电力市场运营效率评价指标体系及评价方法研究
|
摘要
电力产业引入竞争,初衷是希望通过市场机制提高运营效率。电力市场监管部门和各参与方都有了解市场运营状况、评价市场运营效率的迫切需求。电力产业市场化改革是否实现了有效运营、提高了市场效率,需要一套评价体系进行综合分析研究。
电力市场系统内部结构复杂,影响市场效率的因素众多,但只有部分可知,而且不明确它们的作用方式,同时电力市场的统计数据十分有限,因此具有灰色性；另外,电力市场运营效率及其要素边界不明确,因此具有模糊性。本文针对电力市场的复杂性和特殊性,明确了电力市场有效运营的目标,即实现有效竞争。以有效竞争为目标,构建基于电力市场运营效果的三级效率评价指标体系。结合我国某区域电力市场的运营数据,选定市场社会效益指标作为效率的判定基准,运用灰色关联度分析法对指标进行筛选,计算各影响因素指标与效率指标的灰色关联度,并按关联度从大到小进行排序,关联度大的指标对效率的影响程度大,选入指标体系。在单指标分析的基础上,采用模糊综合评价和灰色关联综合评价法从不同角度对某区域电力市场运营效率进行分析。通过模糊综合评价和最大隶属度原则判断出该区域电力市场运营效率的等级属性；通过灰色关联综合评价对各月的运营效率状况进行排序,反映市场的发展趋势。
通过两种方法的综合评价分析,可看出该区域电力市场效率没有达到最好的水平,是因为存在垄断势力,价格没有有效地反映成本,并存在超额利润。本文针对这些问题提出了政策建议,这些结论将为市场监管者预测市场趋势和制定政策提供一定参考。
The original aim for the reform of electricity industry is to improve operational efficiency through introducing competition. The supervision department and various participants are curious about the market operational status in order to master or evaluate the operational efficiency. Whether the reform oriented to market mechanism in electricity industry has achieved effective running and improved operational efficiency, it should be comprehensive studied by a set of evaluation system.
The internal structure of electricity market system is complex, meanwhile the factors which influencing the efficiency are numerous. But only some of the factors are known, and we can't clarify the mode of action of all factors. In addition, the statistical data are limited. So the electricity market efficiency is in the nature of gray. What's more, it is not clear of the operational efficiency and the factors'boundary, so the electricity market efficiency is also of ambiguity. This paper defined the goal of effective operation as achieving effective competition based on the complexity and particularity of electricity market. Aiming to reflect the status of effective competition, the evaluation indices system of three-level efficiency what can indicate the operational effect of electricity market is constructed. Combining the operational statistics of a regional electricity market, we selected market social benefits as effective indicator. The analytical method of gray correlation degree was to screen these indicators. This paper calculated grey relational grades between various influencing factor indicators and efficiency indicators which were sorted by descending order. If the grade is high, it means that the indicator significantly influences on efficiency which will be selected into the indices system. In this paper, we adopted fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and grey relational analytical evaluation together to study the operational efficiency of a regional electricity market. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and maximum membership degree principle are to judge the degree of operation efficiency level. Grey relational analytical evaluation is to sort operation efficiency of each month and reflect the development tendency in electricity market.
Based on the two methods of comprehensive evaluation analysis, we can see that it didn't reach the best level of efficiency in the regional electricity market. Because of monopoly, the price cannot effective reflect the cost and there was excess profit. The policy recommendations were put forward at last. These conclusions will be provided for regulators as references of predicating the tendency of the market and making policy.
