金属结构杂散电流腐蚀监测的光纤传感技术基础研究
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摘要
随着我国城市化进程的加快，城市轨道交通作为一种大容量的公共交通方式，逐渐成为实现城市交通可持续发展的重要组成部分。城市轨道交通对附近埋地金属结构的腐蚀问题长期以来都是一个倍受关注的问题，因此，研究基于光纤传感技术的地铁杂散电流腐蚀监测方法对城市轨道交通的健康发展具有重要的理论意义和实际应用价值。
分析杂散电流的形成及其腐蚀机理，研究杂散电流作用下埋地金属结构腐蚀的本质规律，为地铁杂散电流腐蚀监测提供依据。基于杂散电流腐蚀模拟实验研究环境因素对金属结构腐蚀速率的影响。针对现有杂散电流腐蚀监测方法及其存在的问题，提出基于光纤传感技术的杂散电流腐蚀监测方法，并对其进行可行性分析，证明其适用于对杂散电流腐蚀进行直接监测。
研究光纤电流传感器的传感特性。分析偏振分束器的透光轴夹角误差、固有圆双折射误差及线性双折射等误差对系统测量准确度的影响；基于Faraday效应利用Jones矩阵建立双螺线管式光纤电流传感系统的完整理论模型，对该模型中影响传感系统测量准确度的误差源进行仿真分析；针对低双折射光纤的Verdet常数测量，通过调节检偏器的位置获得精确度较高的Verdet常数；对光纤电流传感系统施加电流，得到光纤电流传感器传感规律并对其进行误差分析。
针对金属包层光纤的传输特性，提出利用麦克斯韦方程组分析金属中光波传播的折射定律，基于菲涅耳公式得到光纤-金属包层界面上的振幅反射系数和透射系数。提出利用化学镀与电镀复合法在去除包层的裸光纤表面制备Fe-C合金膜。针对化学镀镍，基于物理方法和化学方法分别去除光纤的涂覆层和包层，光纤敏化和活化后提出利用正交试验法探讨裸光纤表面化学镀镍的优化配方及工艺条件；针对Fe-C合金膜电镀时金属化纤芯电连接困难的难题，提出在光纤表面化学镀镍前使裸光纤两端部分长度涂抹高分子胶，使其与传感区域同步进行金属化；针对电镀Fe-C合金膜，施加合适的阴极电流密度和施镀时间制备符合传感性能要求的Fe-C合金膜镀层，得到的Fe-C合金膜表面晶粒均匀且平整；从微观上分析Fe-C合金膜的组成成分以及结构特征，结果说明电镀法制备的Fe-C合金膜的膜层质量基本符合传感性能要求。
提出利用分形几何维数作为量化光纤腐蚀传感器腐蚀形貌的重要特征参数，对传感器自身的腐蚀状态作出一致性判断；实验研究探讨适合于金属腐蚀监测且易于制备的最佳Fe-C合金膜厚度；提出利用统计质量控制方法对光纤腐蚀传感器进行性能评价，结果证明传感器的传感性能较稳定且测量结果可靠；通过光纤腐蚀传感器与金属结构的同步腐蚀实验，拟合得到一定膜厚的光纤腐蚀传感器输出光功率与金属结构腐蚀程度的二次多项式函数关系并对腐蚀传感器测量系统进行误差分析。
最后，针对光纤腐蚀传感器往往先于金属结构失效现象，提出对金属结构腐蚀状态进行预测。基于金属腐蚀的随机过程，利用马尔科夫过程随机理论，建立模型对金属结构的腐蚀状态进行预测；拟合得到最大蚀坑深度与腐蚀时间的指数函数关系，利用统计分析法获得齐次马尔科夫过程的转移概率矩阵，通过比较测定值证明马尔科夫模型预测金属腐蚀状态的可行性；利用光纤腐蚀传感器失效前的最后一次监测数据作为预测的初始状态对金属结构的腐蚀状态进行预测，与常用的指数函数预测结果和实际测量结果一致，进一步说明利用马尔可夫过程可以有效地对金属腐蚀状态进行预测。
Urban railway system has gradually palyed an important role in realizing city trafficsustainable development as a large capacity public transport mode. And it is anoteworthy problem that urban railway system brings about underground metal structurecorrosion nearby the railway, therefore, this dissertation researches optical-fiber sensingmethod to monitor metro stray current corrosion, which is a key subject in theconstruction and operation of urban rail transit and which is also important theoreticallyand practically for healthy development of urban rail transit.
Firstly, the formation of metro stray current and corrosion mechanism is analyzedand the essential rule is researched of underground metal structure corrosion under theaction of stray current, which provides basis for monitoring metro stray current. Anddifferent corrosion environment on the influence of metal structure corrosion rate isresearched through stray current corrosion experiment. Moreover, on the basis ofanalyzing existing stray current corrosion monitoring method and its existent problem,the neotype stray current monitoring method is proposed in view of optical-fiber sensingand it turns out that this method is viable to monitor directly stray current corrosion.
Secondly, the sensing characteristic of optical-fiber current sensor is researched andvarious error of affecting accuracy of system measurement is analyzed. Then, integratedtheoretical model of double-solenoid optical-fiber current system is established makinguse of Jones matrix based on Faraday effect. Aiming at the Verdet constant measuring oflow birefringent optical-fiber, a fairly accurate Verdet constant is obtained throughadjusting the location of analyzer. Furthermore, when different current value is inflowedto the optical-fiber current sensing system, the correlativity of the current input andsensing system output is established and the errors are analyzed.
