黄河三角洲滨海盐渍土区土地整理研究与实践
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摘要
我国是一个人多地少的国家,耕地后备资源不足,人地矛盾突出。土地整理是农业基础设施建设的重要内容,是提高土地质量,增加有效耕地,实现耕地总量动态平衡的有效措施,也是提高土地集约化利用水平、土地资源优化配置的重要手段之一。
黄河三角洲是近百年来黄河於积形成的新陆地,地下水埋藏浅且矿化度高,地下盐分易升至地表,导致土壤盐渍化,盐碱荒地广泛分布,该区生态脆弱,土地广阔,一直是我国重要的潜在后备土地资源区,也是土地整理的重点地区,但开发整理技术和措施不当,极易引起土地质量的进一步退化。由于我国整个土地整理事业起步较晚,目前对黄河三角洲盐渍土地区土地开发整理研究的还很少,项目具体实施措施还不成熟,处在摸索阶段。
本文以黄河三角洲滨海盐渍土区土地整理为研究对象,在对国内外土地整理的动态和土地整理基本理论分析的基础上,分析了盐渍土区土地整理要解决的关键问题,针对性地提出了黄河三角洲滨海盐渍土区土地整理的重点内容和主要方向;以上述理论和原则为指导,结合山东省垦利县永安镇五村片土地整理项目,进行了比较完整的盐渍土区土地整理规划与设计实践,并对项目实施后的社会、经济及生态效益进行了评价;通过实践,总结了盐渍土区土地整理应注意的问题,并提出了针对性的土地整理措施。本研究对于丰富黄河三角洲滨海盐渍土区土地整理理论,规范和指导黄河三角洲滨海盐渍土区土地整理实践具有重要的指导和现实意义。
全文主要研究结论如下:
1、根据黄河三角洲滨海盐渍土区土质沙、盐碱化等特点,考虑洗盐压碱的需要,结合本区农民的种植习惯,土地平整以耕作田块为单元进行局部平整。
2、根据作物生育期耗水量和本地区属海滨平原,地下水位高,矿化度大,含盐量高的特点。宜采用减少灌水次数,增加灌水定额的灌水方案,用大水压碱,减少盐渍危害,改良土壤。根据各种作物每次灌水的灌水率以及冲洗灌水的灌水率进行修正,取修正后的最大灌水率作为设计净灌水率,取0.45立方米/秒·100公顷。
3、黄河三角洲地下水含盐量为5～15克/升,属高矿化度盐水,不能用于农业灌溉或人畜用水,不能发展井灌,进行灌水时要考虑洗盐压碱。
4、黄河三角洲滨海盐渍土区渠道采用梯形横断面,支、斗级渠道采用预制混凝土板衬砌。排水沟的横断面形式结合当地实际采用梯形断面,一是梯形断面施工方便,有利于立坡:二是梯形断面可以较好地渗水排碱。
5、本项目效益分析表明:项目实施所产生的社会效益巨大,生态效益明显,项目静态投资收益率24.42%,静态回收期约为4.09年,达到了社会效益、生态效益、经济效益相统一。
Our country is a nation with many persons with little land. The farmland spare resources are in short, and the person and ground's antinomy is outstanding.
Land consolidation is an important content of the agricultural infrastructure construction. It is a valid measure to raise land quality, increase valid farmland and make the dynamic equilibrium of the farmland's total amount. It is also one of the important measures to enhance the level of intensified utilization of use of land and land resources' optimum disposition.
The Yellow River delta is the new land which is produced during the hundred years of deposition of the Yellow River. Its groundwater buries shallow and the mineral degree is high. The underground salt rises to the earth's surface easily, causing soil salinized and the salt alkali wasteland distributes extensively. The area's ecosystem is weak, the land is vast, and it is always the important latent and spare resources area of our country. It is also an important region of land consolidation. But technique and measure of development and consolidation aren't appropriate, causing the further degeneration of the quality of the land. Because the whole land sorting business of our country starts late, the research of development and consolidation of the salinized soil in the Yellow River delta is little, and the concretely carried out projects are still not mature, it is still in the stage of groping now.
