内蒙古农牧交错带主要作物对气候的敏感性与适应弹性研究
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摘要
北方农牧交错带是气候变化的敏感地带,气候干暖化对当地旱地作物将带来深刻的影响。研究该区域主要农作物对气候的响应,从而采取合理的适应性措施,对农业区域可持续发展有重要意义。为了明确北方农牧交错带地区主要农作物对生长期气候差异的敏感性及适应弹性,本研究选取该区域具有代表性的麦类作物(春小麦和莜麦)、油料作物(油菜和向日葵)以及淀粉类作物马铃薯为研究对象,于2009年至2013年在农业部武川环境观测试验站进行大田分期播种试验。主要结论如下：
(1)定量了作物在不同气候环境条件下完成某一生育阶段及全生育期所需的积温和生理发育时间(最佳温度条件下作物的生育日数)。其中,春小麦全生育过程需要95.3个生理日数,所需大于0℃的积温1941℃·d；莜麦需要74.6个生理日数可以完成全生育过程,完成全生育过程所需的大于0℃的积温约1664℃·d；油菜完成全生育过程需要103.9个生理日数,大于0℃的积温约1988℃·d；向日葵完成全生育过程需要112.9个生理日数,大于0℃的积温约2180℃·d,马铃薯完成全生育过程需要97.72个生理日数,大于0℃的积温约2202℃·d。
(2)探讨了不同作物各器官的生长发育与热量时间(积温)的关系。春小麦穗部干物质分配指数与积温的关系为：y=50.9661n(x)-340.17(R2=0.7581)；莜麦穗部干物质分配指数与积温的关系为：y=1.7614e0.0019x(R2=0.5077)；油菜角果及向日葵籽粒部分干物质分配指数与积温的关系分别为：y=1.7575e-0.002x(R2=0.5638)和y=0.1922e-.--29x(R2=0.7817)；马铃薯的干物质在块茎中的分配指数成对数增长,方程为：y=3.4985e0.1119x(R2=0.6794)。
(3)不同年份和不同播期处理下春小麦、莜麦、油菜、向日葵和马铃薯的产量依次为：1999±849kg/hm-2,2925±954kg/hm2,2189±526kghm-2,2175±325kg/ha和19440±2539kg/ha；同年处理间,随着播期的推迟,5月中旬之后播种的春小麦和向日葵产量及千粒重等呈显著降低的趋势；油菜的产量与所设播期无显著关系；莜麦的产量与播期的关系不显著,但是千粒重随着播期的推迟显著降低；不同播期间马铃薯的产量亦无显著差异,但是随着播期的推迟,商品薯的比例略有降低。五种作物中莜麦和马铃薯的水分利用效率、热量利用效率平均值较高。
(4)通过分析研究区域1960-2013年的气象数据,结合本研究中作物全生育期积温等试验结果,确定了春小麦、莜麦、油菜、向日葵、马铃薯的弹性播种区间。2000年-2013年的平均值与20世纪60年代平均值相比,春小麦、莜麦、油菜、向日葵、马铃薯5种作物的适宜播种区间分别增加了13天,13天,16天,25天和22天。随着气候变暖,农牧交错带几种主要农作物的弹性播种区间呈现逐渐加大的趋势。
综上,在气候变暖背景下北方地区气候呈现暖干化,北方农牧交错带地区春播作物的弹性播种区间加大,但是作物在不同气候条件下产量、资源利用效率存在差异,选择莜麦和马铃薯等稳定性较高的品种并适时播种,是北方农牧交错带雨养地区实现农业可持续发展的重要措施。
Agro-pastoral ecotone is very sensitive to climate change. The warmer and drier climate change would have a profound effect on the rain-fed crops. The research on the response of the main crops to the climate change and the reasonable measures accordingly are crucial important to the sustainable development of agricultural areas. To clarify the climate sensitivity and adaptation flexibility of growing seasons for main crops, five regional representative crops, including two cereal crops (spring wheat and oats), two oil-bearing crops (rapeseed and sunflower), and Starchy crops (potato) were selected for the different sowing date experiments conducted from2009to2013at Wuchuan Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro-Environment, Inner Mongolia.
