节庆旅游的环境影响研究
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摘要
旅游环境是承载一切旅游活动和设施的基础,其质量的好坏直接决定游客的旅游体验,进而影响着旅游业的可持续发展。旅游环境的重要性已经得到业界和学界的一致认可,旅游环境影响研究已经成为旅游学界的重要研究内容之一。而作为一种新兴的旅游类型,节庆旅游环境影响研究却有所忽视,理论研究滞后于实践的发展,严重制约了节庆旅游健康可持续地发展。因此,加强节庆旅游环境影响研究对于促进节庆旅游的发展是十分必要的。
本文采用即成事实法,以上海桃花节、都市森林狂欢节为例,通过调查分析景区植被、土壤、水体、空气等生态环境因子所发生的变化,探讨了节庆旅游对景区自然环境的影响,并在此基础上提出了景区环境治理与管理的措施。本研究主要取得了以下几方面的结论:
(1)在植被环境影响方面,各活动区样地的植被受到的影响最大,缓冲区次之,背景区最小。其中,在桃花村景区,节庆活动主要是对草本植被和植被景观的影响。活动区和缓冲区样地的草本物种数、盖度、物种多样性信息指数、均匀度等指标在节后基本表现为减小趋势,而背景区则表现为增大趋势。活动区样地的旅游影响系数在节后几乎都增加了0.2-0.3。采用TWINSPAN分类法较好地反映了旅游活动对植被环境的综合影响,通过分析发现桃花村景区的植被景观在桃花节期间主要受到折枝和垃圾的影响,“游艺园”、“休闲茶楼”、“悬空吊桥”、“桃花观赏1”四个样地受到的影响最大,“桃花观赏2”样地受到的影响次之,“背景1”、“背景2”、“舞台表演”、“桃花观赏3”四个样地受到的影响最小。在共青森林公园,植被高度相对于物种数、盖度、生物量更为敏感。各指标随着距游径距离的减小、践踏效应累积(天数)而减小,同时各指标的变化与植被类型有很大的关系。植被相对盖度、相对高度、相对物种数、相对生物量同践踏强度存在一种非线性关系,用一元二次回归方程较好地拟合了它们之间的关系,从而在实证研究上进一步证实了以往模拟实验的研究结果。
(2)在土壤环境影响方面,土壤容重、有机质、速效氮表现出有规律的变化,PH值、速效磷(在桃花村景区有规律)、速效钾的变化规律不明显,土壤环境的空间异质性受旅游活动影响出现同质化趋势。在桃花村景区,通过PCA排序分析,样地土壤参数发生主要变化的参数有土壤容重、有机质含量和速效氮含量,活动区内的“悬空吊桥”、“舞台表演”、“桃花观赏1”样地所受到游客的影响最大,“游艺园”和“休闲茶楼”受到的影响较小,缓冲区的“桃花观赏2”、“桃花观赏3”样地次之,背景区受到的影响最小。在共青森林公园,通过CCA排序分析,节后样地、植被的分布格局发生了很大的变化,而距离游径的距离成为主导其变化的关键性因子。
(3)在水环境影响方面,桃花节期间农家菜馆附近水体各类水质指标均大幅变化,引起水质短期内迅速恶化,景观质量下降。而从其他采样点的监测结果分析看来,在经历大量游客光顾之后,水质环境在水体自净作用下却得以改善。通过PCA排序分析,桃花村景区各水域呈现三个组团式分布的特征,各组团表现出不同的水体污染特征,即第一组团(“农家餐馆”、“背景2”和“垂钓区”)主要表现为COD含量增加,有机污染加剧;第二组团(“背景1”)主要表现为有机污染和TN含量的增加;第三组团(“烧烤区”、“游船区”、“环湖水道”和“观鱼池”)主要表现为TN含量的增加,TP含量的减少。
(4)在大气环境影响方面,桃花村景区负离子浓度的整体水平较低,空气清洁度较差,这与景区所处的环境特征有很大的关系,与游客人数关系不明显,而瞬时空气负离子浓度却与游客人数成负相关关系。
(5)在对共青森林公园游客的环境影响感知研究结果表明,游客能够较为理性地认识节庆活动的环境影响,意识到了草本植被、野生动物、水环境所受到了较严重的破坏;游客表现出“节庆型”游客的特征,喜好热闹的节庆场面。
Tourism environment is the basement of tourism activities and facilities,whose quality directly decides experience of tourists,and affect the sustainable development of tourism. The importance of tourism has been endorsed unanimously by tourism industry and academics,and environmental impact study of tourism has become one of the important research content of tourism academics.But as an emerging tourism type,environmental imapct study of festival tourism is neglected,and theoretical research lags behind the development of the practice.It seriously hampers the sustainable development of festival tourism.Therefore,strengthening environmental impact study of festival tourism is very necessary to promoting the development of festival tourism.
