鄂尔多斯西南缘下古生界岩相古地理研究
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摘要
鄂尔多斯位于华北地台的西南部,是华北克拉通的一部分,早古生代形成了一套以海相碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩为主的沉积建造,尤其是其西南缘地区沉积厚度巨大,沉积类型多样,地层齐全,发育有华北地区仅有的上奥陶统地层。鄂尔多斯本部因天然气勘探的开展研究程度较高,相对而言,鄂尔多斯西南缘地质条件复杂,研究程度相对较差,因此,本文在借鉴前人研究成果的基础上,通过对鄂尔多斯西南缘及其邻区下古生界三十多条野外剖面和十余口探井的详细观察和采样分析,开展了岩石学、地层学、地球化学、沉积学以及岩相古地理学等方面的研究。
通过区域上的对比分析将鄂尔多斯划分为西缘、南缘、中东部、贺兰山以及河西走廊5个不同的沉积小区,并对各个沉积小区下古生界的岩石地层单位进行了重新厘定,结合古生物化石资料对岩石地层单位、生物地层单位和年代地层单位之间的关系进行了对比,建立了较为统一的地层划分方案。
对鄂尔多斯下古生界的岩石类型进行了厘定,区内以广泛发育海相碳酸盐岩为特征,其次为碎屑岩类,另外还发育有少量的硅质岩、凝灰岩以及蒸发岩类等,并对主要岩石类型的岩石学特征、沉积环境、分布层位以及平面展布特征进行分析。在鄂尔多斯西南缘开展了奥陶系碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素的研究,分析结果表明其碳同位素组成与全球奥陶系的同位素组成基本一致,由早奥陶世至晚奥陶世碳同位素逐渐增重,并在中晚奥陶世发生了明显的正向偏移。
根据沉积特征将鄂尔多斯西南缘下古生界划分为海岸沉积、碳酸盐台地沉积、台地边缘沉积和深水斜坡-海槽沉积四大沉积体系,并对每个沉积相带的特征和时空展布进行了分析,在此基础上建立了下古生界的沉积相模式。研究认为：鄂尔多斯西缘桌子山一带中上寒武统大量发育的竹叶状砾屑灰岩并非浅水风暴沉积,而是碎屑流沉积；在鄂尔多斯南缘岐山一带的马家沟组发现了大量的碳酸盐岩重力流沉积,均代表了台地前缘斜坡的深水沉积环境；中晚奥陶世在鄂尔多斯西南缘“L”形的台地边缘上发育条带状生物礁、滩相沉积,西缘主要为颗粒滩相沉积,发育在中奥陶世,南缘在陇县-富平一带发育生物礁建造,发育在晚奥陶世；晚奥陶世鄂尔多斯南缘的渭北南部可能发育一系列东西向排列的岛弧链,并向其北侧提供物源,华北地台南缘已由被动大陆边缘转化为具典型沟、弧、盆体系的活动大陆边缘；奥陶纪鄂尔多斯西缘的贺兰拗拉槽两侧的沉积体系具有明显的不对称性,在东侧发育碳酸盐岩斜坡相沉积,由东侧的鄂尔多斯台地提供碳酸盐岩物源,而在西侧则发育硅质碎屑浊积岩,由西北侧的阿拉善古陆提供碎屑岩物源,充填物质由北东向南西顺贺兰拗拉槽向下运移沉积。
在上述研究的基础上,综合各种沉积特征编制了鄂尔多斯下古生界各期的岩相古地理图,探讨了鄂尔多斯早古生代的沉积演化历史。
Ordos, located in the southwest of the North China platform, is a part of the North China Craton. During the Early Paleozoic, there formed a set of marine carbonate sedimentary interbedded with clastic rock, especially in the southwestern margin of Ordos, the sediment thickness is huge with various sedimentary type, and the strata develop completely with the only Upper Ordovician strata within the North China. Because of the development of natural gas exploration, the middle of Ordos is well researched, comparatively, the southwestern margin of Ordos has complex geological conditions and the research degree is poor. Based on previous researches, through detailed observations and analysis of over thirty field profiles and more than ten wells of the Lower Paleozoic, studies on petrology, stratigraphy, geochemistry, sedimentology and lithofacies paleogeography were carried out in the southwest margin of ordos and its adjacent areas.