电力市场系统内部结构复杂,影响市场效率的因素众多,但只有部分可知,而且不明确它们的作用方式,同时电力市场的统计数据十分有限,因此具有灰色性；另外,电力市场运营效率及其要素边界不明确,因此具有模糊性。本文针对电力市场的复杂性和特殊性,明确了电力市场有效运营的目标,即实现有效竞争。以有效竞争为目标,构建基于电力市场运营效果的三级效率评价指标体系。结合我国某区域电力市场的运营数据,选定市场社会效益指标作为效率的判定基准,运用灰色关联度分析法对指标进行筛选,计算各影响因素指标与效率指标的灰色关联度,并按关联度从大到小进行排序,关联度大的指标对效率的影响程度大,选入指标体系。在单指标分析的基础上,采用模糊综合评价和灰色关联综合评价法从不同角度对某区域电力市场运营效率进行分析。通过模糊综合评价和最大隶属度原则判断出该区域电力市场运营效率的等级属性；通过灰色关联综合评价对各月的运营效率状况进行排序,反映市场的发展趋势。
通过两种方法的综合评价分析,可看出该区域电力市场效率没有达到最好的水平,是因为存在垄断势力,价格没有有效地反映成本,并存在超额利润。本文针对这些问题提出了政策建议,这些结论将为市场监管者预测市场趋势和制定政策提供一定参考。
The original aim for the reform of electricity industry is to improve operational efficiency through introducing competition. The supervision department and various participants are curious about the market operational status in order to master or evaluate the operational efficiency. Whether the reform oriented to market mechanism in electricity industry has achieved effective running and improved operational efficiency, it should be comprehensive studied by a set of evaluation system.
The internal structure of electricity market system is complex, meanwhile the factors which influencing the efficiency are numerous. But only some of the factors are known, and we can't clarify the mode of action of all factors. In addition, the statistical data are limited. So the electricity market efficiency is in the nature of gray. What's more, it is not clear of the operational efficiency and the factors'boundary, so the electricity market efficiency is also of ambiguity. This paper defined the goal of effective operation as achieving effective competition based on the complexity and particularity of electricity market. Aiming to reflect the status of effective competition, the evaluation indices system of three-level efficiency what can indicate the operational effect of electricity market is constructed. Combining the operational statistics of a regional electricity market, we selected market social benefits as effective indicator. The analytical method of gray correlation degree was to screen these indicators. This paper calculated grey relational grades between various influencing factor indicators and efficiency indicators which were sorted by descending order. If the grade is high, it means that the indicator significantly influences on efficiency which will be selected into the indices system. In this paper, we adopted fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and grey relational analytical evaluation together to study the operational efficiency of a regional electricity market. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and maximum membership degree principle are to judge the degree of operation efficiency level. Grey relational analytical evaluation is to sort operation efficiency of each month and reflect the development tendency in electricity market.
Based on the two methods of comprehensive evaluation analysis, we can see that it didn't reach the best level of efficiency in the regional electricity market. Because of monopoly, the price cannot effective reflect the cost and there was excess profit. The policy recommendations were put forward at last. These conclusions will be provided for regulators as references of predicating the tendency of the market and making policy.
引文
[1]谢洪军.市场化进程中中国电力产业绩效评价研究[D].重庆：重庆大学,2007：35-60
[2]郭磊,魏玢,夏清等.我国电力市场评价指标体系框架探讨[J].电力技术经济,2008,20(3)：29-34
[3]Rudkevich A., Duckworth M., Rosen R.Modeling electricity pricing in a deregulated generation industry:the potential for oligopoly pricing in a Pool co [J]. Energy Journal,1998,19(3):19-48
[4]Newbery D.Competition, contracts and entry in the electricity spot market [J], RAND Journal of Economics,1998,29(4):726-749
