimization, not only toensure relatively independent of the each subsystem which can make a crash haveno effect on the operation of other system, but also to have the excess interface tofacilitate the functional expansion and data migration.
2．The automatic temperature control system was established by using solar heatexchange temperature compensation, utilizing adopting on-line automaticregulation based on mathematical model, adopting the three-wire PT100platinumresistance bridge to detect the temperature of the photobioreactor and adopting themicrocontroller PID control mode to realize the auto-regulation. By using thecombination of solar hot water heating and photovoltaic electric auxiliary heatingwithout external energy，the cost of continuous operation was reduced.
3．In the Ph value control system，a self-mixing lye dispenser was designed and theself-control model was established by using double-loop PID fuzzy control rules tokeep the Ph value within an appropriate range after its nonlinear effect wasoptimized. The flow control system can keep the flow at0.072m3/h in parallel"short path" mode, and0.144m3/h in the serial "long path" mode, the two modescan meet the best retention run time requirement.
4．An automatic level switch for the right angles cooling catheter of optical fiber condenser outdoor was designed.The water was changed automatically after thenatural evaporation,thus the device can not only avoid temperature overheating tothe fiber, but also avoid mixed pitting in catheter affecting light transmission. Forthe problem of the surface of the obscuring attachments in light tubes, anautomatic early warning device was setted to prompt its need of manuallyknocking down and cleaning.
5．The results of automation equipment of photobioreactor for continuous hydrogenproduction with solar energy show that each system has perfect function and goodregulation to meet the design goals and the stable operating requirements.Temperature factors enhance the hydrogen production was obvious, which reached10-15%; PH factors follows, in the range of8-10%; and the flow factors effect wassmaller, only3-5%.It shows that in the process of continuous photosynthetichydrogen production with solar maintaining，an appropriate temperature is animportant condition to improve the hydrogen production. The flow is not a majorinfluencing factor as long as it maintains a optimal hydraulic retention time. Theautomation equipment of photobioreactor for continuous hydrogen productionwith solar energy runs continuously for40days in the controlled environment of30±2℃temperature、7±1Ph and36h hydraulic retention time.The overall systemwas continuous and stable.It enhanced the hydrogen production rate of20-30%and the efficiency of hydrogen production rate of20%and played a significantrole in promoting continuous hydrogen. The research of automation system andequipment provided a scientific reference for further research and development ofphotobioreactor for continuous hydrogen production with solar energy.
