地源热泵U型埋管换热器传热性能与实验研究
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摘要
地源热泵系统由于其高效、节能、环保的特性，近年来日益得到人们的重视和推广。本文着眼于地源热泵U型埋管换热器的传热性能研究，针对U型埋管换热器的传热特点，将其传热过程处理为深度方向上的一维传热和水平面上的二维传热，建立了传热模型。在水平面上的二维传热计算中，分别对U型埋管的两支管脚的传热方程进行了离散化处理，采用数值计算方法，编制了计算机程序，最后采用迭加原理得到了U型埋管的总体传热结果。并对U型埋管换热器的传热性能进行了研究，通过计算得到了不同土壤物性、地埋换热器内循环水流量、回填物导热系数、U型埋管管脚间距对地埋换热器的传热性能及土壤温度场的影响。此外，本文对地埋换热器的设计提出了改进的建议。
在理论研究的基础上，结合梅江生态小区综合办公楼地源热泵系统，进行了冬、夏两季供热空调实验研究，得到了地源热泵U型埋管的传热性能参数、U型埋管周围土壤温度场变化规律及地源热泵系统循环性能，并将实验结果与理论分析进行了比较，验证了模型的正确性。
本文对梅江生态小区综合办公楼的夏季冷负荷进行了计算与分析，并与实验结果进行了比较，证明了地源热泵系统能够满足用户需求，具有更大规模应用的前景。
Due to its high efficiency and energy saving, the benefits of Ground Source Heat Pump(GSHP) is gradually recognized by people. Based on its performance of heat transfer, research is carried on the U-type underground heat exchangers. And the theoretical model, which is composed of one-dimension heat transfer equation in the vertical direction and two-dimension heat transfer equation in the horizontal direction, is established to describe the heat transfer between the underground heat exchangers and soil. During the calculation of two-dimension heat transfer, each polar coordinate is set up to generate numerical grids for each of two legs of vertical ground loop heat exchangers, calculate each one, and then synthesize the two results to obtain the influence of the two. In addition, investigation is carried on performance of heat transfer among the U-type underground heat pumps. Through calculation and analysis, effects of different kinds of soil, various flux in underground heat exchangers, thermal conductivities and distance between two legs on the heat transfer of underground heat exchangers are discussed.
Based on the research, experiments are carried on GSHP at Meijiang District in Tianjin in summer and winter. Finally comparisons are made between the theoretical results and experimental ones. And the validation of theoretical model is evaluated.
Meanwhile, the cooling load of the GSHP at Meijiang in summer is calculated and analyzed. And the comparisons show that the GSHP are an efficient and effect means for buildings.
在理论研究的基础上，结合梅江生态小区综合办公楼地源热泵系统，进行了冬、夏两季供热空调实验研究，得到了地源热泵U型埋管的传热性能参数、U型埋管周围土壤温度场变化规律及地源热泵系统循环性能，并将实验结果与理论分析进行了比较，验证了模型的正确性。
本文对梅江生态小区综合办公楼的夏季冷负荷进行了计算与分析，并与实验结果进行了比较，证明了地源热泵系统能够满足用户需求，具有更大规模应用的前景。
Due to its high efficiency and energy saving, the benefits of Ground Source Heat Pump(GSHP) is gradually recognized by people. Based on its performance of heat transfer, research is carried on the U-type underground heat exchangers. And the theoretical model, which is composed of one-dimension heat transfer equation in the vertical direction and two-dimension heat transfer equation in the horizontal direction, is established to describe the heat transfer between the underground heat exchangers and soil. During the calculation of two-dimension heat transfer, each polar coordinate is set up to generate numerical grids for each of two legs of vertical ground loop heat exchangers, calculate each one, and then synthesize the two results to obtain the influence of the two. In addition, investigation is carried on performance of heat transfer among the U-type underground heat pumps. Through calculation and analysis, effects of different kinds of soil, various flux in underground heat exchangers, thermal conductivities and distance between two legs on the heat transfer of underground heat exchangers are discussed.
