含分布式电源配电网的故障分析与保护新原理
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摘要
分布式电源（distributed generation, DG）接入改变了传统的配电网故障特性，给传统的配电网保护带来不可忽略的影响。对此，已有大量学者进行了研究，但针对DG故障特性的研究都未计及DG故障穿越控制策略，基本将DG视为与传统电源类同，而采用传统的电压源等值模型对含DG的配电网进行故障分析，这显然与实际不符。针对当前含DG配电网的故障分析与继电保护的研究中存在的问题，本文通过对电力电子接口DG的控制与特性进行研究，提出计及DG控制特性的配电网故障分析方法，同时结合DG“T”接的情况，提出含DG的配电网自适应距离保护与基于公共联接点（Point ofcommon coupling, PCC）计算电压差值比较的新型纵联保护。
电力电子并网接口的DG，其输出的故障电流完全由故障穿越控制策略决定，本文通过对对称故障条件下电力电子并网接口DG控制与特性的研究，提出了PCC电压控制的电流源等值模型，并针对不对称故障条件下正序分量控制的DG，提出了PCC正序电压控制的电流源模型等值。通过对采用不间断励磁实现故障穿越的双馈型风力发电机（doubly fed induction generator, DFIG）控制与特性的研究，提出了电压源等值模型计算对称故障条件下的输出电流，建立了DFIG故障电流计算模型；在不对称故障条件下，通过分析DFIG正负序故障电流电流的特性，建立正负序叠加原理的DFIG故障电流计算模型。仿真结果验证了DFIG对称故障与非对称故障电流计算方法。
针对单DG接入配电网的情况，提出了计及DG控制特性的含DG配电网对称故障与非对称故障分析方法。对称故障条件下，通过建立PCC电压与DG故障电流关系方程，推导出PCC电压求解方程组，从而实现配电网对称故障分析；相间故障条件下，针对正序电压控制的DG输出的故障电流只包含正序分量的问题，通过建立PCC正、负序电压与DG故障电流关系方程，推导出PCC正序电压求解方程组，从而实现配电网相间故障分析。仿真结果验证了文中含DG的配电网故障分析方法。
针对多DG接入配电网的情况，通过分析DG故障电流与配电网节点电压之间的相互作用关系，建立了计及DG控制特性的节点电压方程，针对DG电流与PCC电压之间的非线性关系，提出了PCC电压与DG故障电流相互迭代的计算方法，实现配电网故障分析。仿真结果验证了文中的含多DG的配电网故障分析方法。
通过分析DG对距离保护的影响，提出了自适应距离保护原理，确保在不同的DG出力条件下距离保护具有固定的保护范围，并推导出保护定值与DG电流的关系方程。结合对DG故障穿越控制与特性的研究，建立DG无功电流计算方程；综合考虑DG故障电流中以无功电流为主和配电网线路电抗大于电阻的情况，提出了以DG无功电流代替DG电流计算自适应距离保护定值中的自适应量，从而实现自适应距离保护的整定；仿真结果验证了自适应距离保护的合理性。
针对DG“T”接的情况，通过建立从线路两侧计算PCC电压的方程，揭示了PCC计算电压差值大小与故障位置之间的关系，从而建立基于PCC计算电压差值比较的纵联保护原理并推导出电压差值定值与最大负荷之间的关系；针对故障点临近PCC时基于PCC计算电压差值保护灵敏性低的问题，提出了基于方向比较的保护判据，从而实现对线路全长的保护；最后基于DIgSILENT建立仿真模型验证本文提出的保护原理。
With the interconnection of distributed generation (DG), the fault characteristics arechanged and the protection of distribution network is unavoidably affected. For solving theseproblems, great many scholars have done much work. However, in the study on faultcharacteristics of DG, the control scheme of DG was not considered. DG was considered assame as traditional resources and the fault analysis of distribution network with DG is basedon the voltage resource equivalent model for DG. Obviously, this is inconsistent with the fact.Aiming to solve these problems on fault analysis and protection, this paper studies the controlscheme and output characteristics of DG with inverter interface. Then a fault analysis methodby considering the control scheme of DG is advanced. At the same time, an adaptive distanceprotection and a novel pilot protection based on calculation voltage difference of point ofcommon coupling (PCC) are put forward by considering these DGs interconnected withfeeder.
