中国优秀女子沙滩排球运动员体能特征及其评价体系研究
|
摘要
本研究募集了2006年在中国排协注册的全部现役79名女子沙滩排球运动员中的70名进行体能测试,通过数据主成分分析等统计方法和计算机软件开发建立中国优秀女子沙滩排球运动员体能特征及评价体系。主要得出以下结论:
1.与中国一般女子沙滩排球运动员相比,中国优秀女子沙滩排球运动员的身体形态特征表现为身高臂长、体型匀称、体重高和肌肉含量高;身体机能特征表现为有氧和无氧能力强;运动素质则以动作速度快、爆发力大、柔韧性好、协调能力强和专项耐力好为特征。与世界顶级女子沙滩排球运动员相比,中国优秀女子沙滩排球运动员的快速动作和爆发力相对较弱。
2.中国优秀女子沙滩排球运动员体能评价三级指标体系中,身体形态代表性指标包括去脂体重、手足间距、上臂围差和踝围×100/跟腱长;运动素质的代表性指标包括X字移动、助跑摸高、掷实心球、坐位体前屈和渐进式折回跑;身体机能的代表性指标主要为最大摄氧量和最大无氧功率。
3.中国优秀女子沙滩排球体能评价综合得分前10名运动员的身体形态以身高臂长、踝小和肌肉含量高为特征;其弹跳和挥臂能力等运动素质突出,但沙地移动较慢,柔韧性相对较差;心肺功能和糖酵解供能能力相对较高。
4.大部分中国国家女子沙滩排球队员体能综合得分在所有优秀女子沙滩排球运动员中排名位于前10位,其体能一级指标水平与理想成绩的差距以运动素质最为显著,身体机能其次,身体形态最小。
5.体能评价三级指标体系中,大部分中国国家女子沙滩排球队员的心肺功能、沙地移动和弹跳能力应该进一步提高,绝大部分国家队运动员的上臂围差和去脂体重也有提升空间。
6.中国优秀女子沙滩排球运动员体能评价体系能够简便、准确地展示中国女子沙滩排球运动员的体能水平等级和优劣势,可以为教练员客观、针对性的制定体能训练计划提供参照标准。其内容主要包括评价指标、评价模型、评分表和计算机评价系统等。
All of the 79 female beach volleyball athletes who enrolled in Chinese Volleyball Association in 2006 were recruited in this study. Anthropometric characteristic,physiological ability and skill-related performance were tested by normal methods.The data collected were processed by descriptive statistics,t-test,one-way ANOVA and main ingredient analysis.On the basis of aforementioned work,a computer system which to evaluate the physical ability characteristic of Chinese female elite beach volleyball athletes was set up.We concluded that:
1.Compared with general Chinese beach volleyball athlete,the anthropometric characteristics of the elite one is predominantly ectomorphic shape,longer arms,smaller ankles,longer calves and a higher body weight.The physiological ability characteristics of the elite one is higher glycolytic and aerobic capacity,and the skill-related performance tests showed that the elite Chinese beach volleyball athlete has quicker action speed,higher anaerobic power, better flexibility,coordination,and event-related endurance.However, the Chinese elite female beach volleyball athlete has less rapid movement speed and lower anaerobic power when compared with world-class one.
2.For the first time we proposed the 3rd level evaluation index system of physical ability for Chinese female elite beach volleyball player. The main anthropometric indexes in the system included fat free mass, stretching height,contracted and relaxed upper arm circumference and girth×100/length of Achilles' tendon.Typical skill-related performance indexes included X moving,approach jumping,medicine ball throwing,sit-and-reach and beep test.And physiological ability indexes included maximal oxygen uptake and anaerobic power.
3.The 10 highest overall score players in the evaluation index system has tall height,long arms and low fat-free mass anthropometric characteristic compared with the general ones.They have predominant jump and arm swing performance,higher glycolytic capacity and cardio-pulmonary function,but comparatively lower sand moving speed and flexibility.
4.The overall score of most national female beach volleyball players ranked 1st-10th among all the excellent beach volleyball players,but the gap and disparity still exist successively to varying degrees in skill -related performance,physiological ability,and goodish morphology when compared with ideal model.The first is at the most degree.