This paper takes Shanghai Taohua Festival ,Shanghai Urban Forest Cainival as an example.On the base of investigating and analyzing changes of ecological environmental factors impacted by festival tourism, such as vegetations, soils,water, atmosphere,this paper exlpored environmental impact of festival tourism,and put forwards strategies on environmental control and management.The major conclusions are as the following:
(1)In the vegetation environment, the samples of activity areas has the worst quality, followed by buffer zones, and the background.In the Peach Gardern,festivals mainly affect the herbaceous vegetation and vegetation landscapes.After Taohua Festival,the species(S), cover(C), information index of species diversity(H), evenness (Jsw) in the the samples of activity areas and buffer zones decreased,and the background′s increased. And tourism impcat index(TII) in the activity areas almost increased 0.2-0.3.With Two-Way Indicators Species Analysis(TWINSPAN),it shows that the vegetation environment was impacted by tourists damaging branches and discardting rubbish.Through this, the samples were divided into three groups which reflect the extent of impact by tourism activities.The first group was affected most seriously,including Recreation Park,Leisure Restaurant,Bridge,Peach Watching 1;the second group follows,including Peach Watching2,the least is the third group including Background 1,Background 2,Stage,Peach Watching 3.In the Gongqing Forest Park,the height of vegetation is more sensitive than species,cover and biomass.With the increasement of distance from the trails and the cumulative effect of trampling(number of days),all indicators decreased after festival. There is a close relationship between indicators and vegetation types,and there is a nonlinear relationship between relative vegetation cover,relative height, relative number of species, relative biomass and trampling intensity,with a quadratic regression can better fit this relationship.
(2)In soil environment,after festival,the soil bulk density,organics,available nitrogen have shown changes in the law,but PH, available P(except Peach Gardern), available K haven′t.The spatial heterogeneity of soil emergied a trend of homogenization.In the Peach Gardern,though PCA ordination,it shows that of all soil parameters, the soil bulk density,organics,available nitrogen are the major changing indicators,and Bridge,Stage,Peach Watching 1 in activity area were most seriously affected,Peach Watching 2 and Peach Watching 3 in the buffer zone followed,the backgrounds were the least. In the Gongqing Forest Park,after festival the distribution of samples and vegetation changed largely,and the distance from the trail is the key factor.
(3)In the water environment, in the aspect of time changing,because of serious impact by tourists after Taohua Festival,the water quality was deteriorated largely in Farm Restaurant;in the other samples ,the water quality was improved because of the eco-facilities and the less participation of tourists;and in the space distribution,the water quality shows a characteristic of three-group distribution.The first group (including Farm Restaurant ,Background 2 and Fishing Zone) was more seriously polluted by organics,the organic pollutions and TN content were increased in the second group(including Background 1) ,and the third group (including Barbecue Area,Shipping Area,the Creek Around Lake and the Pond of Watching Fish) shows increasment of TN content and decreasment of TP content.
(4)In the atmosphere,anion concentration in Peach Gardern was low,and the quality of air was poor,which is related to environmental features ,but not the number of tourists.But there was a negative correlation between instaneous aeroanion concentration and the number of tourists.
