三相感应电动机综合保护装置研制
摘要
异步电动机保护的研究由来已久，随着电子和微机技术的发展，异步电动机微机保护也得到了大力的发展，但很多仅是机电式和电子式保护的翻版，没有真正利用微机所具有强大的数值计算能力、数据存储能力和逻辑判断能力，使保护更加的精确、可靠和智能化。而且目前异步电动机微机保护大都是单台独运行，与外界进行数据交换很少。异步电动机保护装置如何经济可靠地联网，并充分发挥微机网络强大的数据分析及处理功能是一个比较新的领域。本项目研究在这些方面作了积极的努力和尝试。
本文深入分析了异步电动机运行的基本原理，并利用多种方法对各种故障状态以及非正常运行状态进行了分析，得出了在两种状态时获取各种特征量的方法。针对传统保护及监测系统两者截然分离的不足，从硬件和软件两方面设计出了将保护及监测功能相结合、相互弥补的系统。在异步电动机断相保护中，对判据进行了改进，使其能适应负载轻重的动态变化。在分析电动机传统的反时限过负荷保护的基础上，根据导体中流过电流时的发热、散热微分方程得到了累加定子电流的反时限过负荷保护动作方程，经简化后得到累加定子电流的实用的反时限特性递推公式。递推公式真实地反映了感应电动机过负荷时的发热情况，体现了温升越高散热越快的散热状态。为了全面考虑感应电动机定子正序电流和负序电流的不同发热效应，提出了正序电流和负序电流获取的方法，并采用递推傅氏算法来实现电流、电压及电流正序和负序分量的有效值的计算。
本文深入研究了自动化装置的各种通讯方式，分析了它们在恶劣的工业生产环境中的优缺点，并确定了最适合工业环境的CAN总线网络作为本文中综合保护及在线监测系统的网络连接方式。本文利用以上保护及监测的原理，研制开发了系统中相应的硬件系统和软件部分。并通过了测试，证明这是符合目前工厂实际的异步电动机综合保护及在线监测系统。
With the development of electronics and microcomputer,microprocessor-based protection has advanced. But much of than are just the republication of the electromechanical and electronic protection. Many advantages of the computer,such as nunerical evaluation data storage and logical decision,isn't used. And most of the microprocessor-based protection is running isolated. There is little data exchange with outside. It's a new domain how connect motors with network economically and reliably and exerts its ability to analysis the data. There are many tries in this paper on these aspects.
This paper studied the basic principle of the asynchronous motor deeply,analyses the faults and educed the ways to obtain the failure characteristics. Because of the separat between the protection and the monitoring,there are many disadvantages in avoiding the failuer. This paper designed a system to combine the advantages of the protection and the monitoring in software and hardware. This thesis analyzes failure characteristics of the induction motor systematically. A simple and easy operating criterion is put forward in accordance with the relation between positive-sequence component and negative-sequence component of stator current when the motor is in unbalance and single phase broken.
Based on analyzing the traditional inverse time-lag overloading protection of motors,an inverse time-lag operating equation with accumulating stator current is achieved,according to the differential equation of the heating and cooling while the current flows into the conductor. Then the equation is further simplified to recurrence formula,which represents the thermal condition of the induction motor really,and reflects that the higher temperature rises,the more rapidly the motor cools. In order to consider the different heating of positive-sequence current and negative-sequence current of the motor stator generally,the equivalent current is adopted instead of the traditional phase current.
The way how to gather positive-sequence current and negative-sequence current is brought forward,and the recurrence Fourier-algorithm is adopted to calculate the effective value of current and voltage,the effective value of positive-sequence current and negative-sequence current.
In this thesis,according to the protection projects of various motor failure,the software and hardware for the control system is designed and the interference problem is solved. A new digital and multifunctional protection device for induction motor,which takes advantage of the 80C196KC single chip microcomputer as the key component and uses the MAX 197 conversion chip in the A/D conversion,can gather and process data,control synchronously,protect,display and warn automatically.