5.As in the 3rd level indexes,most of national female beach volleyball team players' sand moving speed,bounce and endurance capacity, contracted and relaxed upper arm circumference,and fat free mass should be improved.
6.The evaluation index system of physical ability for Chinese female elite composed of evaluation indexes,evaluation model,evaluation schedule and software for computers.It can reveal athlete physiology fitness characteristic truly and conveniently and thus can provide a consult reference for coach to establish training program objectively and pertinently.
1.与中国一般女子沙滩排球运动员相比,中国优秀女子沙滩排球运动员的身体形态特征表现为身高臂长、体型匀称、体重高和肌肉含量高;身体机能特征表现为有氧和无氧能力强;运动素质则以动作速度快、爆发力大、柔韧性好、协调能力强和专项耐力好为特征。与世界顶级女子沙滩排球运动员相比,中国优秀女子沙滩排球运动员的快速动作和爆发力相对较弱。
2.中国优秀女子沙滩排球运动员体能评价三级指标体系中,身体形态代表性指标包括去脂体重、手足间距、上臂围差和踝围×100/跟腱长;运动素质的代表性指标包括X字移动、助跑摸高、掷实心球、坐位体前屈和渐进式折回跑;身体机能的代表性指标主要为最大摄氧量和最大无氧功率。
3.中国优秀女子沙滩排球体能评价综合得分前10名运动员的身体形态以身高臂长、踝小和肌肉含量高为特征;其弹跳和挥臂能力等运动素质突出,但沙地移动较慢,柔韧性相对较差;心肺功能和糖酵解供能能力相对较高。
4.大部分中国国家女子沙滩排球队员体能综合得分在所有优秀女子沙滩排球运动员中排名位于前10位,其体能一级指标水平与理想成绩的差距以运动素质最为显著,身体机能其次,身体形态最小。
5.体能评价三级指标体系中,大部分中国国家女子沙滩排球队员的心肺功能、沙地移动和弹跳能力应该进一步提高,绝大部分国家队运动员的上臂围差和去脂体重也有提升空间。
6.中国优秀女子沙滩排球运动员体能评价体系能够简便、准确地展示中国女子沙滩排球运动员的体能水平等级和优劣势,可以为教练员客观、针对性的制定体能训练计划提供参照标准。其内容主要包括评价指标、评价模型、评分表和计算机评价系统等。
All of the 79 female beach volleyball athletes who enrolled in Chinese Volleyball Association in 2006 were recruited in this study. Anthropometric characteristic,physiological ability and skill-related performance were tested by normal methods.The data collected were processed by descriptive statistics,t-test,one-way ANOVA and main ingredient analysis.On the basis of aforementioned work,a computer system which to evaluate the physical ability characteristic of Chinese female elite beach volleyball athletes was set up.We concluded that:
1.Compared with general Chinese beach volleyball athlete,the anthropometric characteristics of the elite one is predominantly ectomorphic shape,longer arms,smaller ankles,longer calves and a higher body weight.The physiological ability characteristics of the elite one is higher glycolytic and aerobic capacity,and the skill-related performance tests showed that the elite Chinese beach volleyball athlete has quicker action speed,higher anaerobic power, better flexibility,coordination,and event-related endurance.However, the Chinese elite female beach volleyball athlete has less rapid movement speed and lower anaerobic power when compared with world-class one.
2.For the first time we proposed the 3rd level evaluation index system of physical ability for Chinese female elite beach volleyball player. The main anthropometric indexes in the system included fat free mass, stretching height,contracted and relaxed upper arm circumference and girth×100/length of Achilles' tendon.Typical skill-related performance indexes included X moving,approach jumping,medicine ball throwing,sit-and-reach and beep test.And physiological ability indexes included maximal oxygen uptake and anaerobic power.
3.The 10 highest overall score players in the evaluation index system has tall height,long arms and low fat-free mass anthropometric characteristic compared with the general ones.They have predominant jump and arm swing performance,higher glycolytic capacity and cardio-pulmonary function,but comparatively lower sand moving speed and flexibility.