The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) The accumulated temperature required completing a certain growth stage and the whole growth period, and the physiological development time (the growing days under the optimum temperature conditions) were determined in this article. The results showed that:spring wheat needs95.3physiological development days and1941℃-d to complete the whole growing season; oats needs74.6physiological development days and1664℃-d to complete the whole growing season; rapeseed needs103.9physiological development days and2180℃-d to complete the whole growing season; sunflower needs112.9physiological development days and2180℃-d to complete the whole growing season; potato needs97.7physiological development days and2202℃·d to complete the whole growing season.
(2) The relationships between crop growth and development of different organs and the heat time (accumulated temperature) were discussed. The relationships between the dry matter distribution ratio of spring wheat spike and oats spike and the accumulated temperature were:y=50.9661n(x)-340.17, R2=0.7581, y=1.7614e00019x, R2=0.5077, respectively. The relationships between the dry matter distribution ratio of rapeseed pods and sunflower seeds and the accumulated temperature were: y=1.7575e0002x, R2=0.5638and y=0.1922e00029x, R2=0.7817, respectively. The relationship between the dry matter distribution ratio of potato tubers and the accumulated temperature was: y=3.4985e00019x,R2=0.6794.
(3) The yields of spring wheat, oats, rapeseed, sunflower, and potato for different years and different sowing dates were1999±849kg/ha,2925±954kg/ha,2189±526kg/ha,2175±325kg/ha, and19440±2539kg/ha, respectively. After Mid-May sowing, the yield and1000kernel weight of spring wheat and sunflower decreased significantly. There was no significant relationship between the rapeseed yield and the sowing date, which was the same as the oats yield, while with delayed sowing date, the1000kernel weight decreased significantly. There was no significant difference between different sowing dates for potato, while the ratio of commercial potato got decreased with the delayed sowing date. Among these five crops, water utilization efficiency and heat utilization efficiency of oats and potato were higher than other three crops.
(4) Combining the meteorological data from1960to2013with the results obtained from this study, the flexible sowing ranges of spring wheat, oats, rapeseed, sunflower and potato were determined. Compared with the1960s, during the past ten years, the average of suitable sowing interval of spring wheat, oats, rapeseed, sunflowers and potatoes increased by13,13,16,25and22days, respectively
In conclusion, under the background of climate warming, it showed a warmer and drier trend in northern China, which resulted in an increasing trend for the flexible sowing range for spring crops at northern Agro-pastoral ecotone. The yield and resource use efficiency of different crops were different due to different climate conditions. It is one of the important measures to realize the agricultural sustainable development to choose the high stability species like oats and potato and to sow during a proper range.
(1)定量了作物在不同气候环境条件下完成某一生育阶段及全生育期所需的积温和生理发育时间(最佳温度条件下作物的生育日数)。其中,春小麦全生育过程需要95.3个生理日数,所需大于0℃的积温1941℃·d；莜麦需要74.6个生理日数可以完成全生育过程,完成全生育过程所需的大于0℃的积温约1664℃·d；油菜完成全生育过程需要103.9个生理日数,大于0℃的积温约1988℃·d；向日葵完成全生育过程需要112.9个生理日数,大于0℃的积温约2180℃·d,马铃薯完成全生育过程需要97.72个生理日数,大于0℃的积温约2202℃·d。
(2)探讨了不同作物各器官的生长发育与热量时间(积温)的关系。春小麦穗部干物质分配指数与积温的关系为：y=50.9661n(x)-340.17(R2=0.7581)；莜麦穗部干物质分配指数与积温的关系为：y=1.7614e0.0019x(R2=0.5077)；油菜角果及向日葵籽粒部分干物质分配指数与积温的关系分别为：y=1.7575e-0.002x(R2=0.5638)和y=0.1922e-.--29x(R2=0.7817)；马铃薯的干物质在块茎中的分配指数成对数增长,方程为：y=3.4985e0.1119x(R2=0.6794)。
(3)不同年份和不同播期处理下春小麦、莜麦、油菜、向日葵和马铃薯的产量依次为：1999±849kg/hm-2,2925±954kg/hm2,2189±526kghm-2,2175±325kg/ha和19440±2539kg/ha；同年处理间,随着播期的推迟,5月中旬之后播种的春小麦和向日葵产量及千粒重等呈显著降低的趋势；油菜的产量与所设播期无显著关系；莜麦的产量与播期的关系不显著,但是千粒重随着播期的推迟显著降低；不同播期间马铃薯的产量亦无显著差异,但是随着播期的推迟,商品薯的比例略有降低。五种作物中莜麦和马铃薯的水分利用效率、热量利用效率平均值较高。
(4)通过分析研究区域1960-2013年的气象数据,结合本研究中作物全生育期积温等试验结果,确定了春小麦、莜麦、油菜、向日葵、马铃薯的弹性播种区间。2000年-2013年的平均值与20世纪60年代平均值相比,春小麦、莜麦、油菜、向日葵、马铃薯5种作物的适宜播种区间分别增加了13天,13天,16天,25天和22天。随着气候变暖,农牧交错带几种主要农作物的弹性播种区间呈现逐渐加大的趋势。