For these DGs with electronic interface, the fault current is determined by its faultride-through control scheme. By studying the control scheme and output characteristics, thispaper proposes a PCC voltage controlled current resource equivalent model for DG undersymmetrical fault and a PCC positive voltage controlled current resource equivalent model forDG under unsymmetrical fault. By studying the control scheme and output characteristics ofdoubly fed induction wind generator under uninterrupted excition for fault ride-through, avoltage equivalent model is advanced for calculating the fault current. Under unsymmetricalfault, a superposition method is proposed for calculating the positive and negative sequencecurrent of DFIG by analyzing its output characteristics. The simulation result verifies thecalculation method.
Aiming at single DG’s access, this paper put forward a fault analysis method forsymmetrical and unsymmetrical fault. Under symmetrical fault, the equations between thenode voltage and feeder current are built. Based on this, the solving equations between faultcurrent of DG and PCC are deduced. Thus, the precise method for fault analysis is obtained.Under unsymmetrical fault, the equations between the positive, negative sequence voltages ofPCC and DGs’ currents are built. The solving equations for the positive voltage of PCC arededuced. Thus, the precise method for fault analysis under phase-to-phase short-circuit faultsis obtained. A10kV distribution network case is built in DIgSILENT and the proposedmethod is verified.
Aiming at multiple DGs’ access, this paper studies the interrelationship between DG and node voltage. Based on this, the node equation is built by considering the control scheme ofDG. In order to resolve the non-line relation between voltage of PCC and DG fault current, amutual iterative calculations method between voltage of PCC and DG fault current isadvanced for fault analysis.. The simulation result verifies the method.
This paper firstly analyzed the effect of DG on distance protection, which PCC is in thefeeder. Based on this, in order to cope with the requirement of feeder protection, an adaptivedistance protection is proposed. Additionally, the relation between the setting of adaptivedistance protection and DG fault current is analyzed. By considering control scheme, equationfor calculating the reactive current of DG is built. Under this fact that the reactance is muchbigger than resistance in distribution network and reactive current of DG fault current is underpriority control during ride-through, a method that substituting reactive current for DG faultcurrent on adaptive setting calculation was advanced. Thus, the adaptive setting is obtained.At last, a case is built in DIgSILENT and the proposed method was verified.
Aiming at this DG which PCC locates at feeder, this paper builds the voltage calculationequations of PCC from both sides and analyzes the relation between the voltage differencevalue and fault point. Then the pilot protection based on difference value judgment isadvanced. And the equation between the setting of voltage difference value and equivalentimpedance of the maximum load is deduced. In order to resolve the low sensitivity of pilotprotection, a direction protection is put forward. Thus, all the line is included in the protectionscheme. At last, a case is built in DIgSILENT and the proposed method is verified.
电力电子并网接口的DG，其输出的故障电流完全由故障穿越控制策略决定，本文通过对对称故障条件下电力电子并网接口DG控制与特性的研究，提出了PCC电压控制的电流源等值模型，并针对不对称故障条件下正序分量控制的DG，提出了PCC正序电压控制的电流源模型等值。通过对采用不间断励磁实现故障穿越的双馈型风力发电机（doubly fed induction generator, DFIG）控制与特性的研究，提出了电压源等值模型计算对称故障条件下的输出电流，建立了DFIG故障电流计算模型；在不对称故障条件下，通过分析DFIG正负序故障电流电流的特性，建立正负序叠加原理的DFIG故障电流计算模型。仿真结果验证了DFIG对称故障与非对称故障电流计算方法。
针对单DG接入配电网的情况，提出了计及DG控制特性的含DG配电网对称故障与非对称故障分析方法。对称故障条件下，通过建立PCC电压与DG故障电流关系方程，推导出PCC电压求解方程组，从而实现配电网对称故障分析；相间故障条件下，针对正序电压控制的DG输出的故障电流只包含正序分量的问题，通过建立PCC正、负序电压与DG故障电流关系方程，推导出PCC正序电压求解方程组，从而实现配电网相间故障分析。仿真结果验证了文中含DG的配电网故障分析方法。
针对多DG接入配电网的情况，通过分析DG故障电流与配电网节点电压之间的相互作用关系，建立了计及DG控制特性的节点电压方程，针对DG电流与PCC电压之间的非线性关系，提出了PCC电压与DG故障电流相互迭代的计算方法，实现配电网故障分析。仿真结果验证了文中的含多DG的配电网故障分析方法。
通过分析DG对距离保护的影响，提出了自适应距离保护原理，确保在不同的DG出力条件下距离保护具有固定的保护范围，并推导出保护定值与DG电流的关系方程。结合对DG故障穿越控制与特性的研究，建立DG无功电流计算方程；综合考虑DG故障电流中以无功电流为主和配电网线路电抗大于电阻的情况，提出了以DG无功电流代替DG电流计算自适应距离保护定值中的自适应量，从而实现自适应距离保护的整定；仿真结果验证了自适应距离保护的合理性。
针对DG“T”接的情况，通过建立从线路两侧计算PCC电压的方程，揭示了PCC计算电压差值大小与故障位置之间的关系，从而建立基于PCC计算电压差值比较的纵联保护原理并推导出电压差值定值与最大负荷之间的关系；针对故障点临近PCC时基于PCC计算电压差值保护灵敏性低的问题，提出了基于方向比较的保护判据，从而实现对线路全长的保护；最后基于DIgSILENT建立仿真模型验证本文提出的保护原理。