Based on the research, experiments are carried on GSHP at Meijiang District in Tianjin in summer and winter. Finally comparisons are made between the theoretical results and experimental ones. And the validation of theoretical model is evaluated.
Meanwhile, the cooling load of the GSHP at Meijiang in summer is calculated and analyzed. And the comparisons show that the GSHP are an efficient and effect means for buildings.
引文
[1]中国科学院可持续发展研究组，2001年可持续发展战略报告，科学出版社，2001
[2]赵力，中高温地热热泵循环工质及系统智能调控的研究：[博士学位论文]，天津；天津大学，2001
[3]吕灿仁，热泵与节能，自然杂志，1981, 4:426~429
[4]吕灿仁，马一太，运用热泵提高低温地热采暖利用率的分析，天津大学学报，1982，2
[5]刘宪英，胡鸣明，魏唐棣，地源热泵地下埋管换热器传热模型的综述，重庆建筑大学学报，1999，21(4):106~111
[6]L.R. Ingersoll, O.J.vZoeble, A.C. Ingersoll, Heat conduction with engineering, geological and other applications, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1954
[7] D. A. Ball et al, Design Method for GSHP. ASHRAE Trans. DC-83-03:416~440
[8]胡鸣明,刘宪英，国外地源热泵的发展历史与设计方法，四川制冷，1999, 2: 20~23
[9]周亚素，张旭，陈沛霖，土壤源热泵系统的研究现状与发展前景，新能源，1999, 21(12):37~42
[10]Svec O.J., Potential of ground-coupled heat source system, International Journal of Energy Research, 1987, 4:571~581
[11]Douglas Cane, Andrew Morrison, Christopher J Ireland, Operating experiences with commercial ground source heat pump, ASHRAE Transactions, 1998, Part2:677~687
[12]周倩，埋地换热器内热源理论模型与实验研究：[硕士学位论文]，天津；天津大学，2003
[13]黄亦沄，陈光明，地源热泵研究与应用现状，制冷空调与电力机械，2003, 24(1):6~10
[14]J.E. Bose, and J.D. Parker, Ground-coupled heat pump research, ASHRAE Trans, 1983, 89(2): 75~390
[15]P.D. Metz, A simple computer program to model three-dimension underground heat flow with rea listic Boundary conditions, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, 1983,105: 42~49
[16]V.C. Mei, Theoretical heat pump ground coil analysis with Variable ground far-field boundary conditions, AICHE Journal, 1986, 32(7): 1211~1215
[17]D.P. Hart, R. Couvillion, Earth coupled heat transfer,Publication of the National Water Well Association, 1986
[18]S.P. Kavanaugh, Simulation and experimental verification of vertical ground- coupled heat pump systems: [Ph.D.dissertation], Oklahoma: Oklahoma State University, 1985
[19]C. Yavuzturk, Modeling of vertical ground loop heat exchangers for ground source heat pump systems: [Ph.D.dissertation], Oklahoma: Oklahoma State University, 1999
[20]王勇，付祥钊，地源热泵的套管式地下换热器研究，重庆建筑大学学报，1997，(5)：13~17
[21]刘宪英，王勇，胡鸣明等，地源热泵地下垂直埋管换热器的试验研究，重庆建筑大学学报，1999，(5)：21~26
[22]刘宪英，胡鸣明，丁勇，地源热泵冬季供暖测试及传热模型，暖通空调，2000，(1)：11~14
[23]何雪冰，丁勇，刘晓东等，地热源热泵冬夏暖冷联供试验研究，冷冻与空调，2000，(3)：175~182
