双馈风力发电系统低电压穿越关键技术研究
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摘要
我国及世界范围内多数风电场都处于比较偏僻的区域，因此风电场接入的电网大部分远离负荷中心。这种电网相对薄弱，容易发生波动，从而影响到风电机组的稳定运行。甚至更为严重的是电网电压存在大幅度跌落的可能，此时风电机组大规模的解列将严重威胁电网的安全运行。为了保证电力系统的稳定运行，目前在大规模风电并网的应用技术中，电网发生故障时风力发电机组自动脱网的方式已不再允许。我国也出台了针对风电场低电压穿越(Low-Voltage-Ride-Through, LVRT)的相关导则，对风力发电机组的低电压穿越做出了硬性的规定。因此，研究风电机组的低电压穿越能力具有重要的理论和现实意义。
本文首先综述了国内外风力发电的现状，特别是双馈式风电机组的低电压穿越方式及其相应的控制策略。对比分析了多种研究方法的优缺点。通过严格的理论分析，推导出了各种不同电网故障状态下双馈感应电机(Doubly-fed Induction Generator, DFIG)定子磁链及转子感应电压的解析值，为保护和控制策略的研究提供了理论依据。
应用基于状态反馈线性化的非线性控制方法，在双馈式风电机组动态数学模型的基础上，设计了低电压穿越控制策略。通过控制目标选定输出函数，然后通过状态反馈线性化和适当的坐标变换将该非线性系统转化为线性可控系统，最后通过线性最优控制方法完成系统控制策略的设计。该控制策略仅与风电机组自身参数有关，提高了控制系统的鲁棒性。
通过理论推导以及仿真、试验，提出了双馈电机应对大幅度电压跌落最有效的方法之一——在转子侧接Crowbar电路，以保护双馈电机及其变换器；同时采用向量法和稳态电路法分析了由于交流侧Crowbar的使用，所引起的电机转矩反向和振荡的问题；求解了电磁转矩的解析表达式，用来指导Crowbar阻值的选取，以减小电机轴系振荡，保护电机轴系系统。同时研究了双馈电机在Crowbar电路投入的情况下无功功率的吸收问题，提出了基于最大电流法的无功功率补偿控制策略。
设计搭建了一套由虚拟风场、风力机模拟系统、双馈感应发电机、主控制器、虚拟仪器以及变换器系统和低电压穿越单元等组成的完整的7.5kW变速恒频双馈风力发电系统的实验平台。在该实验平台上验证了双馈风力发电的一些基本理论和运行特征，对于双馈风力发电原理的深刻理解和控制策略的进一步优化起到积极的作用。针对双馈风力发电机组的低电压穿越课题所进行的理论推导以及由此所提出的控制策略在实验平台上进行了验证，实验结果与理论分析吻合，验证了其正确性。
Many wind farms in China and other countries are located in the placewith poor conditions, sparse population and the access of the wind farms arefar away from the load center, so these grids are comparatively weak. Forsome weak grids, they are vulnerable to be fluctuated; moreover, the voltageof the grids may drop sharply. When the grids are fluctuated, the fluctuationwill cause huge affect on the stability of the wind turbines. To ensure thestability of the grids, nowadays, for the application of the large scale of windpower grid integration, when the grids are faulted, the methods thatdisconnecting the wind turbines with grids will never be allowed by the newgrid rules. Our countries have established the rules of the low voltageride-through (LVRT), and applied the rules to the every wind farms. Thus,the research on the LVRT of the wind turbines has important theoretical andpractical meanings.
This paper mentioned the present conditions of wind power at ourcountries and abroad, and included the conditions and correspondingmethods of the LVRT of doubly-fed wind turbine. Moreover, this papercompared the merits and shortcomings of these methods. By strictlytheoretical analysis, this paper deduced the computing values of the stator’sflux linkage and rotor voltage of the doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG)when the grids are faulted, and supplied theoretical basis for the protectingstrategies.
Applying non-linear control method based on state feedbacklinearization and depending on the mathematical dynamic modeling of thedoubly-fed wind turbine, the control strategy of the LVRT is designed.Firstly, we selected the output functions according to control target; then, by using linearization the state feedback and proper coordinate transforming,we converted this nonlinear system to the linear and controllable system;finally, through the optimized linear control strategy we designed the controlstrategy of the control system. This control strategy was only depended onthe parameters of the wind turbines, and strengthened the robust of controlstrategies.
This paper analyzed that one of the most effective methods fordoubly-fed induction generator to deal with the severe LVRT is connectingCrowbar to rotor side to protect the doubly-fed induction generator andinvertors. By using the vector methods and stable circuit methods, the paperanalyzed that the Crowbar of AC sides will cause the inverse vibration of thegenerators torque. This paper found the equation of the electromagnetictorque for the parameters optimization of the Crowbar to decrease thevibration of the generator and protect the shaft system of the generator. Atthe same time, this paper analyzed the issue of reactive power absorption ofthe doubly-fed induction generator using Crowbar, and set up the reactivecompensation strategy based on the maximal current methods.