With the interconnection of distributed generation (DG), the fault characteristics arechanged and the protection of distribution network is unavoidably affected. For solving theseproblems, great many scholars have done much work. However, in the study on faultcharacteristics of DG, the control scheme of DG was not considered. DG was considered assame as traditional resources and the fault analysis of distribution network with DG is basedon the voltage resource equivalent model for DG. Obviously, this is inconsistent with the fact.Aiming to solve these problems on fault analysis and protection, this paper studies the controlscheme and output characteristics of DG with inverter interface. Then a fault analysis methodby considering the control scheme of DG is advanced. At the same time, an adaptive distanceprotection and a novel pilot protection based on calculation voltage difference of point ofcommon coupling (PCC) are put forward by considering these DGs interconnected withfeeder.
For these DGs with electronic interface, the fault current is determined by its faultride-through control scheme. By studying the control scheme and output characteristics, thispaper proposes a PCC voltage controlled current resource equivalent model for DG undersymmetrical fault and a PCC positive voltage controlled current resource equivalent model forDG under unsymmetrical fault. By studying the control scheme and output characteristics ofdoubly fed induction wind generator under uninterrupted excition for fault ride-through, avoltage equivalent model is advanced for calculating the fault current. Under unsymmetricalfault, a superposition method is proposed for calculating the positive and negative sequencecurrent of DFIG by analyzing its output characteristics. The simulation result verifies thecalculation method.
Aiming at single DG’s access, this paper put forward a fault analysis method forsymmetrical and unsymmetrical fault. Under symmetrical fault, the equations between thenode voltage and feeder current are built. Based on this, the solving equations between faultcurrent of DG and PCC are deduced. Thus, the precise method for fault analysis is obtained.Under unsymmetrical fault, the equations between the positive, negative sequence voltages ofPCC and DGs’ currents are built. The solving equations for the positive voltage of PCC arededuced. Thus, the precise method for fault analysis under phase-to-phase short-circuit faultsis obtained. A10kV distribution network case is built in DIgSILENT and the proposedmethod is verified.
Aiming at multiple DGs’ access, this paper studies the interrelationship between DG and node voltage. Based on this, the node equation is built by considering the control scheme ofDG. In order to resolve the non-line relation between voltage of PCC and DG fault current, amutual iterative calculations method between voltage of PCC and DG fault current isadvanced for fault analysis.. The simulation result verifies the method.
This paper firstly analyzed the effect of DG on distance protection, which PCC is in thefeeder. Based on this, in order to cope with the requirement of feeder protection, an adaptivedistance protection is proposed. Additionally, the relation between the setting of adaptivedistance protection and DG fault current is analyzed. By considering control scheme, equationfor calculating the reactive current of DG is built. Under this fact that the reactance is muchbigger than resistance in distribution network and reactive current of DG fault current is underpriority control during ride-through, a method that substituting reactive current for DG faultcurrent on adaptive setting calculation was advanced. Thus, the adaptive setting is obtained.At last, a case is built in DIgSILENT and the proposed method was verified.
Aiming at this DG which PCC locates at feeder, this paper builds the voltage calculationequations of PCC from both sides and analyzes the relation between the voltage differencevalue and fault point. Then the pilot protection based on difference value judgment isadvanced. And the equation between the setting of voltage difference value and equivalentimpedance of the maximum load is deduced. In order to resolve the low sensitivity of pilotprotection, a direction protection is put forward. Thus, all the line is included in the protectionscheme. At last, a case is built in DIgSILENT and the proposed method is verified.
引文
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