本文深入分析了异步电动机运行的基本原理，并利用多种方法对各种故障状态以及非正常运行状态进行了分析，得出了在两种状态时获取各种特征量的方法。针对传统保护及监测系统两者截然分离的不足，从硬件和软件两方面设计出了将保护及监测功能相结合、相互弥补的系统。在异步电动机断相保护中，对判据进行了改进，使其能适应负载轻重的动态变化。在分析电动机传统的反时限过负荷保护的基础上，根据导体中流过电流时的发热、散热微分方程得到了累加定子电流的反时限过负荷保护动作方程，经简化后得到累加定子电流的实用的反时限特性递推公式。递推公式真实地反映了感应电动机过负荷时的发热情况，体现了温升越高散热越快的散热状态。为了全面考虑感应电动机定子正序电流和负序电流的不同发热效应，提出了正序电流和负序电流获取的方法，并采用递推傅氏算法来实现电流、电压及电流正序和负序分量的有效值的计算。
本文深入研究了自动化装置的各种通讯方式，分析了它们在恶劣的工业生产环境中的优缺点，并确定了最适合工业环境的CAN总线网络作为本文中综合保护及在线监测系统的网络连接方式。本文利用以上保护及监测的原理，研制开发了系统中相应的硬件系统和软件部分。并通过了测试，证明这是符合目前工厂实际的异步电动机综合保护及在线监测系统。
With the development of electronics and microcomputer,microprocessor-based protection has advanced. But much of than are just the republication of the electromechanical and electronic protection. Many advantages of the computer,such as nunerical evaluation data storage and logical decision,isn't used. And most of the microprocessor-based protection is running isolated. There is little data exchange with outside. It's a new domain how connect motors with network economically and reliably and exerts its ability to analysis the data. There are many tries in this paper on these aspects.
This paper studied the basic principle of the asynchronous motor deeply,analyses the faults and educed the ways to obtain the failure characteristics. Because of the separat between the protection and the monitoring,there are many disadvantages in avoiding the failuer. This paper designed a system to combine the advantages of the protection and the monitoring in software and hardware. This thesis analyzes failure characteristics of the induction motor systematically. A simple and easy operating criterion is put forward in accordance with the relation between positive-sequence component and negative-sequence component of stator current when the motor is in unbalance and single phase broken.
Based on analyzing the traditional inverse time-lag overloading protection of motors,an inverse time-lag operating equation with accumulating stator current is achieved,according to the differential equation of the heating and cooling while the current flows into the conductor. Then the equation is further simplified to recurrence formula,which represents the thermal condition of the induction motor really,and reflects that the higher temperature rises,the more rapidly the motor cools. In order to consider the different heating of positive-sequence current and negative-sequence current of the motor stator generally,the equivalent current is adopted instead of the traditional phase current.
The way how to gather positive-sequence current and negative-sequence current is brought forward,and the recurrence Fourier-algorithm is adopted to calculate the effective value of current and voltage,the effective value of positive-sequence current and negative-sequence current.
In this thesis,according to the protection projects of various motor failure,the software and hardware for the control system is designed and the interference problem is solved. A new digital and multifunctional protection device for induction motor,which takes advantage of the 80C196KC single chip microcomputer as the key component and uses the MAX 197 conversion chip in the A/D conversion,can gather and process data,control synchronously,protect,display and warn automatically.
