人脑的数字与时空运算研究
摘要
事物的发展变化从量的方面来说都涉及到了增长和消亡两个最基本的过程。人对这两个过程的认知即是对加减过程的认知。数字运算是此的典型表达。本研究专注运算过程,选取与数字加工密切相联系的时间和空间加工,对人类的数字运算、时间运算和空间运算之间是否存在着相似的加工过程进行了原创性探讨。
实验1探讨了时间运算与数字运算的运算过程之间的关系。实验分别设置了相匹配的时间运算任务、数运算任务(阿拉伯数字运算)和点运算任务(点的数量运算),记录了18名被试的脑事件相关电位。结果发现时间运算具有显著不同于数字运算的特点。实验2采用基本相同的逻辑探讨了空间运算与数字运算的运算过程之间的关系。同样设置相匹配的三种任务,分别为空间运算任务、以及同实验1相同的数运算任务和点运算任务,记录了18被试的脑事件相关电位,结果发现空间运算与点运算表现出了完全相同的加工特点,而与阿拉伯数字运算表现出了一定的差异。在实验2的基础上,实验3进一步探讨了空间运算中是否存在着与数字运算相似的距离效应。实验操纵空间运算中运算结果距离正确答案的距离,记录了20名被试的脑事件相关电位。结果发现空间运算中的距离效应具有不同于数运算中距离效应的特点,并且发现空间运算中远近距离的差异在加工的早期阶段就已经产生。在实验2和实验3的基础上实验4探讨了当把空间运算的加工扩展为对空间情境的加工时,是否能发现数字运算与空间加工之间的联系。实验采用产生式任务,为数字运算相应的附加单位,控制单位的空间意义性及前后一致性,测试了28名加拿大被试口头报告的反应时和正确率。结果发现在特定情境下空间情境无法影响产生式数字运算。
本实验的一系列结果揭示出,以一个共同运算过程的观点来解释数字、时间和空间的运算过程虽然非常具有吸引力,但却并不是事实。当前研究指出,在辨别式任务中,时间运算、空间运算、数字运算具有各自独立的运算过程,同时空间运算和数字运算又具有一定的联系,表明人脑的运算活动是具有情境依赖性的。更倾向于支持将多重数量系统理论以及编码复杂性假设进行扩展。具体来说,当前研究发现,时间运算可能具有其特异性的运算过程,空间运算和数字运算中的点的数目运算具有共同的运算过程,这种共同的运算过程不同于简单阿拉伯数字运算过程。空间运算仍然可以表现出距离效应,但与数字运算中的距离效应在早期负波上不具有明显差异不同,空间运算的远近距离导致了早期成分的明显差异,倾向于支持人们把答案的距离特征与运算过程相整合进行加工的观点。另外,当前结果也发现在特定的任务设置下,空间情境无法影响产生式数字运算。
From the quantity point of the view, the developments and changes of all the things in this world contain two basic processes, one is increase, and the other is decrease. The cognition of these two processes is the cognition of the subtraction and addition processes. Arithmetic is the typical expression of this processing. The present study focused on operation process, choose time and space processing, which have close relationship with number processing, originally investigated that whether there is a similar operation processing or not among number operation, time operation, and space operation.
Experiment1investigated the relation between time operation and number operation. Using paired time operation, number operation (In Arabic number form), and dot operation (In number of dots form) task,18participants'Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded. The result showed that time operation has different feathers compare to number operation. Followed the same logic, experiment2investigated the relation between space operation and number operation. Also recorded18participants'ERPs when they were performing the paired space operation, number operation, and dot operation (the last two were same as experiment1) task. The result showed the same ERPs between space operation and dot operation, different with number operation. On the basis of experiment2, experiment3further investigated that whether split effect appeared in space operation. With the manipulation of the distance between given answer and the correct answer, the20participants ERPs were recorded. The result showed that the split effect in space operation is different with number operation. And this difference was deal to the separation of the wave forms in early processing stage between small and large split. On the basis of experiment2and3, experiment4investigated the relationship between number operation and space processing, when extend the space operation to space context processing. Using the production task, units were attached to number operation with the manipulation of space meaning and congruency between two operands, the reaction time and error rates of the oral report were recorded for28Canadian participants. The results indicated that space context could not affect production number operation in certain conditions.
The series of the experiments indicated that, although believe in the hypothesis that a common operation processing responsible for number, time, and space operation is very attractive, it is far away from the truth. The present research showed that, in verifications, separate operation processing responsible for number, time and space operation. Meanwhile, the space and number operation have a close relationship. The present result indicated that human operation process has context dependency, and it prefers the extension of multiple magnitude systems and the Encoding-Complex Hypothesis. Specifically, the present research showed that time operation might have different processing, the space operation have the same processing with dot operation, and this same processing different with number operation. The split effect still exist in space operation, however, different with that the split effect in number processing didn't exhibit difference in early component, the small and large split in space operation demonstrate different performances in early stage, supporting that people integrate the distance feather of the given answer and the whole equation together to solve the space verification problem. In addition, the present result also showed that space context could not affect production mental arithmetic in certain conditions.