According to the regional comparison and analysis, five different sedimentary subareas can be divided in Ordos, including western margin, southern margin, central-eastern part of Ordos, Helan Mountain and Hexi Corridor, and the lithostratigraphic units of the Lower Paleozoic in this sedimentary subareas were redefined. Associating with paleontologic data, the correlation of lithostratigraphic units, biostratigraphic units and chronostratigraphic units were analyzed, and then established a uniform stratigraphic division scheme.
The Lower Paleozoic in Ordos is characterized by extensive marine carbonates, followed by clastic rocks, but also developed silica rocks, tuffs, evaporite rocks and so on, and their petrologic characteristics, sedimentary environment, distribution horizon and plane distribution characteristics were also analyzed. Then the carbon and oxygen isotopes of the Ordovician carbonate were carried out in the southwestern margin of Ordos, the results show that its carbon isotope compositions are basically consistent with that of the global Ordovician, the carbon isotopic values are gradually increased from the Early to Late Ordovician with a significant positive excursion between the Middle and Late Ordovician.
According to sedimentary characteristics of the Lower Paleozoic, four depositional systems can be distinguished in the southwestern margin of Ordos, including coast, carbonate platform, platform margin and deep-water slope-trough, for each sedimentary facies, its characteristics, spatial and temporal distribution were analyzed, and then established a sedimentary facies patterns. Our studies suggest that:in Zhuozishan region in the western margin, abundant edgewise limestones developed in the Middle and Upper Cambrian are not shallow water storm deposits, but the debris flow deposits; In Qishan region in the southern margin, a number of carbonate gravity flow deposits were discovered in the Majiagou Formation, they all represent the deep-water sedimentary environment of platform-foreslope facies. In the Middle and Late Ordovician, there developed banded reef and shoal deposits around the "L" shaped platform margin in the southwestern of Ordos, and the western margin is mainly developed of grain shoal deposits in the Middle Ordovician while the southern margin is developed of reef in the Late Ordovician in Longxian-Fuping area. In the Late Ordovician, there maybe developed a series of transmeridional island arc chain in the south of Weibei area in the southern margin, which provided material sources to the north side, the southern margin of North China Platform has been translated to active continental margin with typical trench arc basin system. The sedimentary systems of both sides of the Helan aulacogen in the western margin of Ordos were obviously asymmetric in the Ordovician. The east side developed carbonate slope facies sediments provided by east Ordos platform, and the west side developed siliciclastic turbidite provided by northwest Alashan paleo-land, the filling materials were migrated downwards and deposited along the Helan aulacogen from NE to SW.
Based on these studies and synthesized of various sedimentary characters, the lithofacies paleogeography maps of the Lower Paleozoic in Ordos were composed by each age, and finally discussed the sedimentary evolution history of the Early Paleozoic in Ordos.
通过区域上的对比分析将鄂尔多斯划分为西缘、南缘、中东部、贺兰山以及河西走廊5个不同的沉积小区,并对各个沉积小区下古生界的岩石地层单位进行了重新厘定,结合古生物化石资料对岩石地层单位、生物地层单位和年代地层单位之间的关系进行了对比,建立了较为统一的地层划分方案。
对鄂尔多斯下古生界的岩石类型进行了厘定,区内以广泛发育海相碳酸盐岩为特征,其次为碎屑岩类,另外还发育有少量的硅质岩、凝灰岩以及蒸发岩类等,并对主要岩石类型的岩石学特征、沉积环境、分布层位以及平面展布特征进行分析。在鄂尔多斯西南缘开展了奥陶系碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素的研究,分析结果表明其碳同位素组成与全球奥陶系的同位素组成基本一致,由早奥陶世至晚奥陶世碳同位素逐渐增重,并在中晚奥陶世发生了明显的正向偏移。
根据沉积特征将鄂尔多斯西南缘下古生界划分为海岸沉积、碳酸盐台地沉积、台地边缘沉积和深水斜坡-海槽沉积四大沉积体系,并对每个沉积相带的特征和时空展布进行了分析,在此基础上建立了下古生界的沉积相模式。研究认为：鄂尔多斯西缘桌子山一带中上寒武统大量发育的竹叶状砾屑灰岩并非浅水风暴沉积,而是碎屑流沉积；在鄂尔多斯南缘岐山一带的马家沟组发现了大量的碳酸盐岩重力流沉积,均代表了台地前缘斜坡的深水沉积环境；中晚奥陶世在鄂尔多斯西南缘“L”形的台地边缘上发育条带状生物礁、滩相沉积,西缘主要为颗粒滩相沉积,发育在中奥陶世,南缘在陇县-富平一带发育生物礁建造,发育在晚奥陶世；晚奥陶世鄂尔多斯南缘的渭北南部可能发育一系列东西向排列的岛弧链,并向其北侧提供物源,华北地台南缘已由被动大陆边缘转化为具典型沟、弧、盆体系的活动大陆边缘；奥陶纪鄂尔多斯西缘的贺兰拗拉槽两侧的沉积体系具有明显的不对称性,在东侧发育碳酸盐岩斜坡相沉积,由东侧的鄂尔多斯台地提供碳酸盐岩物源,而在西侧则发育硅质碎屑浊积岩,由西北侧的阿拉善古陆提供碎屑岩物源,充填物质由北东向南西顺贺兰拗拉槽向下运移沉积。
在上述研究的基础上,综合各种沉积特征编制了鄂尔多斯下古生界各期的岩相古地理图,探讨了鄂尔多斯早古生代的沉积演化历史。