综上,在气候变暖背景下北方地区气候呈现暖干化,北方农牧交错带地区春播作物的弹性播种区间加大,但是作物在不同气候条件下产量、资源利用效率存在差异,选择莜麦和马铃薯等稳定性较高的品种并适时播种,是北方农牧交错带雨养地区实现农业可持续发展的重要措施。
Agro-pastoral ecotone is very sensitive to climate change. The warmer and drier climate change would have a profound effect on the rain-fed crops. The research on the response of the main crops to the climate change and the reasonable measures accordingly are crucial important to the sustainable development of agricultural areas. To clarify the climate sensitivity and adaptation flexibility of growing seasons for main crops, five regional representative crops, including two cereal crops (spring wheat and oats), two oil-bearing crops (rapeseed and sunflower), and Starchy crops (potato) were selected for the different sowing date experiments conducted from2009to2013at Wuchuan Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Agro-Environment, Inner Mongolia.
The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) The accumulated temperature required completing a certain growth stage and the whole growth period, and the physiological development time (the growing days under the optimum temperature conditions) were determined in this article. The results showed that:spring wheat needs95.3physiological development days and1941℃-d to complete the whole growing season; oats needs74.6physiological development days and1664℃-d to complete the whole growing season; rapeseed needs103.9physiological development days and2180℃-d to complete the whole growing season; sunflower needs112.9physiological development days and2180℃-d to complete the whole growing season; potato needs97.7physiological development days and2202℃·d to complete the whole growing season.
(2) The relationships between crop growth and development of different organs and the heat time (accumulated temperature) were discussed. The relationships between the dry matter distribution ratio of spring wheat spike and oats spike and the accumulated temperature were:y=50.9661n(x)-340.17, R2=0.7581, y=1.7614e00019x, R2=0.5077, respectively. The relationships between the dry matter distribution ratio of rapeseed pods and sunflower seeds and the accumulated temperature were: y=1.7575e0002x, R2=0.5638and y=0.1922e00029x, R2=0.7817, respectively. The relationship between the dry matter distribution ratio of potato tubers and the accumulated temperature was: y=3.4985e00019x,R2=0.6794.
(3) The yields of spring wheat, oats, rapeseed, sunflower, and potato for different years and different sowing dates were1999±849kg/ha,2925±954kg/ha,2189±526kg/ha,2175±325kg/ha, and19440±2539kg/ha, respectively. After Mid-May sowing, the yield and1000kernel weight of spring wheat and sunflower decreased significantly. There was no significant relationship between the rapeseed yield and the sowing date, which was the same as the oats yield, while with delayed sowing date, the1000kernel weight decreased significantly. There was no significant difference between different sowing dates for potato, while the ratio of commercial potato got decreased with the delayed sowing date. Among these five crops, water utilization efficiency and heat utilization efficiency of oats and potato were higher than other three crops.
(4) Combining the meteorological data from1960to2013with the results obtained from this study, the flexible sowing ranges of spring wheat, oats, rapeseed, sunflower and potato were determined. Compared with the1960s, during the past ten years, the average of suitable sowing interval of spring wheat, oats, rapeseed, sunflowers and potatoes increased by13,13,16,25and22days, respectively
In conclusion, under the background of climate warming, it showed a warmer and drier trend in northern China, which resulted in an increasing trend for the flexible sowing range for spring crops at northern Agro-pastoral ecotone. The yield and resource use efficiency of different crops were different due to different climate conditions. It is one of the important measures to realize the agricultural sustainable development to choose the high stability species like oats and potato and to sow during a proper range.
引文
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