引文
[1] 贺家李，电力系统继电保护原理，水利电力出版社，1980，6
[2] 陈德树，计算机继电保护原理与技术，水利电力出版社，1992，11
[3] 王维俭，电气主设备继电保护原理与应用，中国电力出版社，1996，1
[3] 许实章，电机学(上，下)，机械工业出版社，1990，5
[4] 范锡普，发电厂电气部分，水利电力出版社，1987
[5] 卓乐友等，电力工程电气设计手册(电气二次部分)，水利电力出版社。1990，9
[6] 高景德，王祥桁，李发海，交流电机及其系统的分析，清华大学出版社，1993
[7] 陈德桂，智能化电器的监控、保护与信息网络系统，低压电器，1996(1)：3～6
[8] 陈德桂，国夕憎，能化电动机保护继电器和控制器，低压电器，1996(4)：52～55
[9] 张举，黄少峰，我国微机继电保护的发展历史现状与展望，继电器，1996(1)：24～26
[10] 祖伟，姚晴林，徐磊，微机型电动机成套保护装置的研制，继电器，1997(4)：31～36
[11] 李光辉，张培铭，江和，带有，微处理器的电子式热继电器，低压电器门995(5)：50～53
[12] 高景德，黄立培，异步电动机起动过程的研究，电工技术杂志，1984(1)：1～6
[13] 宋凌锋，于霞，程树康，异步电动机综合保护及相关实用电路，中小型电机，1999(1)：29～30
[14] Paul B. Cummings, John R. Dunki-Jacobs, Robert H. Kerr. Protection of Induction Motors against Unbalanced Voltage Operation. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, May/June 1985:778～792
[15] Peter Costello. Motor Overload Protection. Electrotechnology, June/July 1994:237～244
[16] A. H. Elton, N. S. Moharari. Motor Temperature Estimation Incroporating Dynamic Rotor Impedance. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, March 1991: 107～113
[17] K. M. Hamiton. Motor Overload Reporting and Motor Protection Control System. Electrotechnology, June/July 1994:257～265
[18] Gabriel J. Paoletti and Alex Rose. Improving Exsting Motor Protection for Medium Voltage Motors IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, May/June 1989:465～464
[19] G. D. Rokefeller. Adaptive Transmission on Relaying Concepts for Improved Performance. IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Oct. 1988:1446～1458
[20] E. F. Fuchs. M. Poloyjadoff, G. W. neal. Starting Performance of Saturable Three-Phase Induction Motors. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Sep. 1988:624～635
[21] Robert J. Brighton, JR., Prashant N. Ranade. Why Overload Relays Do Not Always Protect Motors IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Nov./Dec. 1982:691～697
[22] Norris Woodruff. Economical Motor Protection Using Microcomputer Technology. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Sep./Oct. 1984:1344～1351
[23] Austin H. Bonnett, George C. Soukup, Case and Analysis of Stator and Rotor Failures in Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, July/August 1992:921～937
[24] JA De Kock, FS Van Der Merwe, HJ Vermeulen, Induction Motor Parameter Estimation through an Output Error Technique. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, March 1994:69～76
[25] Reihard Marier. Protection of Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor Utilizing Instantaneous Power and Phase Information. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Sep./Oct. 1992:134～141
[26] Everett B. Turner and H.Michael Willey. Microprocessor-based Universal Motor Protection System. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, VOL. IA-17 1981: 1024～1029
[27] Herbert A. Protection of the Induction Motor/Generator. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. PAS-103. No.8 1984:1344～1351
[28] J. M. Ferreira de Jesus. A Model For Sturation in Induction Machines. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 3 No.3 1991: 169～175
[29] 李秉操，张登举，付寿英，徐飞，单片机接口技术及其在工业控制中的应用陕西电子编辑部，1991
[30] 葛耀中，继电保护技术的新进展，继电器，1998(1)：1～5
[31] 郎兵，李继红，周长青，电动机综合保护中过负载保护模型的研究，电力情报，1998(4)：27～29
[32] (美)J．C．D瞬时电压骤降对异步和同步电动机运行的影响，国外大电机，1993(1)：31～37
[33] 张友德，涂时亮，MCS.51单片机实用于程序及应用，复旦大学计算机科学系，1989
[34] 玉琢，三相异步电动机运行中一相断电后电流及转矩变化过程的分析，防爆电器，1988(4)：24-28
[35] 肖丝迁立，徐志斌 智能型多功能电机保护装置的研制，电子技术应用，1998(3)：35～41
[36] 刘莲莲，电动机实用安全技术，中国标准出版社，1992
[37] 孙军，陶惠良等译，IEEE电力工程委员会及电力系统继电保护委员会编，微处理机式继电器和保护系统，重庆大学出版社，1990
[38] 陈永亭，李荚英，王维检，异步电动机微机保护装置的研制，电子技术应用，1998(11)：20～26
[39] 章凡杰，三相异步电动机保护，电气开关，1993(6)：11～16