能源是社会经济持续发展的重要物质基础。当前在面临能源紧张和环境污染两大危机下，开发绿色清洁型能源，建立新的可再生能源开发利用体系，为人类创造一个良好的生存环境是社会进步的必然选择。氢能作为一种环境友好型的清洁能源，受到世界各个国家的高度关注。而生物制氢既可以利用有机废弃物作为原料减少环境污染，又能获取洁净的氢能，已成为制取氢气的重要途径之一。尤其是高效利用太阳能的光合生物制氢技术能实现有机废弃物的清洁化能量高效转换，具有广阔的发展潜力。但太阳能光合生物制氢对温度、酸碱度、光照强度等环境因素要求较高，研究设计环境因素可控的自控系统与装置实现光合产氢过程的稳定、连续、高效进行，对于光合生物制氢技术的产业化、规模化具有重要的意义。
本文结合光合生物制氢工艺过程的影响因素分析，将自动控制技术应用到太阳能光合生物连续制氢系统中，依据工艺技术流程要求建立反应装置的可控参数体系，实现光合生物产氢过程的自动连续化检测与调控，保证光合微生物在最佳的生长环境条件下稳定高效产氢，为太阳能光合生物连续制氢技术的研究与开发提供可靠的基础数据和实验平台。主要研究结果：
1．针对光合生物制氢的环境因素分析及产氢反应器的特点，结合过程自动控制技术，建立一个自动化的太阳能光合生物连续产氢试验平台，为深入研究其运行规律提供设备条件。系统采用单片机开发技术，成本低，可实时显示，方便在线实时测试。一方面可以通过单片机键盘或者软件设定变量的预想值，经控制器判断进行调控，满足不同的测试条件，增强系统的实用性；另一方面能够对单个控制参数提前进行在线调试，确定其可行性，大大减少了系统设计的重复性和复杂性。控制设备具有人工和自动两种工作模式，而且具备自动操纵、自动调整和自动保护功能，保障产氢过程的可靠性和连续性。系统结构上采用模块化设计及冗余优化处理，不仅保证每个子系统相对独立，一个系统瘫痪不会影响其它系统的运行，而且预留接口方便进行功能扩充和数据移植。
2．运用太阳能热交换温度补偿的方式，制定基于数学模型的在线自适应控制算法，采用PT100铂电阻三线制桥接方法检测反应器的温度参数，由单片机PID控制方式实现了整体系统温度自动化的调控。温度补偿采用的是太阳能热水直接加热和光伏电辅助加热相结合的模式，不需外部能源，连续运行成本较低。
3．PH控制系统中合理设计了自搅拌功能的碱液分配器，建立了自控模型，利用双回路PID模糊控制规则对PH调控的非线性进行了优化，使PH值保持在适宜范围内。设计的流量控制系统可在并联“短路径”模式下使流量保持在0.072m3/h,在串联“长路径”模式下使流量保持在0.144m3/h左右，两种模式均能满足最佳滞留时间的运行要求。
4．针对室外聚光器内冷却光导纤维的直角导管设计了液位开关，当水分自然蒸发后，自动进行换水，既减少了温度过热对光纤的烧灼，又避免了导管的混蚀影响透光性。同时针对反应器长时间运行后供光管表面出现的附着物遮光现象，设置光敏电阻起到自动预警作用，提示需要人工拆卸清洗。
5．通过太阳能光合生物连续产氢自控装置的运行试验表明：各个系统功能齐备，调控良好，达到了设计目标和稳定运行要求。从产氢情况分析，温度因素的提升率最大，达到了10-15%；PH因素的提升率次之，在8-10%之间；而流量因素的提升率较小，只有3-5%。这说明在太阳能光合连续产氢过程中，保持适宜的温度是提高产氢量的重要条件。而流量不是主要的考虑因素，只要能保持最佳的水力滞留时间即可。太阳能光合生物连续产氢自控装置在经系统调控的30±2℃温度、7±1PH、36h水力滞留时间的环境下，连续运行40天，工作状态稳定，且对太阳能光合生物连续产氢量的提升率达到了20-30%，产氢效率的提升率达到20%，起到了明显的促进作用，为太阳能光合生物连续制氢技术的进一步研究与开发提供了科学参考。
This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation“Research onmetabolic heat and continuous photohydrogen production from straw biomassultrafine powder”(NO.50976029) and National863High Technology Research andDevelopment Projects“Key technology research and demonstration of biologicalhydrogen production”(NO.2012AA051502).
Energy is an important material foundation for social economic sustainabledevelopment. In the face of the current energy tension and environmental pollution,building a new renewable energy development and utilization system with green cleanenergy and creating a good living environment for mankind is an inevitable choice forsocial progress.As a friendly environmental clean energy, hydrogen gains highattentions by all the countries in the world. Bio-hydrogen production not only can useorganic wastes as raw materials to reduce the pollution of the environment,but alsocan get clean hydrogen energy, it has become one of the most important methods toproduce hydrogen. Especially the hydrogen production by PSB(photosyntheticbacteria) with efficient utilization of solar energy can achieve efficienttransformation,so it has a broad potential. However, hydrogen production by PSBwith solar is impaired by kinds of environmental factors such as temperature, Ph, lightintensity, the research of environmental factors controllable system and equipmentto enable the photosynthetic hydrogen production continuous and stable has importantsignificance for industrial and scale hydrogen production by PSB.