(5)In the perception of impact on the environment in Gongqing Forest Park,the tourists can understand rationally the environmental impact of festival tourism,and the tourists thought herbaceous vegetation,wild animals,water were affected more seriously;the tourists showed a“festival-type”characteristics,preferences lively festival scene.
本文采用即成事实法,以上海桃花节、都市森林狂欢节为例,通过调查分析景区植被、土壤、水体、空气等生态环境因子所发生的变化,探讨了节庆旅游对景区自然环境的影响,并在此基础上提出了景区环境治理与管理的措施。本研究主要取得了以下几方面的结论:
(1)在植被环境影响方面,各活动区样地的植被受到的影响最大,缓冲区次之,背景区最小。其中,在桃花村景区,节庆活动主要是对草本植被和植被景观的影响。活动区和缓冲区样地的草本物种数、盖度、物种多样性信息指数、均匀度等指标在节后基本表现为减小趋势,而背景区则表现为增大趋势。活动区样地的旅游影响系数在节后几乎都增加了0.2-0.3。采用TWINSPAN分类法较好地反映了旅游活动对植被环境的综合影响,通过分析发现桃花村景区的植被景观在桃花节期间主要受到折枝和垃圾的影响,“游艺园”、“休闲茶楼”、“悬空吊桥”、“桃花观赏1”四个样地受到的影响最大,“桃花观赏2”样地受到的影响次之,“背景1”、“背景2”、“舞台表演”、“桃花观赏3”四个样地受到的影响最小。在共青森林公园,植被高度相对于物种数、盖度、生物量更为敏感。各指标随着距游径距离的减小、践踏效应累积(天数)而减小,同时各指标的变化与植被类型有很大的关系。植被相对盖度、相对高度、相对物种数、相对生物量同践踏强度存在一种非线性关系,用一元二次回归方程较好地拟合了它们之间的关系,从而在实证研究上进一步证实了以往模拟实验的研究结果。
(2)在土壤环境影响方面,土壤容重、有机质、速效氮表现出有规律的变化,PH值、速效磷(在桃花村景区有规律)、速效钾的变化规律不明显,土壤环境的空间异质性受旅游活动影响出现同质化趋势。在桃花村景区,通过PCA排序分析,样地土壤参数发生主要变化的参数有土壤容重、有机质含量和速效氮含量,活动区内的“悬空吊桥”、“舞台表演”、“桃花观赏1”样地所受到游客的影响最大,“游艺园”和“休闲茶楼”受到的影响较小,缓冲区的“桃花观赏2”、“桃花观赏3”样地次之,背景区受到的影响最小。在共青森林公园,通过CCA排序分析,节后样地、植被的分布格局发生了很大的变化,而距离游径的距离成为主导其变化的关键性因子。
(3)在水环境影响方面,桃花节期间农家菜馆附近水体各类水质指标均大幅变化,引起水质短期内迅速恶化,景观质量下降。而从其他采样点的监测结果分析看来,在经历大量游客光顾之后,水质环境在水体自净作用下却得以改善。通过PCA排序分析,桃花村景区各水域呈现三个组团式分布的特征,各组团表现出不同的水体污染特征,即第一组团(“农家餐馆”、“背景2”和“垂钓区”)主要表现为COD含量增加,有机污染加剧;第二组团(“背景1”)主要表现为有机污染和TN含量的增加;第三组团(“烧烤区”、“游船区”、“环湖水道”和“观鱼池”)主要表现为TN含量的增加,TP含量的减少。
(4)在大气环境影响方面,桃花村景区负离子浓度的整体水平较低,空气清洁度较差,这与景区所处的环境特征有很大的关系,与游客人数关系不明显,而瞬时空气负离子浓度却与游客人数成负相关关系。
(5)在对共青森林公园游客的环境影响感知研究结果表明,游客能够较为理性地认识节庆活动的环境影响,意识到了草本植被、野生动物、水环境所受到了较严重的破坏;游客表现出“节庆型”游客的特征,喜好热闹的节庆场面。
Tourism environment is the basement of tourism activities and facilities,whose quality directly decides experience of tourists,and affect the sustainable development of tourism. The importance of tourism has been endorsed unanimously by tourism industry and academics,and environmental impact study of tourism has become one of the important research content of tourism academics.But as an emerging tourism type,environmental imapct study of festival tourism is neglected,and theoretical research lags behind the development of the practice.It seriously hampers the sustainable development of festival tourism.Therefore,strengthening environmental impact study of festival tourism is very necessary to promoting the development of festival tourism.