实验1探讨了时间运算与数字运算的运算过程之间的关系。实验分别设置了相匹配的时间运算任务、数运算任务(阿拉伯数字运算)和点运算任务(点的数量运算),记录了18名被试的脑事件相关电位。结果发现时间运算具有显著不同于数字运算的特点。实验2采用基本相同的逻辑探讨了空间运算与数字运算的运算过程之间的关系。同样设置相匹配的三种任务,分别为空间运算任务、以及同实验1相同的数运算任务和点运算任务,记录了18被试的脑事件相关电位,结果发现空间运算与点运算表现出了完全相同的加工特点,而与阿拉伯数字运算表现出了一定的差异。在实验2的基础上,实验3进一步探讨了空间运算中是否存在着与数字运算相似的距离效应。实验操纵空间运算中运算结果距离正确答案的距离,记录了20名被试的脑事件相关电位。结果发现空间运算中的距离效应具有不同于数运算中距离效应的特点,并且发现空间运算中远近距离的差异在加工的早期阶段就已经产生。在实验2和实验3的基础上实验4探讨了当把空间运算的加工扩展为对空间情境的加工时,是否能发现数字运算与空间加工之间的联系。实验采用产生式任务,为数字运算相应的附加单位,控制单位的空间意义性及前后一致性,测试了28名加拿大被试口头报告的反应时和正确率。结果发现在特定情境下空间情境无法影响产生式数字运算。
本实验的一系列结果揭示出,以一个共同运算过程的观点来解释数字、时间和空间的运算过程虽然非常具有吸引力,但却并不是事实。当前研究指出,在辨别式任务中,时间运算、空间运算、数字运算具有各自独立的运算过程,同时空间运算和数字运算又具有一定的联系,表明人脑的运算活动是具有情境依赖性的。更倾向于支持将多重数量系统理论以及编码复杂性假设进行扩展。具体来说,当前研究发现,时间运算可能具有其特异性的运算过程,空间运算和数字运算中的点的数目运算具有共同的运算过程,这种共同的运算过程不同于简单阿拉伯数字运算过程。空间运算仍然可以表现出距离效应,但与数字运算中的距离效应在早期负波上不具有明显差异不同,空间运算的远近距离导致了早期成分的明显差异,倾向于支持人们把答案的距离特征与运算过程相整合进行加工的观点。另外,当前结果也发现在特定的任务设置下,空间情境无法影响产生式数字运算。
From the quantity point of the view, the developments and changes of all the things in this world contain two basic processes, one is increase, and the other is decrease. The cognition of these two processes is the cognition of the subtraction and addition processes. Arithmetic is the typical expression of this processing. The present study focused on operation process, choose time and space processing, which have close relationship with number processing, originally investigated that whether there is a similar operation processing or not among number operation, time operation, and space operation.
Experiment1investigated the relation between time operation and number operation. Using paired time operation, number operation (In Arabic number form), and dot operation (In number of dots form) task,18participants'Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded. The result showed that time operation has different feathers compare to number operation. Followed the same logic, experiment2investigated the relation between space operation and number operation. Also recorded18participants'ERPs when they were performing the paired space operation, number operation, and dot operation (the last two were same as experiment1) task. The result showed the same ERPs between space operation and dot operation, different with number operation. On the basis of experiment2, experiment3further investigated that whether split effect appeared in space operation. With the manipulation of the distance between given answer and the correct answer, the20participants ERPs were recorded. The result showed that the split effect in space operation is different with number operation. And this difference was deal to the separation of the wave forms in early processing stage between small and large split. On the basis of experiment2and3, experiment4investigated the relationship between number operation and space processing, when extend the space operation to space context processing. Using the production task, units were attached to number operation with the manipulation of space meaning and congruency between two operands, the reaction time and error rates of the oral report were recorded for28Canadian participants. The results indicated that space context could not affect production number operation in certain conditions.
The series of the experiments indicated that, although believe in the hypothesis that a common operation processing responsible for number, time, and space operation is very attractive, it is far away from the truth. The present research showed that, in verifications, separate operation processing responsible for number, time and space operation. Meanwhile, the space and number operation have a close relationship. The present result indicated that human operation process has context dependency, and it prefers the extension of multiple magnitude systems and the Encoding-Complex Hypothesis. Specifically, the present research showed that time operation might have different processing, the space operation have the same processing with dot operation, and this same processing different with number operation. The split effect still exist in space operation, however, different with that the split effect in number processing didn't exhibit difference in early component, the small and large split in space operation demonstrate different performances in early stage, supporting that people integrate the distance feather of the given answer and the whole equation together to solve the space verification problem. In addition, the present result also showed that space context could not affect production mental arithmetic in certain conditions.
引文
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