This paper in the base of analysis the influence factors of biological hydrogenproduction process applied automatic control technology to the continuous hydrogenproduction system by PSB with solar, established controllable parameters of thereaction system based on the requirements of technological process, realized theautomatic continuous inspection and control of photosynthetic hydrogen productionsystem to ensure stable and efficient hydrogen production of PSB in the bestenvironment for the growth conditions, provided a basic data and reliableexperimental platform for the research and development of continuous hydrogen production technology of PSB with solar energy.The main research results of this paper are as following:
1．Based on the analysis of environmental factors of biological hydrogen productionand characteristics of photosynthetic bioreactor, combined with process automaticcontrol technology, an experimental platform of automatic continuous hydrogenproduction of PSB with solar was established, provided an equipment conditionfor the in-depth study of the operating laws. The system used microprocessortechnology to make low cost, real-time display for easily online test. Firstly, thesystem can set the expected value of the variable by the microcontroller keyboardor software and regulate them decided by the controller to meet the different testconditions and to enhance its usefulness. Secondly, the system can pre-regulate theon-line single parameter to determine its feasibility, so the repeatability andcomplexity was reduced greatly. The controller devices have two modes ofoperation: automatic mode and manual mode, the devices also have the function asfollows: automatic operation, automatic adjustment and automatic protection andso on, and ensure the reliability and continuity of the hydrogen production. In thestructure，this system used modular design and redundant optimization, not only toensure relatively independent of the each subsystem which can make a crash haveno effect on the operation of other system, but also to have the excess interface tofacilitate the functional expansion and data migration.
2．The automatic temperature control system was established by using solar heatexchange temperature compensation, utilizing adopting on-line automaticregulation based on mathematical model, adopting the three-wire PT100platinumresistance bridge to detect the temperature of the photobioreactor and adopting themicrocontroller PID control mode to realize the auto-regulation. By using thecombination of solar hot water heating and photovoltaic electric auxiliary heatingwithout external energy，the cost of continuous operation was reduced.
3．In the Ph value control system，a self-mixing lye dispenser was designed and theself-control model was established by using double-loop PID fuzzy control rules tokeep the Ph value within an appropriate range after its nonlinear effect wasoptimized. The flow control system can keep the flow at0.072m3/h in parallel"short path" mode, and0.144m3/h in the serial "long path" mode, the two modescan meet the best retention run time requirement.
4．An automatic level switch for the right angles cooling catheter of optical fiber condenser outdoor was designed.The water was changed automatically after thenatural evaporation,thus the device can not only avoid temperature overheating tothe fiber, but also avoid mixed pitting in catheter affecting light transmission. Forthe problem of the surface of the obscuring attachments in light tubes, anautomatic early warning device was setted to prompt its need of manuallyknocking down and cleaning.
5．The results of automation equipment of photobioreactor for continuous hydrogenproduction with solar energy show that each system has perfect function and goodregulation to meet the design goals and the stable operating requirements.Temperature factors enhance the hydrogen production was obvious, which reached10-15%; PH factors follows, in the range of8-10%; and the flow factors effect wassmaller, only3-5%.It shows that in the process of continuous photosynthetichydrogen production with solar maintaining，an appropriate temperature is animportant condition to improve the hydrogen production. The flow is not a majorinfluencing factor as long as it maintains a optimal hydraulic retention time. Theautomation equipment of photobioreactor for continuous hydrogen productionwith solar energy runs continuously for40days in the controlled environment of30±2℃temperature、7±1Ph and36h hydraulic retention time.The overall systemwas continuous and stable.It enhanced the hydrogen production rate of20-30%and the efficiency of hydrogen production rate of20%and played a significantrole in promoting continuous hydrogen. The research of automation system andequipment provided a scientific reference for further research and development ofphotobioreactor for continuous hydrogen production with solar energy.
引文
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