4.The overall score of most national female beach volleyball players ranked 1st-10th among all the excellent beach volleyball players,but the gap and disparity still exist successively to varying degrees in skill -related performance,physiological ability,and goodish morphology when compared with ideal model.The first is at the most degree.
5.As in the 3rd level indexes,most of national female beach volleyball team players' sand moving speed,bounce and endurance capacity, contracted and relaxed upper arm circumference,and fat free mass should be improved.
6.The evaluation index system of physical ability for Chinese female elite composed of evaluation indexes,evaluation model,evaluation schedule and software for computers.It can reveal athlete physiology fitness characteristic truly and conveniently and thus can provide a consult reference for coach to establish training program objectively and pertinently.
引文
[1]王进.雅典奥运会后世界体坛格局及备战2008年北京奥运会的思考[J].体育科学研究.2005(2):30-34.
[2]张晓丹,赵凤萍,曹庆雷,等.实际比赛中田佳/王菲与阿德里安娜/谢尔达的体能分配比较[J].天津体育学院学报,2005(5):87-89.
[3]叶千.一次全新体验--中国沙滩排球美国之行[J].中国排球,2006(4):8-10.
[4]缪志红,薛刚.沙滩排球08奥运周期工作计划,2005(内部资料).
[5]王建平.关于进一步推动我国沙滩排球运动发展的思考[M].In:国家体育总局干部培训干部中心ed.坚持科学发展观,促进体育改革发展.北京:北京体育大学出版社.2006:139-149.
[6]杨世勇,李遵,唐照华,等.体能训练学[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,2002.
[7]体育院校通用教材.运动训练学[M].北京人民体育出版社,1999.
[8]何键.体型选材学.In 刘献武,林文弢,胡亦海等 ed.运动选材学[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1991:116-164.
[9]李龙,杜翠娟.对我国田径项群类项目优秀男子运动员身体形态的比较研究[J].体育科学,2004(6):29-42.
[10]于军,李颂华,钟霖.对中外优秀七项全能运动员身体形态、运动素质及成绩模式的研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2001(3):405-407.
[11]Fuchslocher Jorg,Praz Manu,Flaction Patrick,et al.Physiological characteristics of elite male and female beach volleyball players[A].Annual Report,2004:11-12.
[12]Davies S.E.H.Morphological and physiological characteristics of elite south african beach volleyball players[J].Br J Sports Med,2002,36:e2.
[13]Davies S.E.H.,Coetsee M.F.Strength and power(vertical jump performance) characteristics of elite south African beach volleyball players[J].Br J Sports Med.2002;36:e2-e2.
[14]Davies S.E.H.Strength and power characteristics of elite South African beach volleyball players[J].S.African J.for Research in Sport,Physical Ed.and Recreation:2002;24(1):29-40.
[15]薛刚.我国沙滩女排运动员形体特点和肌力锻炼探讨[J].南京体育学院学报(自然科学版),2004(1):47-49.
[16]杨锡让.实用运动生理学[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,2003.
[17]Zamparo P.,Perini R.,Orizio C.,et al.The energy cost of walking or running on sand[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology.1992;65(2):183-187.
[18]Lejeune T.M.,Willems PA,Heglund N.C.Mechanics and energetics of human locomotion on sand[J].The Journal of Experimental Biology.1998;201:2071-2080.
[19]Pinnington H.C.,Dawson B.The energy cost of running on grass compared to soft dry beach sand[J].J Sci Med Sport.2001;4:416-430.
[20]Muramatsu Shigeru,Fukudome Akinori,Miyama Motoyoshi,et al.Energy Expenditure in Maximal Jumps on Sand[J].J Physiol Anthropol,2006;25:59-61.
[21]丁世聪.国内外优秀男子沙滩排球与室内排球运动员心肺功能指标的比较研究[J].厂州体育学院学报,2006(5):92-94.
[22]徐国红,葛春林,尹洪满.沙滩排球训练对女排运动员弹跳肌群等速向心收缩肌力影响的比较研究[J].浙江体育科学,2000(5):52-55.