Ordos, located in the southwest of the North China platform, is a part of the North China Craton. During the Early Paleozoic, there formed a set of marine carbonate sedimentary interbedded with clastic rock, especially in the southwestern margin of Ordos, the sediment thickness is huge with various sedimentary type, and the strata develop completely with the only Upper Ordovician strata within the North China. Because of the development of natural gas exploration, the middle of Ordos is well researched, comparatively, the southwestern margin of Ordos has complex geological conditions and the research degree is poor. Based on previous researches, through detailed observations and analysis of over thirty field profiles and more than ten wells of the Lower Paleozoic, studies on petrology, stratigraphy, geochemistry, sedimentology and lithofacies paleogeography were carried out in the southwest margin of ordos and its adjacent areas.
According to the regional comparison and analysis, five different sedimentary subareas can be divided in Ordos, including western margin, southern margin, central-eastern part of Ordos, Helan Mountain and Hexi Corridor, and the lithostratigraphic units of the Lower Paleozoic in this sedimentary subareas were redefined. Associating with paleontologic data, the correlation of lithostratigraphic units, biostratigraphic units and chronostratigraphic units were analyzed, and then established a uniform stratigraphic division scheme.
The Lower Paleozoic in Ordos is characterized by extensive marine carbonates, followed by clastic rocks, but also developed silica rocks, tuffs, evaporite rocks and so on, and their petrologic characteristics, sedimentary environment, distribution horizon and plane distribution characteristics were also analyzed. Then the carbon and oxygen isotopes of the Ordovician carbonate were carried out in the southwestern margin of Ordos, the results show that its carbon isotope compositions are basically consistent with that of the global Ordovician, the carbon isotopic values are gradually increased from the Early to Late Ordovician with a significant positive excursion between the Middle and Late Ordovician.
According to sedimentary characteristics of the Lower Paleozoic, four depositional systems can be distinguished in the southwestern margin of Ordos, including coast, carbonate platform, platform margin and deep-water slope-trough, for each sedimentary facies, its characteristics, spatial and temporal distribution were analyzed, and then established a sedimentary facies patterns. Our studies suggest that:in Zhuozishan region in the western margin, abundant edgewise limestones developed in the Middle and Upper Cambrian are not shallow water storm deposits, but the debris flow deposits; In Qishan region in the southern margin, a number of carbonate gravity flow deposits were discovered in the Majiagou Formation, they all represent the deep-water sedimentary environment of platform-foreslope facies. In the Middle and Late Ordovician, there developed banded reef and shoal deposits around the "L" shaped platform margin in the southwestern of Ordos, and the western margin is mainly developed of grain shoal deposits in the Middle Ordovician while the southern margin is developed of reef in the Late Ordovician in Longxian-Fuping area. In the Late Ordovician, there maybe developed a series of transmeridional island arc chain in the south of Weibei area in the southern margin, which provided material sources to the north side, the southern margin of North China Platform has been translated to active continental margin with typical trench arc basin system. The sedimentary systems of both sides of the Helan aulacogen in the western margin of Ordos were obviously asymmetric in the Ordovician. The east side developed carbonate slope facies sediments provided by east Ordos platform, and the west side developed siliciclastic turbidite provided by northwest Alashan paleo-land, the filling materials were migrated downwards and deposited along the Helan aulacogen from NE to SW.
Based on these studies and synthesized of various sedimentary characters, the lithofacies paleogeography maps of the Lower Paleozoic in Ordos were composed by each age, and finally discussed the sedimentary evolution history of the Early Paleozoic in Ordos.
引文
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