[5]Besscmbinder, H., Lemmon, M.L.Equilibrium pricing and optimal hedging in electricity forward markets [J]. Journal of Finance,2002,57 (3):1347-1382
[6]Al-Agtash S, Su R.Economic efficiency of coordinated multilateral trades in electricity markets [J]. Electrical Power Energy System,2003,24(10):843-50
[7]Tooraj Jamasb, Michael Pollitt.Benchmarking and regulation of electricity transmission and distribution utilizes [C]. Lessons from international experiences, 2000, (9):1-5
[8]Kuri B, Li F. Effective Design for Competitive Electricity Markets [C]. Universities Power Engineering Conference,2004, (3):1034-1038
[9]Faye Steiner. Regulation, industry structure and performance in the electricity supply industry [J]. Economic department working papers,2000, (238):134-137
[10]Rahimi A F, Sheffrin A Y. Effective Market Monitoring in Deregulated Electricity Markets [J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2003,18 (2):486-493
[11]Hamidreza Zareipour, Claudio A. Canizares, and Kankar Bhattacharya.The Operation of Ontario's Competitive Electricity Market:Overview, Experiences, and Lessons [J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2007,22 (4):1782-1793
[12]Toru Hattori, Tooraj Jamasb and Michael G Pollitt. A comparison of UK and Japanese electricity distribution performance 1985-1998 [A]:lessons for incentive regulation. CMI Working Paper Series-03,2003, (10):789-793
[13]Supawat Rungsuriyawiboon, Tim Coelli. Regulatory Reform and Economic Performance in US Electricity Generation [A]. Centre for Efficiency and Productivity Analysis Working Paper Series,2004, (6):368-371
[14]C.Barrett and A.Marathe. Assessing the Efficiency of U.S. Electricity Markets [J]. Utilities Policy,2003,11(2):75-86.
[15]Ricardo Gorini de Oliveira, Mauricio Tiomno Tolmasquim. Regulatory performance analysis case study:Britain's electricity industry [J]. Energy Policy,2004, (32): 1261-1276
[16]D. Chapman, C.A. Vosslerb, T.D. Mounta, V. Barbonic, R.J. Thomasd, R.D. Zimmermanf. Market efficiency, competition, and communication in electric power markets:experimental results [J].Ecological Economics,2004,(48):317-327
[17]Lashkar Ara, A. Jadid, S. Kazemi, A. Fuzzy cognitive maps for modelling and monitoring of deregulated electricity markets [J]. Universities Power Engineering Conference,2007, (42):545-549
[18]Pun-Lee Lam, Alice Shiu A data envelopment analysis of the efficiency of China's thermal power generation [J]. Utilities Policy,2001, (10):75-83
[19]Philip Andrews-Speed, Stephen Dow, Andreas Oberheitmann, Bruce Ramsay. First steps in power sector reform:the case of China's Guangdong Province [J]. Utilities Policy,2003, (11):169-183
[20]H.W. Ngana, J.H. Wanga, W. Engriwana, K.L. Lob. A feasible reform for the electricity supply industry in Hong [J]. Energy Policy,2003, (21):89-92
[21]Wu Jiang, Guan Xiaohong, GAO Feng. Balanced Auction Mechanism for Electric Power Markets [C]. Power Engineering Society General Meeting,2007, (5):1-7
[22]聂江洪,曾伟民.在电力市场中引入电力需求弹性的研究[J].电网技术,2008,32(11)：84-89
[23]王威,邵山,李磊,等.电力市场效率理论及其评价方法[J].电网技术,2009,33(14)：66-71
[24]黄仁辉,张粒子,王茜等.输电冗余对现代电力市场效率的影响研究(一)——现代电力市场效率与交易成本理论[J].现代电力,2010,27(3)：75-79
[25]栾凤奎.电力市场经济效率评估的理论与应用研究[D].北京：华北电力大学,2007：20-45
[26]万维宏,文福拴,王林.世界电力市场评估对中国的启示[J].继电器,2008,36(7)：75-79
[27]崔和瑞,杨丽.电力市场有效性研究[J].华东电力,2010,38(1)：0013-0016
[28]A.K.David, Mooth, J.W. Marangon. Exercising Reactive Market Power through Sensitivity Studies and HHI [J]. Power System Automation,2007,34(8):17-22
[29]Anjali Sheffrin. Predieting Market Power Using the Residual Supply Index [R].Ameriea:California Independent System Operator,2002:1131-1207
[30]Ismael Arciniegas, Chris Barrett, Achla Marathe.Assessing the efficiency of US electricity markets [J]. Utilities Policy,2003, (11):75-86.
