我国甘蔗机械化生产的技术及经济分析研究
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摘要
我国蔗农约为2000万,自实行家庭联产承包责任制以来,我国甘蔗产业取得了巨大的发展,但随着劳动负荷不断增大、植蔗效益降低等多方面因素的影响,我国甘蔗产业形势不容乐观。为此,本研究以调研为主,阐明我国甘蔗机械化生产的紧迫性,在分析我国甘蔗机械及应用技术的基础上,对我国甘蔗全程机械化生产的效益进行研究,提出适合我国国情的策略及建议,以期对我国甘蔗机械化的发展有所帮助。主要研究结果如下:
我国甘蔗产业形势正发生着深刻的变化,以广西为例:2000/2001-2007/2008的八个榨季间广西甘蔗生产人工总成本占生产成本百分比的年均增幅达3.86%,其2007年人工总成本占生产成本的47.39%;2001/2002-2007/2008的七个榨季期间广西人均植蔗面积、人均负荷的年均增幅分别达6.07%、9.50%,其2007年的人均植蔗面积和人均负荷分别为1.5亩/人、7.4吨蔗/人。面对这样的国情,加之我国蔗农老龄化加剧,甘蔗种、收等劳动强度极大的环节尚未实现机械化作业,造成我国蔗农劳动力的紧缺和生产效益的降低,对蔗、糖产业造成巨大压力。可见普及机械化技术是我国甘蔗产业可持续发展的必经之路。
纵观我国主产蔗区,从耕、种、管、收四个生产环节为出发点,甘蔗机械普及率从整体上来讲:耕整地机械技术已经成熟,得到广大蔗区的普遍认可,其普及率是其生产环节中最高的;田间管理机械普及率是生产中第二高的环节,市场上已有一系列的机型在推广使用,但其大中型机械还有待于改进推广;种植机械和收获机械的普及率极低,约等于零,主要以自主研发为主,引进为辅,但国产机型仍需示范改进。传统种植和收获的劳动量分别占总劳动量的19.90%、49.75%,因此,加大对种、收机械的研发力度是其必然趋势,是我们政府部门和广大科研工作者应首先解决的关键性难题。
2009年广东农垦公司在湛江进行的甘蔗机械化生产和传统生产的示范比较试验表明:传统生产模式和全程机械化生产模式的总成本分别为1508元/亩、1294元/亩,全程机械化模式亩成本比传统生产模式节约14.19%,两种模式生产成本差异极显著;传统生产模式的亩纯收入仅为242元,而全程机械化生产模式的亩纯收入达456元,是其传统模式的近2倍;从种、管、收等环节的工作效率来看,传统生产和机械化生产模式之间存在极显著差异:机械化模式的种植、小培土、大培土、收获的工作效率分别是传统模式的240倍、102倍、197倍、300倍,机械化生产的经济效益和社会效益是显而易见的。
There are about 20 million farmers who planting sugarcane in china. Since the household contract responsibility system,we has achieved great development in vast region where planting sugarcane. With workload increasing and production efficiency reducing,it has changed greatly in vast region where planting sugarcane. Based on investigation, this article clarified the urgency of sugarcane mechanization, analyzed our country's machine and application, compared economic returns of mechanical production to traditional production, put forward appropriate strategies to help the development of our country's sugarcane-mechanization. The main results were as follows:
Sugarcane industry structure has changed greatly in our country, As an example of Guangxi: the labor cost accounted for the total cost of sugarcane production increased by 3.86 percent of annual average growth rate from 2000 to 2007,and the labor cost accounted for 47.39 percent of production costs in 2007;planting acreage of per sugarcane farmer increased by 6.07 of annual average growth rate from 2001 to 2007,and planting acreage of per sugarcane farmer was 0.1ha in2007;loading of per sugarcane farmer increased by 9.05 percent of annual average growth rate from 2001 to 2007,loading of per sugarcane farmer was 7.4T. Faced with this situation, coupled with planting and harvesting which labor-intensive sectors had not achieved absolute mechanized operations, it resulted in the lack of labor force and the reduction of productive efficiency and enormous pressure on the sugarcane industry. Mechanization was the development trends and inexorable law of our country's sugarcane industry.
Looking at sugarcane-planting`s areas of our country, as a starting point of farming, seeding, managing and harvesting, tillage in mechanical technology has come to be generally recognized by the broad areas of planting sugarcane,which its penetration rate was the highest part of the production;field management machinery was the second highest penetration rate of the production, there were a series of models in the market, but the medium-sized models has to be improved to promote yet;the penetration rate of planting and harvesting machinery was low, approximately equal to zero, mainly through self-researched by foreign-aid, but domestic models still need improvement. Therefore, it was inevitable trend to increase the research of planting and harvesting machine. At the same time, the government departments and the majority of research workers should firstly solve the key problem.
Comparison on the tests of mechanization-production and artificial production in the city of Zhanjiang showed that: the total cost of traditional production and mechanization-production was $1,508.00 /667m2、$1,294 .00/667m2,there are significant differences between the production cost of two modes,the cost of the mechanization-production was 14.19% less than the traditional production; net income of traditional production was $242.00 /667m2,but net income of mechanization-production was $456.00/667m2 which was nearly 2 times more than traditional mode; the efficiency of mechanical cultivation has increased for 239 times compared with artificial soil cultivation; the efficiency of mechanical soildressing has increased for 101 times compared with traditional soildressing; the efficiency of mechanical ridging has increased for 196 times compared with traditional ridging, the efficiency of mechanical harvest has increased for 299 times compared with traditional harvest. Economic and social benefits of the mechanization-production are obvious.