This paper takes Shanghai Taohua Festival ,Shanghai Urban Forest Cainival as an example.On the base of investigating and analyzing changes of ecological environmental factors impacted by festival tourism, such as vegetations, soils,water, atmosphere,this paper exlpored environmental impact of festival tourism,and put forwards strategies on environmental control and management.The major conclusions are as the following:
(1)In the vegetation environment, the samples of activity areas has the worst quality, followed by buffer zones, and the background.In the Peach Gardern,festivals mainly affect the herbaceous vegetation and vegetation landscapes.After Taohua Festival,the species(S), cover(C), information index of species diversity(H), evenness (Jsw) in the the samples of activity areas and buffer zones decreased,and the background′s increased. And tourism impcat index(TII) in the activity areas almost increased 0.2-0.3.With Two-Way Indicators Species Analysis(TWINSPAN),it shows that the vegetation environment was impacted by tourists damaging branches and discardting rubbish.Through this, the samples were divided into three groups which reflect the extent of impact by tourism activities.The first group was affected most seriously,including Recreation Park,Leisure Restaurant,Bridge,Peach Watching 1;the second group follows,including Peach Watching2,the least is the third group including Background 1,Background 2,Stage,Peach Watching 3.In the Gongqing Forest Park,the height of vegetation is more sensitive than species,cover and biomass.With the increasement of distance from the trails and the cumulative effect of trampling(number of days),all indicators decreased after festival. There is a close relationship between indicators and vegetation types,and there is a nonlinear relationship between relative vegetation cover,relative height, relative number of species, relative biomass and trampling intensity,with a quadratic regression can better fit this relationship.
(2)In soil environment,after festival,the soil bulk density,organics,available nitrogen have shown changes in the law,but PH, available P(except Peach Gardern), available K haven′t.The spatial heterogeneity of soil emergied a trend of homogenization.In the Peach Gardern,though PCA ordination,it shows that of all soil parameters, the soil bulk density,organics,available nitrogen are the major changing indicators,and Bridge,Stage,Peach Watching 1 in activity area were most seriously affected,Peach Watching 2 and Peach Watching 3 in the buffer zone followed,the backgrounds were the least. In the Gongqing Forest Park,after festival the distribution of samples and vegetation changed largely,and the distance from the trail is the key factor.
(3)In the water environment, in the aspect of time changing,because of serious impact by tourists after Taohua Festival,the water quality was deteriorated largely in Farm Restaurant;in the other samples ,the water quality was improved because of the eco-facilities and the less participation of tourists;and in the space distribution,the water quality shows a characteristic of three-group distribution.The first group (including Farm Restaurant ,Background 2 and Fishing Zone) was more seriously polluted by organics,the organic pollutions and TN content were increased in the second group(including Background 1) ,and the third group (including Barbecue Area,Shipping Area,the Creek Around Lake and the Pond of Watching Fish) shows increasment of TN content and decreasment of TP content.
(4)In the atmosphere,anion concentration in Peach Gardern was low,and the quality of air was poor,which is related to environmental features ,but not the number of tourists.But there was a negative correlation between instaneous aeroanion concentration and the number of tourists.
(5)In the perception of impact on the environment in Gongqing Forest Park,the tourists can understand rationally the environmental impact of festival tourism,and the tourists thought herbaceous vegetation,wild animals,water were affected more seriously;the tourists showed a“festival-type”characteristics,preferences lively festival scene.
引文
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