[31]Tooraj Jamasb, Raffaella Mota, David Newbery. Electricity Sector Reform in Developing Countries:A Survey of Empirical Evidence on Determinants and Performance [A]. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics,2004, (10):135-139
[32]T. Jamasb, D. Newbery, M. Pollitt. Core indicators for determinants and performance of electricity sector in developing countries [A]. CMI working paper, 2004, (7):251-260
[33]KANAGALAA, SAHNIM, SHARMAS, et al. A Probabilistic approach of Herfindahl-Hirsehman Index to determine possibility of market power acquisition [J] Power Systems Conference and ExPosition,2004,13 (10):1277-1282
[34]KirschenDS, StrbacG.Fundamentals of power system economics [M]. England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd,2005:89-124
[35]Ettore Bompard, Yuchao Ma, Roberto Napoli, et al. The impacts of price responsiveness on strategic equilibrium in competitive electricity markets [J]. Electrical Power and Energy Systems,2007, (29):397-407
[36]刘敦楠,李瑞庆,陈雪青等.电力市场监管指标及市场评估体系[J].电力系统自动化,2004,28(9)：16-21
[37]刘敦楠,陈雪青,何光宇等.电力市场评价指标体系的原理和构建方法[J].电力系统自动化,2005,29(23)：2-8
[38]简洪宇,康重庆,钟金等.电力市场运行状态的识别方法研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2007,27(22)：63-68
[39]李韩房,谭忠富.电力市场绩效评价指标体系的构建[J].中国电力,2008,41(6)：29-32
[40]李韩房,谭忠富,栾凤奎.区域电力市场影响要素分析及市场绩效评估模型[J].电力自动化设备,2008,28(3)：31-35
[41]刘思峰,党耀国,方志耕.灰色系统理论及其应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2004：78-101
[42]李博,岳晶晶.四川省经济增长的灰色关联度分析[J].四川理工学院学报,2009,24(4)：40-44
[43]杨昆,孙耀唯,梁志宏.电力市场及其目标模式[M].北京：中国电力出版社,2008：89-123
[44]国家电力监管委员会.关于区域电力市场建设的指导意见.北京：国家电力监管委员会,2003：1-117
[45]徐达明.电力市场运行效率研究[D].杭州：浙江大学硕士学位论文,2003：25-49
[46]赵会茹,李春杰,李泓泽.电力产业管制与竞争的经济学分析[M].北京：中国电力出版社,2007：23-57
[47]汤萌.中国电力市场化改革及其区域问题研究[M].北京：中国经济出版社,2004：32-98
[48]张新华.电力市场中发电市场结构与企业竞价形为研究[D].重庆：重庆大学,2004：25-42
[49]蒲阳.我国电力市场有效竞争的理论与方法研究[D].上海：东华大学,2007：1-90
[50]张宇波,李春杰,黄文杰等.基于有效竞争的区域发电市场结构研究[J].华东电力,2008,(36)：11-15
[51]王向阳.电力市场力评价与发电竞标策略研究[D].北京：华北电力大学,2006：35-47
[52]石雪.电力市场运营规则评价指标体系及综合评价方法研究[D].北京：华北电力大学,2009：25-57
[53]Borenstein, S.The trouble with electricity markets (and some solutions) [J]. University of California Energy Institute,2001, (81):45-51
[54]国家电力监管委员会市场监管部.电力市场标准化设计和评价体系[M].北京：中国电力出版社,2010：1-118
[55]胡苏皓.自然垄断产业市场有效性评价研究[D].天津：天津大学,2008：45-56
[56]周建国,王潇炜.基于博弈论和灰色关联度的区域电力市场运营效果评价指标体系[J].电网技术,2007,31(10)：69-73
[57]刘敦楠,武亚光,何光宇等.电力市场综合指数的研究[J].电力系统自动化,2006,30(3)：23-28
[58]Kul lenber g G. Regional co-development and security:a comprehensive approach [J]. Ocean & Coastal Management,2002,45 (11-12):761-776
[59]Luijten J C, Knapp E B and Jones J W. A tool for community-based assessment of the implications of development on water security in hill side [J]. Agricultural Systems,2001,70(2-3):603-622
[60]Zadeh L A. Fuzzy sets [J]. In formation and Control,1965,8 (3):338-353.