[23]Perez Turpin J.A.Suarez Llorca,C.,Andreu,E.,et al.Analysis of real playing time for elite beach volleyball players:European Championships(Spain 2005)[A].11th Annual Congress of ECSS,Lausanne.2006,8.
[24]Giatsis,George,Papadopoulou,Sofia.Effect of the reduction in the dimensions of the courts on timing characteristics for men's beach volleyball matches[J].The International Journal of Volleyball Research.2004
[25]袁运平.运动员体能与专项体能特征的研究[J].体育科学.2004(9):48-53.
[26]徐国红,葛春林,马爱军.我国女子沙滩排球运动员专项运动素质特征[J].上海体育学院学,1998(3):47-51.
[27]邬燕红,杨天潮.对我国沙滩排球男子运动员体能训练的研究[J].成都体育学院学报.2005(6):91-94.
[28]高伟.沙滩排球运动员运动素质训练法[J].中国排球,2001(5):46.
[29]Giatsis G.Jumping quality and quantitative analysis of beach volleyball game[M].In:Tokmakidis S.ed.Special topics in team sports.9th Int Congr Phys Educ Sport.Komotini,Greece,2001;28(Suppl):95.
[30]李世明,刘学贞.沙地力学传递特性的实验研究及沙滩排球扣球起跳的动力学特征[J].北京体育大学学报,2001(2):260-263.
[31]徐国红,金健秋,尹洪满.沙滩原地纵跳与硬地原地纵跳动力学机制的比较研究[J].中国体育科技.2001(6):39-41.
[32]王红英.优秀男排运动员沙滩排球扣球技术的运动学比较研究[J].上海体育学院学报.1996(2):60-65.
[33]徐国红,葛春林,尹红满.沙滩排球训练对运动员膝踝关节肌群肌力影响的比较研究[J].体育学刊,2000(2):42-45.
[34]徐国红,葛春林,尹红满.沙滩排球训练对我国女排运动员弹跳力影响机制的研究[J].体育科学,2001(6):41-45.
[35]徐国红,吴晓农.沙滩排球训练对女排运动员弹跳力动力学指标影响的比较研究[J].南京体育学院学报,2000(3):94-97.
[36]Davies S.E.H,Effects of two different terrains on vertical jump performance[J].African Journal for Physical,Health Education,Recreation and Dance.2004;10(2):133-140.
[37]Giatsis G.,Kollias I.,Panoutsakopoulos V.,et al.Biomechanical differences in elite beach-volleyball players in vertical squat jump on rigid and sand surface[J].Sports Biomech,2004;3(1):145-158.
[38]高伟.沙滩排球运动员运动素质训练法[J].中国排球,2001(5):46.
[39]Bishop D.A comparison between land and sand-based tests for beach volleyball assessment[J].J Sports Med Phys Fitness.2003;43(4):418-23.
[40]李世明,刘学贞.沙地力学传递特性的实验研究及沙滩排球扣球起跳的动力学特征[J].北京体育大学学报,2001(2):260-263.
[41]李世明.沙滩排球上步扣球踏跳阶段的时相特征[J].北京体育大学学报,2004(9):1264-1265,1290.
[42]李世明,刘学贞.沙滩排球扣球起跳动作协调性特征的运动生物力学研究[J].西安体育学院学报,2002(1):62-67.
[43]Tompos Greg.Predicting power and rate of force development of vertical jumps in high-performance volleyball players[A].University of Canberra Center for sports Studies,2003.
[44]张晓丹,葛春林,周典明.中国优秀沙滩排球运动员运动损伤发生率及预防对策研究[J].中国体育科技,2007;43(1):61-63.
[45]田得祥,曲绵域,任玉衡.运动损伤总论[M].In:曲绵域,于长隆,高云秋 ed.实用运动医学(第四版).北京:北京大学医学出版社,2003:545-551.
[46]Roald Bahr,.Reeser J.C.Federation Internationale de Volleyball.Injuries among world-class professional beach volleyball players.The Federation Internationale de Volleyball beach volleyball injury study[J].Am J Sports Med.,2003;31(1):119-125.
[47]Aagaard H.,Scavenius M.,Jorgensen U.An epidemiological analysis of the injury pattern in indoor and in beach volleyball[J].Int J Sports Med.,1997;18(3):217-221.