[24]刘宪英，丁勇，胡鸣明，浅埋竖管换热器地热源热泵夏季供冷试验研究，暖通空调，2000，(4)：1~4
[25]李元旦，魏先勋，水平埋地管换热器夏季瞬态工况的实验与数值模拟, 湖南大学学报, 1999，2
[26]张旭，土壤源热泵的实验及相关基础理论研究，殷平主编：现代空调，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2001：75~87
[27]崔萍，刁乃仁，方肇洪，地热换热器间歇运行工况分析，山东建筑工程学院学报，2001，16(1)：52~57
[28]方肇洪，刁乃仁，苏登超等，竖直U型埋管地源热泵空调系统的设计与安装，殷平主编：现代空调，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2001：101~105
[29]雷志栋等，土壤水动力学，清华大学出版社，1988，10
[30]ASHRAE, Design/Data manual for closed-loop ground-coupled heat pump systems, 1985
[31]徐伟等译，地源热泵工程技术指南，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2001：143~145
[32]地下建筑暖通空调设计手册编写组，地下建筑暖通空调设计手册[M]，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1983, 6
[33]毕月虹，太阳能－土壤热源热泵用于冬季供暖的性能研究：[天津大学硕士学位论文]，天津；天津大学，1995
[34]龚宇烈，U型管桩埋换热器传热理论模拟与实验研究：[天津大学硕士学位论文]，天津；天津大学，2003
[35]曾和义，方肇洪，U型管地热换热器中介质轴向温度的数学模型，山东建筑工程学院学报，2002，17(1)：7~11
[36]杨世铭，陶文铨，传热学，北京：高等教育出版社，1998，164
[37] 陶文铨，数值传热学（第二版），西安：西安交通大学出版社，P80~81
[38]Fletcheer C A J. Computational techniques for fluid dynamics, Vol Ⅰ: Fundamentals and general techniques. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer-Varlag, 1991.351
[39]Huang Huaxiong, Prosperetti A. Effect of grid orthorgonality on the solution accuray of the two-dimensional convection-diffusion equation. Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B, 1994. 26:1-20
[40]蔡敬琅，变风量空调设计，中国建筑工业出版社，p53
[41]曹叔维，房间热过程和空调负荷，上海，上海科技文献出版社，1991
[42]沈维道、郑佩芝、蒋淡安，工程热力学，高等教育出版社，1983，P446
[43]S.V. Patankar著，郭宽良译，传热和流体流动得数值方法，1984，P47
[2]赵力，中高温地热热泵循环工质及系统智能调控的研究：[博士学位论文]，天津；天津大学，2001
[3]吕灿仁，热泵与节能，自然杂志，1981, 4:426~429
[4]吕灿仁，马一太，运用热泵提高低温地热采暖利用率的分析，天津大学学报，1982，2
[5]刘宪英，胡鸣明，魏唐棣，地源热泵地下埋管换热器传热模型的综述，重庆建筑大学学报，1999，21(4):106~111
[6]L.R. Ingersoll, O.J.vZoeble, A.C. Ingersoll, Heat conduction with engineering, geological and other applications, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1954
[7] D. A. Ball et al, Design Method for GSHP. ASHRAE Trans. DC-83-03:416~440
[8]胡鸣明,刘宪英，国外地源热泵的发展历史与设计方法，四川制冷，1999, 2: 20~23
[9]周亚素，张旭，陈沛霖，土壤源热泵系统的研究现状与发展前景，新能源，1999, 21(12):37~42
[10]Svec O.J., Potential of ground-coupled heat source system, International Journal of Energy Research, 1987, 4:571~581
[11]Douglas Cane, Andrew Morrison, Christopher J Ireland, Operating experiences with commercial ground source heat pump, ASHRAE Transactions, 1998, Part2:677~687
[12]周倩，埋地换热器内热源理论模型与实验研究：[硕士学位论文]，天津；天津大学，2003
[13]黄亦沄，陈光明，地源热泵研究与应用现状，制冷空调与电力机械，2003, 24(1):6~10
[14]J.E. Bose, and J.D. Parker, Ground-coupled heat pump research, ASHRAE Trans, 1983, 89(2): 75~390