[61]张俊霞,刘畅.基于模糊综合评价方法的企业员工绩效评估[J].东北农业大学学报,2009,7(4)：93-95
[62]刘丽萍.发电市场稳定性影响因素分析及模糊综合评价[D].北京：华北电力大学,2009：46-52
[63]Bornstein Sever in. Understanding Competitive Pricing and Market Power in Wholesale Electricity Market[M].America:University of California Energy Institute,2002:115-118.
[64]J.Nleolaisen, M.Smith, V.Petrov, L.Tesfatsion.Capacity Effects on the Electricity Market Power Evolutionary Computation [J].Power Systems,2006,6(4):26-30.
[65]A.D.Boston, J.Dortolina. Analysis of a Dominant Firm Market Power [J].Power Systems,2005,23(5):46-51
[66]程海燕.基于AHP和模糊综合评价的学生评优模型的研究[J].中国科技信息,2010,(9)：120-121
[67]杨洵,罗海燕.灰色关联评价模型在国有企业绩效评价中的应用[J].财会研究,2010,(18)：57-60
[2]郭磊,魏玢,夏清等.我国电力市场评价指标体系框架探讨[J].电力技术经济,2008,20(3)：29-34
[3]Rudkevich A., Duckworth M., Rosen R.Modeling electricity pricing in a deregulated generation industry:the potential for oligopoly pricing in a Pool co [J]. Energy Journal,1998,19(3):19-48
[4]Newbery D.Competition, contracts and entry in the electricity spot market [J], RAND Journal of Economics,1998,29(4):726-749
[5]Besscmbinder, H., Lemmon, M.L.Equilibrium pricing and optimal hedging in electricity forward markets [J]. Journal of Finance,2002,57 (3):1347-1382
[6]Al-Agtash S, Su R.Economic efficiency of coordinated multilateral trades in electricity markets [J]. Electrical Power Energy System,2003,24(10):843-50
[7]Tooraj Jamasb, Michael Pollitt.Benchmarking and regulation of electricity transmission and distribution utilizes [C]. Lessons from international experiences, 2000, (9):1-5
[8]Kuri B, Li F. Effective Design for Competitive Electricity Markets [C]. Universities Power Engineering Conference,2004, (3):1034-1038
[9]Faye Steiner. Regulation, industry structure and performance in the electricity supply industry [J]. Economic department working papers,2000, (238):134-137
[10]Rahimi A F, Sheffrin A Y. Effective Market Monitoring in Deregulated Electricity Markets [J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2003,18 (2):486-493
[11]Hamidreza Zareipour, Claudio A. Canizares, and Kankar Bhattacharya.The Operation of Ontario's Competitive Electricity Market:Overview, Experiences, and Lessons [J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2007,22 (4):1782-1793
[12]Toru Hattori, Tooraj Jamasb and Michael G Pollitt. A comparison of UK and Japanese electricity distribution performance 1985-1998 [A]:lessons for incentive regulation. CMI Working Paper Series-03,2003, (10):789-793
[13]Supawat Rungsuriyawiboon, Tim Coelli. Regulatory Reform and Economic Performance in US Electricity Generation [A]. Centre for Efficiency and Productivity Analysis Working Paper Series,2004, (6):368-371
[14]C.Barrett and A.Marathe. Assessing the Efficiency of U.S. Electricity Markets [J]. Utilities Policy,2003,11(2):75-86.