This paper takes the land consolidation of the salinized soil in the Yellow River delta as a research object. It analyzes the key problems of land consolidation of the salinized soil on the basis of the analysis of land consolidation's domestic state and basic theories .It comes up the essential contents and main orient of land consolidation of the salinized soil in the Yellow River delta. This paper makes the land consolidation planning and design under the guide of the theories above and combining the land consolidation project in Yongan town of Kenli city of Shandong. And it evaluates the social, economic and ecology benefits after the project carried out. It concludes the problems which should be paid attention to during the land consolidation in salinized soil area and puts up measures of land consolidation. This research riches the theories of land consolidation of the salinized soil in the Yellow River delta. And it has guiding and realistic meaning to the practice of land consolidation.
The conclusion of the full paper mainly studies as follows:
1. Carrying on part neat according to the sandy and salty characteristics alongside the Yellow River delta and thinking of the needs of Washing out salt and decreasing alkali and combining the habit of the farmers in this area.
2. According to the farm crop's expecting consuming amount of water during it's growing and this area is belong to seashore plain where the underground water level is high, the mineral degree is high and the salinity degree is also high. The proper adoption is to decrease number of times of infusing water, increase the washing projects .Pressing alkali with the flood, reducing the harmness causing by saline and improving the quality of soil. According to various farm crop water of infuse water rate to carry on correction, after taking to revise of biggest infuse water rate as design infuse water rate, taking 0.45 sign a square rice/second·100 hectares.
3.The groundwater salinity of the Yellow River delta changes from 5 g/L to 15 g/L, belonging to a high mineralized degree brine, it can't used for agriculture irrigation and person or livestock to drink, it also can't develop well irrigation. Washing salt to press alkali should be considered while carrying on infusing water.
4. The saltinized soil in the Yellow River delta adopts trapezoid cross section, the branch are made of prefab boards. The cross section form of ditch adopts a trapezoid cross section physically according to the local situation, the first advantage is convent to build up, and the other is useful for irrigating salt and drain the water.
黄河三角洲是近百年来黄河於积形成的新陆地,地下水埋藏浅且矿化度高,地下盐分易升至地表,导致土壤盐渍化,盐碱荒地广泛分布,该区生态脆弱,土地广阔,一直是我国重要的潜在后备土地资源区,也是土地整理的重点地区,但开发整理技术和措施不当,极易引起土地质量的进一步退化。由于我国整个土地整理事业起步较晚,目前对黄河三角洲盐渍土地区土地开发整理研究的还很少,项目具体实施措施还不成熟,处在摸索阶段。
本文以黄河三角洲滨海盐渍土区土地整理为研究对象,在对国内外土地整理的动态和土地整理基本理论分析的基础上,分析了盐渍土区土地整理要解决的关键问题,针对性地提出了黄河三角洲滨海盐渍土区土地整理的重点内容和主要方向;以上述理论和原则为指导,结合山东省垦利县永安镇五村片土地整理项目,进行了比较完整的盐渍土区土地整理规划与设计实践,并对项目实施后的社会、经济及生态效益进行了评价;通过实践,总结了盐渍土区土地整理应注意的问题,并提出了针对性的土地整理措施。本研究对于丰富黄河三角洲滨海盐渍土区土地整理理论,规范和指导黄河三角洲滨海盐渍土区土地整理实践具有重要的指导和现实意义。
全文主要研究结论如下:
1、根据黄河三角洲滨海盐渍土区土质沙、盐碱化等特点,考虑洗盐压碱的需要,结合本区农民的种植习惯,土地平整以耕作田块为单元进行局部平整。
2、根据作物生育期耗水量和本地区属海滨平原,地下水位高,矿化度大,含盐量高的特点。宜采用减少灌水次数,增加灌水定额的灌水方案,用大水压碱,减少盐渍危害,改良土壤。根据各种作物每次灌水的灌水率以及冲洗灌水的灌水率进行修正,取修正后的最大灌水率作为设计净灌水率,取0.45立方米/秒·100公顷。
3、黄河三角洲地下水含盐量为5～15克/升,属高矿化度盐水,不能用于农业灌溉或人畜用水,不能发展井灌,进行灌水时要考虑洗盐压碱。
4、黄河三角洲滨海盐渍土区渠道采用梯形横断面,支、斗级渠道采用预制混凝土板衬砌。排水沟的横断面形式结合当地实际采用梯形断面,一是梯形断面施工方便,有利于立坡:二是梯形断面可以较好地渗水排碱。
5、本项目效益分析表明:项目实施所产生的社会效益巨大,生态效益明显,项目静态投资收益率24.42%,静态回收期约为4.09年,达到了社会效益、生态效益、经济效益相统一。
Our country is a nation with many persons with little land. The farmland spare resources are in short, and the person and ground's antinomy is outstanding.