我国甘蔗产业形势正发生着深刻的变化,以广西为例:2000/2001-2007/2008的八个榨季间广西甘蔗生产人工总成本占生产成本百分比的年均增幅达3.86%,其2007年人工总成本占生产成本的47.39%;2001/2002-2007/2008的七个榨季期间广西人均植蔗面积、人均负荷的年均增幅分别达6.07%、9.50%,其2007年的人均植蔗面积和人均负荷分别为1.5亩/人、7.4吨蔗/人。面对这样的国情,加之我国蔗农老龄化加剧,甘蔗种、收等劳动强度极大的环节尚未实现机械化作业,造成我国蔗农劳动力的紧缺和生产效益的降低,对蔗、糖产业造成巨大压力。可见普及机械化技术是我国甘蔗产业可持续发展的必经之路。
纵观我国主产蔗区,从耕、种、管、收四个生产环节为出发点,甘蔗机械普及率从整体上来讲:耕整地机械技术已经成熟,得到广大蔗区的普遍认可,其普及率是其生产环节中最高的;田间管理机械普及率是生产中第二高的环节,市场上已有一系列的机型在推广使用,但其大中型机械还有待于改进推广;种植机械和收获机械的普及率极低,约等于零,主要以自主研发为主,引进为辅,但国产机型仍需示范改进。传统种植和收获的劳动量分别占总劳动量的19.90%、49.75%,因此,加大对种、收机械的研发力度是其必然趋势,是我们政府部门和广大科研工作者应首先解决的关键性难题。
2009年广东农垦公司在湛江进行的甘蔗机械化生产和传统生产的示范比较试验表明:传统生产模式和全程机械化生产模式的总成本分别为1508元/亩、1294元/亩,全程机械化模式亩成本比传统生产模式节约14.19%,两种模式生产成本差异极显著;传统生产模式的亩纯收入仅为242元,而全程机械化生产模式的亩纯收入达456元,是其传统模式的近2倍;从种、管、收等环节的工作效率来看,传统生产和机械化生产模式之间存在极显著差异:机械化模式的种植、小培土、大培土、收获的工作效率分别是传统模式的240倍、102倍、197倍、300倍,机械化生产的经济效益和社会效益是显而易见的。
There are about 20 million farmers who planting sugarcane in china. Since the household contract responsibility system,we has achieved great development in vast region where planting sugarcane. With workload increasing and production efficiency reducing,it has changed greatly in vast region where planting sugarcane. Based on investigation, this article clarified the urgency of sugarcane mechanization, analyzed our country's machine and application, compared economic returns of mechanical production to traditional production, put forward appropriate strategies to help the development of our country's sugarcane-mechanization. The main results were as follows:
Sugarcane industry structure has changed greatly in our country, As an example of Guangxi: the labor cost accounted for the total cost of sugarcane production increased by 3.86 percent of annual average growth rate from 2000 to 2007,and the labor cost accounted for 47.39 percent of production costs in 2007;planting acreage of per sugarcane farmer increased by 6.07 of annual average growth rate from 2001 to 2007,and planting acreage of per sugarcane farmer was 0.1ha in2007;loading of per sugarcane farmer increased by 9.05 percent of annual average growth rate from 2001 to 2007,loading of per sugarcane farmer was 7.4T. Faced with this situation, coupled with planting and harvesting which labor-intensive sectors had not achieved absolute mechanized operations, it resulted in the lack of labor force and the reduction of productive efficiency and enormous pressure on the sugarcane industry. Mechanization was the development trends and inexorable law of our country's sugarcane industry.
Looking at sugarcane-planting`s areas of our country, as a starting point of farming, seeding, managing and harvesting, tillage in mechanical technology has come to be generally recognized by the broad areas of planting sugarcane,which its penetration rate was the highest part of the production;field management machinery was the second highest penetration rate of the production, there were a series of models in the market, but the medium-sized models has to be improved to promote yet;the penetration rate of planting and harvesting machinery was low, approximately equal to zero, mainly through self-researched by foreign-aid, but domestic models still need improvement. Therefore, it was inevitable trend to increase the research of planting and harvesting machine. At the same time, the government departments and the majority of research workers should firstly solve the key problem.
Comparison on the tests of mechanization-production and artificial production in the city of Zhanjiang showed that: the total cost of traditional production and mechanization-production was $1,508.00 /667m2、$1,294 .00/667m2,there are significant differences between the production cost of two modes,the cost of the mechanization-production was 14.19% less than the traditional production; net income of traditional production was $242.00 /667m2,but net income of mechanization-production was $456.00/667m2 which was nearly 2 times more than traditional mode; the efficiency of mechanical cultivation has increased for 239 times compared with artificial soil cultivation; the efficiency of mechanical soildressing has increased for 101 times compared with traditional soildressing; the efficiency of mechanical ridging has increased for 196 times compared with traditional ridging, the efficiency of mechanical harvest has increased for 299 times compared with traditional harvest. Economic and social benefits of the mechanization-production are obvious.
引文
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