[48]Reeser J.C.Volleyball injury.In:Reeser JC,Bahr R ed.Volleyball:Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science[M].Oxford Boston:Blackwell Scientific Publications,2003:81-86.
[49]Kugler A,Kruger-Franke M,Reininger S,et al.Muscular and shoulder pain in volleyball attackers.Br J Sports Med.1996;30:256-259.
[50]Wang HK,Macfarlane A,Cochrane T.Isokinetic performance and shoulder mobility in elite volleyball athletes from the United Kingdom.Br J Sports Med.2000 Feb;34(1):39-43.
[51]Martel GF,Harmer ML,Logan JM,et al.Aquatic plyometric training increases vertical jump in female volleyball athletes[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc.2005,37(10):1814-1819.
[52]Gisslen K,Gyulai C,Soderman K,et al.High prevalence of jumper's knee and sonographic changes in Swedish elite junior volleyball athletes compared to matched controis[J].Br J Sports Med.2005,39(5):298-301.
[53]Lian OB,Engebretsen L,Bahr R.Prevalence of jumper's knee among elite athletes from different sports:a cross-sectional study[J].Am J Sports Med.2005,33(4):561-567.
[54]Erin Cassell.Spiking injuries out of volleyball:a review of injury countermeasures[R].Monash University Accident Research Centre,2001.
[55]Verhagen EA,Van der Beek AJ,Bouter LM,et al.A one season prospective cohort study of volleyball injuries[J].Br J Sports Med.2004,38(4):477-481.
[56]Bhairo NH,Nijsten MWN,van Dalen KC,et al.Hand injuries in volleyball[J].Int.J.Sports Med.1992;13(4):351-354.
[57]Ytterstad B.The Harstad injury prevention study:the epidemiology year study.Br J Sports Med.1996;30:64-68.
[58]Reeser J.C.,Verhagen E.,Briner W.W.,et al.Strategies for the prevention of volleyball related injuries[J].Br J Sports Med.2006;40:594-600.
[59]曾凡辉,王路德,邢文华,等.《运动员科学选材》[M].人民体育出版社,1992.
[60]冯连世,冯美云,冯炜权.《优秀运动员机能评定方法》[M].人民体育出版社,2003.
[61]祁国鹰,张路,黄凤娟,等.体育统计应用案例[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,2006:62.
[62]田麦久.项群训练理论[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1998:20.
[63]戴廷斌.沙滩排球项目备战2008奥运会工作汇报提纲,In国家体育总局ed.2008奥运争光行动计划[M].北京.2004:67(内部资料).
[64]刘星亮,罗飞虹,张金春,等.体育测量与评价[M].北京体育大学出版社,2006:98.
[65]Karch Kiraly,Byron Shewman.Beach Volleyball[M].Champaign,IL:Human Kinetics.1999:84.
[66]Newcomb M D.What structural equation modeling can tell us about social support[M].In:Samson B R,Samson I G.Pierce G R ed.Social support:An interactional view.New York:John Wiley,Sons.1990,26-63.
田麦久,武福全.《运动训练科学化探索》[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1988.
[67]卢纹岱.Spss for windows统计分析[M].北京:电子工业出版社.2000:409.
[68]Newcomb M D.What structural equation modeling can tell us about social support[M].In:Samson B R,Samson I G.Pierce G R ed.Social support:An interactional view.New York:John Wiley,Sons.1990,26-63.
[69]秦浩,陈景武.结构方程模型原理及其应用注意事项[J].中国卫生统计,2006年(4):367-369.
[70]张家放.医用多元统计方法[M].武汉:华中科技大学出版社.2002:4.
[71]钟伯光,姒刚彦,李庆珠,等.“中国运动员应激应对量表”的编制及检验[J].中国运动医学杂志,2004,23(4):356-362.
[72]魏俊民.体质测试受试者动机模型的假设与检验[J].中国体育科技 2006;42(3):78-80.