This paper designed a7.5KW variable speed constant frequencydoubly-fed wind power system laboratory platform composed by virtualwind farm, wind resource imitation system, doubly-fed induction generator,main controller, virtual instruments, converter systems and LVRT units. Onthis laboratory platform, some basic theories and operation characteristics ofthe doubly-fed wind power system are demonstrated. It will be helpful forthe deeper understanding of the theories of the doubly-fed wind power andthe optimization of the control strategy. From the theory deduction andcorresponding experiments of the LVRT of doubly-fed induction generator,the experiment results are expected to show good agreement with thetheoretical analysis.
本文首先综述了国内外风力发电的现状，特别是双馈式风电机组的低电压穿越方式及其相应的控制策略。对比分析了多种研究方法的优缺点。通过严格的理论分析，推导出了各种不同电网故障状态下双馈感应电机(Doubly-fed Induction Generator, DFIG)定子磁链及转子感应电压的解析值，为保护和控制策略的研究提供了理论依据。
应用基于状态反馈线性化的非线性控制方法，在双馈式风电机组动态数学模型的基础上，设计了低电压穿越控制策略。通过控制目标选定输出函数，然后通过状态反馈线性化和适当的坐标变换将该非线性系统转化为线性可控系统，最后通过线性最优控制方法完成系统控制策略的设计。该控制策略仅与风电机组自身参数有关，提高了控制系统的鲁棒性。
通过理论推导以及仿真、试验，提出了双馈电机应对大幅度电压跌落最有效的方法之一——在转子侧接Crowbar电路，以保护双馈电机及其变换器；同时采用向量法和稳态电路法分析了由于交流侧Crowbar的使用，所引起的电机转矩反向和振荡的问题；求解了电磁转矩的解析表达式，用来指导Crowbar阻值的选取，以减小电机轴系振荡，保护电机轴系系统。同时研究了双馈电机在Crowbar电路投入的情况下无功功率的吸收问题，提出了基于最大电流法的无功功率补偿控制策略。
设计搭建了一套由虚拟风场、风力机模拟系统、双馈感应发电机、主控制器、虚拟仪器以及变换器系统和低电压穿越单元等组成的完整的7.5kW变速恒频双馈风力发电系统的实验平台。在该实验平台上验证了双馈风力发电的一些基本理论和运行特征，对于双馈风力发电原理的深刻理解和控制策略的进一步优化起到积极的作用。针对双馈风力发电机组的低电压穿越课题所进行的理论推导以及由此所提出的控制策略在实验平台上进行了验证，实验结果与理论分析吻合，验证了其正确性。
Many wind farms in China and other countries are located in the placewith poor conditions, sparse population and the access of the wind farms arefar away from the load center, so these grids are comparatively weak. Forsome weak grids, they are vulnerable to be fluctuated; moreover, the voltageof the grids may drop sharply. When the grids are fluctuated, the fluctuationwill cause huge affect on the stability of the wind turbines. To ensure thestability of the grids, nowadays, for the application of the large scale of windpower grid integration, when the grids are faulted, the methods thatdisconnecting the wind turbines with grids will never be allowed by the newgrid rules. Our countries have established the rules of the low voltageride-through (LVRT), and applied the rules to the every wind farms. Thus,the research on the LVRT of the wind turbines has important theoretical andpractical meanings.
This paper mentioned the present conditions of wind power at ourcountries and abroad, and included the conditions and correspondingmethods of the LVRT of doubly-fed wind turbine. Moreover, this papercompared the merits and shortcomings of these methods. By strictlytheoretical analysis, this paper deduced the computing values of the stator’sflux linkage and rotor voltage of the doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG)when the grids are faulted, and supplied theoretical basis for the protectingstrategies.
Applying non-linear control method based on state feedbacklinearization and depending on the mathematical dynamic modeling of thedoubly-fed wind turbine, the control strategy of the LVRT is designed.Firstly, we selected the output functions according to control target; then, by using linearization the state feedback and proper coordinate transforming,we converted this nonlinear system to the linear and controllable system;finally, through the optimized linear control strategy we designed the controlstrategy of the control system. This control strategy was only depended onthe parameters of the wind turbines, and strengthened the robust of controlstrategies.
This paper analyzed that one of the most effective methods fordoubly-fed induction generator to deal with the severe LVRT is connectingCrowbar to rotor side to protect the doubly-fed induction generator andinvertors. By using the vector methods and stable circuit methods, the paperanalyzed that the Crowbar of AC sides will cause the inverse vibration of thegenerators torque. This paper found the equation of the electromagnetictorque for the parameters optimization of the Crowbar to decrease thevibration of the generator and protect the shaft system of the generator. Atthe same time, this paper analyzed the issue of reactive power absorption ofthe doubly-fed induction generator using Crowbar, and set up the reactivecompensation strategy based on the maximal current methods.
This paper designed a7.5KW variable speed constant frequencydoubly-fed wind power system laboratory platform composed by virtualwind farm, wind resource imitation system, doubly-fed induction generator,main controller, virtual instruments, converter systems and LVRT units. Onthis laboratory platform, some basic theories and operation characteristics ofthe doubly-fed wind power system are demonstrated. It will be helpful forthe deeper understanding of the theories of the doubly-fed wind power andthe optimization of the control strategy. From the theory deduction andcorresponding experiments of the LVRT of doubly-fed induction generator,the experiment results are expected to show good agreement with thetheoretical analysis.
引文
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