[15]P.D. Metz, A simple computer program to model three-dimension underground heat flow with rea listic Boundary conditions, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, 1983,105: 42~49
[16]V.C. Mei, Theoretical heat pump ground coil analysis with Variable ground far-field boundary conditions, AICHE Journal, 1986, 32(7): 1211~1215
[17]D.P. Hart, R. Couvillion, Earth coupled heat transfer,Publication of the National Water Well Association, 1986
[18]S.P. Kavanaugh, Simulation and experimental verification of vertical ground- coupled heat pump systems: [Ph.D.dissertation], Oklahoma: Oklahoma State University, 1985
[19]C. Yavuzturk, Modeling of vertical ground loop heat exchangers for ground source heat pump systems: [Ph.D.dissertation], Oklahoma: Oklahoma State University, 1999
[20]王勇，付祥钊，地源热泵的套管式地下换热器研究，重庆建筑大学学报，1997，(5)：13~17
[21]刘宪英，王勇，胡鸣明等，地源热泵地下垂直埋管换热器的试验研究，重庆建筑大学学报，1999，(5)：21~26
[22]刘宪英，胡鸣明，丁勇，地源热泵冬季供暖测试及传热模型，暖通空调，2000，(1)：11~14
[23]何雪冰，丁勇，刘晓东等，地热源热泵冬夏暖冷联供试验研究，冷冻与空调，2000，(3)：175~182
[24]刘宪英，丁勇，胡鸣明，浅埋竖管换热器地热源热泵夏季供冷试验研究，暖通空调，2000，(4)：1~4
[25]李元旦，魏先勋，水平埋地管换热器夏季瞬态工况的实验与数值模拟, 湖南大学学报, 1999，2
[26]张旭，土壤源热泵的实验及相关基础理论研究，殷平主编：现代空调，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2001：75~87
[27]崔萍，刁乃仁，方肇洪，地热换热器间歇运行工况分析，山东建筑工程学院学报，2001，16(1)：52~57
[28]方肇洪，刁乃仁，苏登超等，竖直U型埋管地源热泵空调系统的设计与安装，殷平主编：现代空调，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2001：101~105
[29]雷志栋等，土壤水动力学，清华大学出版社，1988，10
[30]ASHRAE, Design/Data manual for closed-loop ground-coupled heat pump systems, 1985
[31]徐伟等译，地源热泵工程技术指南，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2001：143~145
[32]地下建筑暖通空调设计手册编写组，地下建筑暖通空调设计手册[M]，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1983, 6
[33]毕月虹，太阳能－土壤热源热泵用于冬季供暖的性能研究：[天津大学硕士学位论文]，天津；天津大学，1995
[34]龚宇烈，U型管桩埋换热器传热理论模拟与实验研究：[天津大学硕士学位论文]，天津；天津大学，2003
[35]曾和义，方肇洪，U型管地热换热器中介质轴向温度的数学模型，山东建筑工程学院学报，2002，17(1)：7~11
[36]杨世铭，陶文铨，传热学，北京：高等教育出版社，1998，164
[37] 陶文铨，数值传热学（第二版），西安：西安交通大学出版社，P80~81
[38]Fletcheer C A J. Computational techniques for fluid dynamics, Vol Ⅰ: Fundamentals and general techniques. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer-Varlag, 1991.351
[39]Huang Huaxiong, Prosperetti A. Effect of grid orthorgonality on the solution accuray of the two-dimensional convection-diffusion equation. Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B, 1994. 26:1-20
[40]蔡敬琅，变风量空调设计，中国建筑工业出版社，p53
[41]曹叔维，房间热过程和空调负荷，上海，上海科技文献出版社，1991
[42]沈维道、郑佩芝、蒋淡安，工程热力学，高等教育出版社，1983，P446
[43]S.V. Patankar著，郭宽良译，传热和流体流动得数值方法，1984，P47