[73]梁承谋,程勇民.优秀羽毛球运动员科学选材的研究[R].奥运优秀运动员科学选材的研究成果报告(国家科技攻关计划课题)(内部资料)
[74]宋为平,李开刚,谢敏豪.排球[M].In:冯连世,冯美云,冯炜权 ed.优秀运动员身体可能评定方法.北京:人民体育出版社,2003.
[75]William J.Kraemer,Ana L.Gomez.基础体能训练[M].In袁守龙,刘爱杰泽.高水平竞技体能训练.北京:北京体育大学出版社,2006.
[2]张晓丹,赵凤萍,曹庆雷,等.实际比赛中田佳/王菲与阿德里安娜/谢尔达的体能分配比较[J].天津体育学院学报,2005(5):87-89.
[3]叶千.一次全新体验--中国沙滩排球美国之行[J].中国排球,2006(4):8-10.
[4]缪志红,薛刚.沙滩排球08奥运周期工作计划,2005(内部资料).
[5]王建平.关于进一步推动我国沙滩排球运动发展的思考[M].In:国家体育总局干部培训干部中心ed.坚持科学发展观,促进体育改革发展.北京:北京体育大学出版社.2006:139-149.
[6]杨世勇,李遵,唐照华,等.体能训练学[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,2002.
[7]体育院校通用教材.运动训练学[M].北京人民体育出版社,1999.
[8]何键.体型选材学.In 刘献武,林文弢,胡亦海等 ed.运动选材学[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1991:116-164.
[9]李龙,杜翠娟.对我国田径项群类项目优秀男子运动员身体形态的比较研究[J].体育科学,2004(6):29-42.
[10]于军,李颂华,钟霖.对中外优秀七项全能运动员身体形态、运动素质及成绩模式的研究[J].北京体育大学学报,2001(3):405-407.
[11]Fuchslocher Jorg,Praz Manu,Flaction Patrick,et al.Physiological characteristics of elite male and female beach volleyball players[A].Annual Report,2004:11-12.
[12]Davies S.E.H.Morphological and physiological characteristics of elite south african beach volleyball players[J].Br J Sports Med,2002,36:e2.
[13]Davies S.E.H.,Coetsee M.F.Strength and power(vertical jump performance) characteristics of elite south African beach volleyball players[J].Br J Sports Med.2002;36:e2-e2.
[14]Davies S.E.H.Strength and power characteristics of elite South African beach volleyball players[J].S.African J.for Research in Sport,Physical Ed.and Recreation:2002;24(1):29-40.
[15]薛刚.我国沙滩女排运动员形体特点和肌力锻炼探讨[J].南京体育学院学报(自然科学版),2004(1):47-49.
[16]杨锡让.实用运动生理学[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,2003.
[17]Zamparo P.,Perini R.,Orizio C.,et al.The energy cost of walking or running on sand[J].European Journal of Applied Physiology.1992;65(2):183-187.
[18]Lejeune T.M.,Willems PA,Heglund N.C.Mechanics and energetics of human locomotion on sand[J].The Journal of Experimental Biology.1998;201:2071-2080.
[19]Pinnington H.C.,Dawson B.The energy cost of running on grass compared to soft dry beach sand[J].J Sci Med Sport.2001;4:416-430.
[20]Muramatsu Shigeru,Fukudome Akinori,Miyama Motoyoshi,et al.Energy Expenditure in Maximal Jumps on Sand[J].J Physiol Anthropol,2006;25:59-61.
[21]丁世聪.国内外优秀男子沙滩排球与室内排球运动员心肺功能指标的比较研究[J].厂州体育学院学报,2006(5):92-94.
[22]徐国红,葛春林,尹洪满.沙滩排球训练对女排运动员弹跳肌群等速向心收缩肌力影响的比较研究[J].浙江体育科学,2000(5):52-55.
[23]Perez Turpin J.A.Suarez Llorca,C.,Andreu,E.,et al.Analysis of real playing time for elite beach volleyball players:European Championships(Spain 2005)[A].11th Annual Congress of ECSS,Lausanne.2006,8.
[24]Giatsis,George,Papadopoulou,Sofia.Effect of the reduction in the dimensions of the courts on timing characteristics for men's beach volleyball matches[J].The International Journal of Volleyball Research.2004
[25]袁运平.运动员体能与专项体能特征的研究[J].体育科学.2004(9):48-53.