[2] 陈德树，计算机继电保护原理与技术，水利电力出版社，1992，11
[3] 王维俭，电气主设备继电保护原理与应用，中国电力出版社，1996，1
[3] 许实章，电机学(上，下)，机械工业出版社，1990，5
[4] 范锡普，发电厂电气部分，水利电力出版社，1987
[5] 卓乐友等，电力工程电气设计手册(电气二次部分)，水利电力出版社。1990，9
[6] 高景德，王祥桁，李发海，交流电机及其系统的分析，清华大学出版社，1993
[7] 陈德桂，智能化电器的监控、保护与信息网络系统，低压电器，1996(1)：3～6
[8] 陈德桂，国夕憎，能化电动机保护继电器和控制器，低压电器，1996(4)：52～55
[9] 张举，黄少峰，我国微机继电保护的发展历史现状与展望，继电器，1996(1)：24～26
[10] 祖伟，姚晴林，徐磊，微机型电动机成套保护装置的研制，继电器，1997(4)：31～36
[11] 李光辉，张培铭，江和，带有，微处理器的电子式热继电器，低压电器门995(5)：50～53
[12] 高景德，黄立培，异步电动机起动过程的研究，电工技术杂志，1984(1)：1～6
[13] 宋凌锋，于霞，程树康，异步电动机综合保护及相关实用电路，中小型电机，1999(1)：29～30
[14] Paul B. Cummings, John R. Dunki-Jacobs, Robert H. Kerr. Protection of Induction Motors against Unbalanced Voltage Operation. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, May/June 1985:778～792
[15] Peter Costello. Motor Overload Protection. Electrotechnology, June/July 1994:237～244
[16] A. H. Elton, N. S. Moharari. Motor Temperature Estimation Incroporating Dynamic Rotor Impedance. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, March 1991: 107～113
[17] K. M. Hamiton. Motor Overload Reporting and Motor Protection Control System. Electrotechnology, June/July 1994:257～265
[18] Gabriel J. Paoletti and Alex Rose. Improving Exsting Motor Protection for Medium Voltage Motors IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, May/June 1989:465～464
[19] G. D. Rokefeller. Adaptive Transmission on Relaying Concepts for Improved Performance. IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Oct. 1988:1446～1458
[20] E. F. Fuchs. M. Poloyjadoff, G. W. neal. Starting Performance of Saturable Three-Phase Induction Motors. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Sep. 1988:624～635
[21] Robert J. Brighton, JR., Prashant N. Ranade. Why Overload Relays Do Not Always Protect Motors IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Nov./Dec. 1982:691～697
[22] Norris Woodruff. Economical Motor Protection Using Microcomputer Technology. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Sep./Oct. 1984:1344～1351
[23] Austin H. Bonnett, George C. Soukup, Case and Analysis of Stator and Rotor Failures in Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, July/August 1992:921～937
[24] JA De Kock, FS Van Der Merwe, HJ Vermeulen, Induction Motor Parameter Estimation through an Output Error Technique. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, March 1994:69～76
[25] Reihard Marier. Protection of Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor Utilizing Instantaneous Power and Phase Information. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Sep./Oct. 1992:134～141
[26] Everett B. Turner and H.Michael Willey. Microprocessor-based Universal Motor Protection System. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, VOL. IA-17 1981: 1024～1029
[27] Herbert A. Protection of the Induction Motor/Generator. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. PAS-103. No.8 1984:1344～1351
[28] J. M. Ferreira de Jesus. A Model For Sturation in Induction Machines. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 3 No.3 1991: 169～175
[29] 李秉操，张登举，付寿英，徐飞，单片机接口技术及其在工业控制中的应用陕西电子编辑部，1991
[30] 葛耀中，继电保护技术的新进展，继电器，1998(1)：1～5
[31] 郎兵，李继红，周长青，电动机综合保护中过负载保护模型的研究，电力情报，1998(4)：27～29
[32] (美)J．C．D瞬时电压骤降对异步和同步电动机运行的影响，国外大电机，1993(1)：31～37
[33] 张友德，涂时亮，MCS.51单片机实用于程序及应用，复旦大学计算机科学系，1989
[34] 玉琢，三相异步电动机运行中一相断电后电流及转矩变化过程的分析，防爆电器，1988(4)：24-28
[35] 肖丝迁立，徐志斌 智能型多功能电机保护装置的研制，电子技术应用，1998(3)：35～41
[36] 刘莲莲，电动机实用安全技术，中国标准出版社，1992
[37] 孙军，陶惠良等译，IEEE电力工程委员会及电力系统继电保护委员会编，微处理机式继电器和保护系统，重庆大学出版社，1990
[38] 陈永亭，李荚英，王维检，异步电动机微机保护装置的研制，电子技术应用，1998(11)：20～26
[39] 章凡杰，三相异步电动机保护，电气开关，1993(6)：11～16
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