[15]Ricardo Gorini de Oliveira, Mauricio Tiomno Tolmasquim. Regulatory performance analysis case study:Britain's electricity industry [J]. Energy Policy,2004, (32): 1261-1276
[16]D. Chapman, C.A. Vosslerb, T.D. Mounta, V. Barbonic, R.J. Thomasd, R.D. Zimmermanf. Market efficiency, competition, and communication in electric power markets:experimental results [J].Ecological Economics,2004,(48):317-327
[17]Lashkar Ara, A. Jadid, S. Kazemi, A. Fuzzy cognitive maps for modelling and monitoring of deregulated electricity markets [J]. Universities Power Engineering Conference,2007, (42):545-549
[18]Pun-Lee Lam, Alice Shiu A data envelopment analysis of the efficiency of China's thermal power generation [J]. Utilities Policy,2001, (10):75-83
[19]Philip Andrews-Speed, Stephen Dow, Andreas Oberheitmann, Bruce Ramsay. First steps in power sector reform:the case of China's Guangdong Province [J]. Utilities Policy,2003, (11):169-183
[20]H.W. Ngana, J.H. Wanga, W. Engriwana, K.L. Lob. A feasible reform for the electricity supply industry in Hong [J]. Energy Policy,2003, (21):89-92
[21]Wu Jiang, Guan Xiaohong, GAO Feng. Balanced Auction Mechanism for Electric Power Markets [C]. Power Engineering Society General Meeting,2007, (5):1-7
[22]聂江洪,曾伟民.在电力市场中引入电力需求弹性的研究[J].电网技术,2008,32(11)：84-89
[23]王威,邵山,李磊,等.电力市场效率理论及其评价方法[J].电网技术,2009,33(14)：66-71
[24]黄仁辉,张粒子,王茜等.输电冗余对现代电力市场效率的影响研究(一)——现代电力市场效率与交易成本理论[J].现代电力,2010,27(3)：75-79
[25]栾凤奎.电力市场经济效率评估的理论与应用研究[D].北京：华北电力大学,2007：20-45
[26]万维宏,文福拴,王林.世界电力市场评估对中国的启示[J].继电器,2008,36(7)：75-79
[27]崔和瑞,杨丽.电力市场有效性研究[J].华东电力,2010,38(1)：0013-0016
[28]A.K.David, Mooth, J.W. Marangon. Exercising Reactive Market Power through Sensitivity Studies and HHI [J]. Power System Automation,2007,34(8):17-22
[29]Anjali Sheffrin. Predieting Market Power Using the Residual Supply Index [R].Ameriea:California Independent System Operator,2002:1131-1207
[30]Ismael Arciniegas, Chris Barrett, Achla Marathe.Assessing the efficiency of US electricity markets [J]. Utilities Policy,2003, (11):75-86.
[31]Tooraj Jamasb, Raffaella Mota, David Newbery. Electricity Sector Reform in Developing Countries:A Survey of Empirical Evidence on Determinants and Performance [A]. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics,2004, (10):135-139
[32]T. Jamasb, D. Newbery, M. Pollitt. Core indicators for determinants and performance of electricity sector in developing countries [A]. CMI working paper, 2004, (7):251-260
[33]KANAGALAA, SAHNIM, SHARMAS, et al. A Probabilistic approach of Herfindahl-Hirsehman Index to determine possibility of market power acquisition [J] Power Systems Conference and ExPosition,2004,13 (10):1277-1282