[26]徐国红,葛春林,马爱军.我国女子沙滩排球运动员专项运动素质特征[J].上海体育学院学,1998(3):47-51.
[27]邬燕红,杨天潮.对我国沙滩排球男子运动员体能训练的研究[J].成都体育学院学报.2005(6):91-94.
[28]高伟.沙滩排球运动员运动素质训练法[J].中国排球,2001(5):46.
[29]Giatsis G.Jumping quality and quantitative analysis of beach volleyball game[M].In:Tokmakidis S.ed.Special topics in team sports.9th Int Congr Phys Educ Sport.Komotini,Greece,2001;28(Suppl):95.
[30]李世明,刘学贞.沙地力学传递特性的实验研究及沙滩排球扣球起跳的动力学特征[J].北京体育大学学报,2001(2):260-263.
[31]徐国红,金健秋,尹洪满.沙滩原地纵跳与硬地原地纵跳动力学机制的比较研究[J].中国体育科技.2001(6):39-41.
[32]王红英.优秀男排运动员沙滩排球扣球技术的运动学比较研究[J].上海体育学院学报.1996(2):60-65.
[33]徐国红,葛春林,尹红满.沙滩排球训练对运动员膝踝关节肌群肌力影响的比较研究[J].体育学刊,2000(2):42-45.
[34]徐国红,葛春林,尹红满.沙滩排球训练对我国女排运动员弹跳力影响机制的研究[J].体育科学,2001(6):41-45.
[35]徐国红,吴晓农.沙滩排球训练对女排运动员弹跳力动力学指标影响的比较研究[J].南京体育学院学报,2000(3):94-97.
[36]Davies S.E.H,Effects of two different terrains on vertical jump performance[J].African Journal for Physical,Health Education,Recreation and Dance.2004;10(2):133-140.
[37]Giatsis G.,Kollias I.,Panoutsakopoulos V.,et al.Biomechanical differences in elite beach-volleyball players in vertical squat jump on rigid and sand surface[J].Sports Biomech,2004;3(1):145-158.
[38]高伟.沙滩排球运动员运动素质训练法[J].中国排球,2001(5):46.
[39]Bishop D.A comparison between land and sand-based tests for beach volleyball assessment[J].J Sports Med Phys Fitness.2003;43(4):418-23.
[40]李世明,刘学贞.沙地力学传递特性的实验研究及沙滩排球扣球起跳的动力学特征[J].北京体育大学学报,2001(2):260-263.
[41]李世明.沙滩排球上步扣球踏跳阶段的时相特征[J].北京体育大学学报,2004(9):1264-1265,1290.
[42]李世明,刘学贞.沙滩排球扣球起跳动作协调性特征的运动生物力学研究[J].西安体育学院学报,2002(1):62-67.
[43]Tompos Greg.Predicting power and rate of force development of vertical jumps in high-performance volleyball players[A].University of Canberra Center for sports Studies,2003.
[44]张晓丹,葛春林,周典明.中国优秀沙滩排球运动员运动损伤发生率及预防对策研究[J].中国体育科技,2007;43(1):61-63.
[45]田得祥,曲绵域,任玉衡.运动损伤总论[M].In:曲绵域,于长隆,高云秋 ed.实用运动医学(第四版).北京:北京大学医学出版社,2003:545-551.
[46]Roald Bahr,.Reeser J.C.Federation Internationale de Volleyball.Injuries among world-class professional beach volleyball players.The Federation Internationale de Volleyball beach volleyball injury study[J].Am J Sports Med.,2003;31(1):119-125.
[47]Aagaard H.,Scavenius M.,Jorgensen U.An epidemiological analysis of the injury pattern in indoor and in beach volleyball[J].Int J Sports Med.,1997;18(3):217-221.
[48]Reeser J.C.Volleyball injury.In:Reeser JC,Bahr R ed.Volleyball:Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science[M].Oxford Boston:Blackwell Scientific Publications,2003:81-86.
[49]Kugler A,Kruger-Franke M,Reininger S,et al.Muscular and shoulder pain in volleyball attackers.Br J Sports Med.1996;30:256-259.