Land consolidation is an important content of the agricultural infrastructure construction. It is a valid measure to raise land quality, increase valid farmland and make the dynamic equilibrium of the farmland's total amount. It is also one of the important measures to enhance the level of intensified utilization of use of land and land resources' optimum disposition.
The Yellow River delta is the new land which is produced during the hundred years of deposition of the Yellow River. Its groundwater buries shallow and the mineral degree is high. The underground salt rises to the earth's surface easily, causing soil salinized and the salt alkali wasteland distributes extensively. The area's ecosystem is weak, the land is vast, and it is always the important latent and spare resources area of our country. It is also an important region of land consolidation. But technique and measure of development and consolidation aren't appropriate, causing the further degeneration of the quality of the land. Because the whole land sorting business of our country starts late, the research of development and consolidation of the salinized soil in the Yellow River delta is little, and the concretely carried out projects are still not mature, it is still in the stage of groping now.
This paper takes the land consolidation of the salinized soil in the Yellow River delta as a research object. It analyzes the key problems of land consolidation of the salinized soil on the basis of the analysis of land consolidation's domestic state and basic theories .It comes up the essential contents and main orient of land consolidation of the salinized soil in the Yellow River delta. This paper makes the land consolidation planning and design under the guide of the theories above and combining the land consolidation project in Yongan town of Kenli city of Shandong. And it evaluates the social, economic and ecology benefits after the project carried out. It concludes the problems which should be paid attention to during the land consolidation in salinized soil area and puts up measures of land consolidation. This research riches the theories of land consolidation of the salinized soil in the Yellow River delta. And it has guiding and realistic meaning to the practice of land consolidation.
The conclusion of the full paper mainly studies as follows:
1. Carrying on part neat according to the sandy and salty characteristics alongside the Yellow River delta and thinking of the needs of Washing out salt and decreasing alkali and combining the habit of the farmers in this area.
2. According to the farm crop's expecting consuming amount of water during it's growing and this area is belong to seashore plain where the underground water level is high, the mineral degree is high and the salinity degree is also high. The proper adoption is to decrease number of times of infusing water, increase the washing projects .Pressing alkali with the flood, reducing the harmness causing by saline and improving the quality of soil. According to various farm crop water of infuse water rate to carry on correction, after taking to revise of biggest infuse water rate as design infuse water rate, taking 0.45 sign a square rice/second·100 hectares.
3.The groundwater salinity of the Yellow River delta changes from 5 g/L to 15 g/L, belonging to a high mineralized degree brine, it can't used for agriculture irrigation and person or livestock to drink, it also can't develop well irrigation. Washing salt to press alkali should be considered while carrying on infusing water.
4. The saltinized soil in the Yellow River delta adopts trapezoid cross section, the branch are made of prefab boards. The cross section form of ditch adopts a trapezoid cross section physically according to the local situation, the first advantage is convent to build up, and the other is useful for irrigating salt and drain the water.
引文
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[3]Rafael Crecente.Carlos Alvarez,Urban Fra.Economic,Social and Environmental Impact of land Consolidation in Galicia[J].Land Use Policy,(2002)19:135-147.
[4]J Castro Coelho,P Aguiar Printo,L-Mira da Silva.a System Approach for the Estimation of the Effects of Land Consolidalion Projects(LCPs):a Model and its Application.Agricultural Systems[J].2001(68):179-195
[5]严金明,钟金发,池国仁.土地整理[M].北京:经济管理出版社,1998.
[6]罗明,张惠远.土地整理及其生态环境影响综述[J].资源科学,2002,24(3):60-63.
[7]徐雪林、杨红、肖光强、贾文涛等.德国巴伐利亚州土地整理与村庄革新对我国的启示[J]:资源·产业,2002,(5):35.
[8]王万茂.土地整理的产生、内容和效益[J].中国土地科学,1997,(10):59-61
[9]Erich WeiB.联邦德国的乡村土地整理[M].贾生华泽.北京:中国大地出版社,1998.12-15
[10]陈明利.日本现行的法定土地利用规划体系[J].黑龙江土地,1997(1):40
[11]国家土地管理局规划司.国内外土地整理借鉴[M].北京:中国土地出版社,1998.12-15
[12]国家土地管理局规划司,中国土地勘测规划院情报所.国内外土地整理借鉴.1998
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