[34]KirschenDS, StrbacG.Fundamentals of power system economics [M]. England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd,2005:89-124
[35]Ettore Bompard, Yuchao Ma, Roberto Napoli, et al. The impacts of price responsiveness on strategic equilibrium in competitive electricity markets [J]. Electrical Power and Energy Systems,2007, (29):397-407
[36]刘敦楠,李瑞庆,陈雪青等.电力市场监管指标及市场评估体系[J].电力系统自动化,2004,28(9)：16-21
[37]刘敦楠,陈雪青,何光宇等.电力市场评价指标体系的原理和构建方法[J].电力系统自动化,2005,29(23)：2-8
[38]简洪宇,康重庆,钟金等.电力市场运行状态的识别方法研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2007,27(22)：63-68
[39]李韩房,谭忠富.电力市场绩效评价指标体系的构建[J].中国电力,2008,41(6)：29-32
[40]李韩房,谭忠富,栾凤奎.区域电力市场影响要素分析及市场绩效评估模型[J].电力自动化设备,2008,28(3)：31-35
[41]刘思峰,党耀国,方志耕.灰色系统理论及其应用[M].北京：科学出版社,2004：78-101
[42]李博,岳晶晶.四川省经济增长的灰色关联度分析[J].四川理工学院学报,2009,24(4)：40-44
[43]杨昆,孙耀唯,梁志宏.电力市场及其目标模式[M].北京：中国电力出版社,2008：89-123
[44]国家电力监管委员会.关于区域电力市场建设的指导意见.北京：国家电力监管委员会,2003：1-117
[45]徐达明.电力市场运行效率研究[D].杭州：浙江大学硕士学位论文,2003：25-49
[46]赵会茹,李春杰,李泓泽.电力产业管制与竞争的经济学分析[M].北京：中国电力出版社,2007：23-57
[47]汤萌.中国电力市场化改革及其区域问题研究[M].北京：中国经济出版社,2004：32-98
[48]张新华.电力市场中发电市场结构与企业竞价形为研究[D].重庆：重庆大学,2004：25-42
[49]蒲阳.我国电力市场有效竞争的理论与方法研究[D].上海：东华大学,2007：1-90
[50]张宇波,李春杰,黄文杰等.基于有效竞争的区域发电市场结构研究[J].华东电力,2008,(36)：11-15
[51]王向阳.电力市场力评价与发电竞标策略研究[D].北京：华北电力大学,2006：35-47
[52]石雪.电力市场运营规则评价指标体系及综合评价方法研究[D].北京：华北电力大学,2009：25-57
[53]Borenstein, S.The trouble with electricity markets (and some solutions) [J]. University of California Energy Institute,2001, (81):45-51
[54]国家电力监管委员会市场监管部.电力市场标准化设计和评价体系[M].北京：中国电力出版社,2010：1-118
[55]胡苏皓.自然垄断产业市场有效性评价研究[D].天津：天津大学,2008：45-56
[56]周建国,王潇炜.基于博弈论和灰色关联度的区域电力市场运营效果评价指标体系[J].电网技术,2007,31(10)：69-73
[57]刘敦楠,武亚光,何光宇等.电力市场综合指数的研究[J].电力系统自动化,2006,30(3)：23-28
[58]Kul lenber g G. Regional co-development and security:a comprehensive approach [J]. Ocean & Coastal Management,2002,45 (11-12):761-776
[59]Luijten J C, Knapp E B and Jones J W. A tool for community-based assessment of the implications of development on water security in hill side [J]. Agricultural Systems,2001,70(2-3):603-622
[60]Zadeh L A. Fuzzy sets [J]. In formation and Control,1965,8 (3):338-353.
[61]张俊霞,刘畅.基于模糊综合评价方法的企业员工绩效评估[J].东北农业大学学报,2009,7(4)：93-95
[62]刘丽萍.发电市场稳定性影响因素分析及模糊综合评价[D].北京：华北电力大学,2009：46-52
[63]Bornstein Sever in. Understanding Competitive Pricing and Market Power in Wholesale Electricity Market[M].America:University of California Energy Institute,2002:115-118.
[64]J.Nleolaisen, M.Smith, V.Petrov, L.Tesfatsion.Capacity Effects on the Electricity Market Power Evolutionary Computation [J].Power Systems,2006,6(4):26-30.
[65]A.D.Boston, J.Dortolina. Analysis of a Dominant Firm Market Power [J].Power Systems,2005,23(5):46-51
[66]程海燕.基于AHP和模糊综合评价的学生评优模型的研究[J].中国科技信息,2010,(9)：120-121
[67]杨洵,罗海燕.灰色关联评价模型在国有企业绩效评价中的应用[J].财会研究,2010,(18)：57-60