[50]Wang HK,Macfarlane A,Cochrane T.Isokinetic performance and shoulder mobility in elite volleyball athletes from the United Kingdom.Br J Sports Med.2000 Feb;34(1):39-43.
[51]Martel GF,Harmer ML,Logan JM,et al.Aquatic plyometric training increases vertical jump in female volleyball athletes[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc.2005,37(10):1814-1819.
[52]Gisslen K,Gyulai C,Soderman K,et al.High prevalence of jumper's knee and sonographic changes in Swedish elite junior volleyball athletes compared to matched controis[J].Br J Sports Med.2005,39(5):298-301.
[53]Lian OB,Engebretsen L,Bahr R.Prevalence of jumper's knee among elite athletes from different sports:a cross-sectional study[J].Am J Sports Med.2005,33(4):561-567.
[54]Erin Cassell.Spiking injuries out of volleyball:a review of injury countermeasures[R].Monash University Accident Research Centre,2001.
[55]Verhagen EA,Van der Beek AJ,Bouter LM,et al.A one season prospective cohort study of volleyball injuries[J].Br J Sports Med.2004,38(4):477-481.
[56]Bhairo NH,Nijsten MWN,van Dalen KC,et al.Hand injuries in volleyball[J].Int.J.Sports Med.1992;13(4):351-354.
[57]Ytterstad B.The Harstad injury prevention study:the epidemiology year study.Br J Sports Med.1996;30:64-68.
[58]Reeser J.C.,Verhagen E.,Briner W.W.,et al.Strategies for the prevention of volleyball related injuries[J].Br J Sports Med.2006;40:594-600.
[59]曾凡辉,王路德,邢文华,等.《运动员科学选材》[M].人民体育出版社,1992.
[60]冯连世,冯美云,冯炜权.《优秀运动员机能评定方法》[M].人民体育出版社,2003.
[61]祁国鹰,张路,黄凤娟,等.体育统计应用案例[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,2006:62.
[62]田麦久.项群训练理论[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1998:20.
[63]戴廷斌.沙滩排球项目备战2008奥运会工作汇报提纲,In国家体育总局ed.2008奥运争光行动计划[M].北京.2004:67(内部资料).
[64]刘星亮,罗飞虹,张金春,等.体育测量与评价[M].北京体育大学出版社,2006:98.
[65]Karch Kiraly,Byron Shewman.Beach Volleyball[M].Champaign,IL:Human Kinetics.1999:84.
[66]Newcomb M D.What structural equation modeling can tell us about social support[M].In:Samson B R,Samson I G.Pierce G R ed.Social support:An interactional view.New York:John Wiley,Sons.1990,26-63.
田麦久,武福全.《运动训练科学化探索》[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1988.
[67]卢纹岱.Spss for windows统计分析[M].北京:电子工业出版社.2000:409.
[68]Newcomb M D.What structural equation modeling can tell us about social support[M].In:Samson B R,Samson I G.Pierce G R ed.Social support:An interactional view.New York:John Wiley,Sons.1990,26-63.
[69]秦浩,陈景武.结构方程模型原理及其应用注意事项[J].中国卫生统计,2006年(4):367-369.
[70]张家放.医用多元统计方法[M].武汉:华中科技大学出版社.2002:4.
[71]钟伯光,姒刚彦,李庆珠,等.“中国运动员应激应对量表”的编制及检验[J].中国运动医学杂志,2004,23(4):356-362.
[72]魏俊民.体质测试受试者动机模型的假设与检验[J].中国体育科技 2006;42(3):78-80.
[73]梁承谋,程勇民.优秀羽毛球运动员科学选材的研究[R].奥运优秀运动员科学选材的研究成果报告(国家科技攻关计划课题)(内部资料)
[74]宋为平,李开刚,谢敏豪.排球[M].In:冯连世,冯美云,冯炜权 ed.优秀运动员身体可能评定方法.北京:人民体育出版社,2003.
[75]William J.Kraemer,Ana L.Gomez.基础体能训练[M].In袁守龙,刘爱杰泽.高水平竞技体能训练.北京:北京体育大学出版社,2006.