Thirdly, the refraction law of optical wave transmission in metal is analyzed takingadvantage of maxwell’s equations, and the amplitude reflection coefficient andtransmission coefficient of the interface is gained between optical-fiber and metal cladutilizing Fresnel formula, through which the transmission characteristic of metal cladoptical-fiber can be received. Moreover, Fe-C alloy film is prepared using chemicalplating and electroplating. Then, the coating and clad of the optical-fiber is wiped off byphysical method and chemical process respectively. Afterwards, when preparing thechemical nickel-plating, the orthogonal experiment is used to discuss the best ingredientand tecnology condition of chemical nickel-plating after the sensitization andradioactivation of optical-fiber surface. Afterwards, selecting appropriate cathode-current density and plating time to prepare Fe-C alloy film which can satisfy the sensingperformance requirement, the grain uniform and smooth Fe-C alloy film surface isobtained. Lastly, the consitituent and architectual feature of Fe-C alloy film is analyzsein microcosm, and the result declares that the film quality of Fe-C alloy film prepared byelectroplating satisfies basically the sensing performance requirement.
Fourthly, fractal geometry dimension can be as an important characteristic parameerto describe the corrosion morphology of optical-fiber corrosion sensor. Throughexperiment research, the optimum thickness of Fe-C alloy film is discussed to be fit formetal corrosion monitoring. Next, statistical quality control method is used to evaluatethe performance of optical-fiber corrosion sensor. Meanwhile, through synchronouscorrosion experiment between sensors and metal structure, the quadratic polynomialfunction is fitting to obtain the relationship between the output light power ofoptical-fiber corrosion sensor with certain film thichness and the errors are analyzed.
Finally, beacause the optical-fiber corrosion sensor loses efficacy frequently prior tometal structure, the metal corrosion condition must be forecasted. In view of the randomprocess of metal structure, the corrosion condition prediction model can be establishedon the basis of markoff process random theory. Exponential function relationship isfitting between the maximum pit depth and corrosion time, and the matrix of transitionprobaility of homogeneous markoff process is acquired by means of statistical analysismethod. Then, through comparing with the measured value, the result testify that it isviable to forecast metal corrosion condition using markoff prediction model. Afterwards,the last group measuring data before losing efficacy of optical-fiber corrosion sensor isas original state to forecast the metal corrosion condition, which is consistent with thepredicting outcomes from exponential function and actual measuring result, whichexplains that markoff process can be used to forecast effectively the metal corrosioncondition.
分析杂散电流的形成及其腐蚀机理，研究杂散电流作用下埋地金属结构腐蚀的本质规律，为地铁杂散电流腐蚀监测提供依据。基于杂散电流腐蚀模拟实验研究环境因素对金属结构腐蚀速率的影响。针对现有杂散电流腐蚀监测方法及其存在的问题，提出基于光纤传感技术的杂散电流腐蚀监测方法，并对其进行可行性分析，证明其适用于对杂散电流腐蚀进行直接监测。
研究光纤电流传感器的传感特性。分析偏振分束器的透光轴夹角误差、固有圆双折射误差及线性双折射等误差对系统测量准确度的影响；基于Faraday效应利用Jones矩阵建立双螺线管式光纤电流传感系统的完整理论模型，对该模型中影响传感系统测量准确度的误差源进行仿真分析；针对低双折射光纤的Verdet常数测量，通过调节检偏器的位置获得精确度较高的Verdet常数；对光纤电流传感系统施加电流，得到光纤电流传感器传感规律并对其进行误差分析。
针对金属包层光纤的传输特性，提出利用麦克斯韦方程组分析金属中光波传播的折射定律，基于菲涅耳公式得到光纤-金属包层界面上的振幅反射系数和透射系数。提出利用化学镀与电镀复合法在去除包层的裸光纤表面制备Fe-C合金膜。针对化学镀镍，基于物理方法和化学方法分别去除光纤的涂覆层和包层，光纤敏化和活化后提出利用正交试验法探讨裸光纤表面化学镀镍的优化配方及工艺条件；针对Fe-C合金膜电镀时金属化纤芯电连接困难的难题，提出在光纤表面化学镀镍前使裸光纤两端部分长度涂抹高分子胶，使其与传感区域同步进行金属化；针对电镀Fe-C合金膜，施加合适的阴极电流密度和施镀时间制备符合传感性能要求的Fe-C合金膜镀层，得到的Fe-C合金膜表面晶粒均匀且平整；从微观上分析Fe-C合金膜的组成成分以及结构特征，结果说明电镀法制备的Fe-C合金膜的膜层质量基本符合传感性能要求。
提出利用分形几何维数作为量化光纤腐蚀传感器腐蚀形貌的重要特征参数，对传感器自身的腐蚀状态作出一致性判断；实验研究探讨适合于金属腐蚀监测且易于制备的最佳Fe-C合金膜厚度；提出利用统计质量控制方法对光纤腐蚀传感器进行性能评价，结果证明传感器的传感性能较稳定且测量结果可靠；通过光纤腐蚀传感器与金属结构的同步腐蚀实验，拟合得到一定膜厚的光纤腐蚀传感器输出光功率与金属结构腐蚀程度的二次多项式函数关系并对腐蚀传感器测量系统进行误差分析。
最后，针对光纤腐蚀传感器往往先于金属结构失效现象，提出对金属结构腐蚀状态进行预测。基于金属腐蚀的随机过程，利用马尔科夫过程随机理论，建立模型对金属结构的腐蚀状态进行预测；拟合得到最大蚀坑深度与腐蚀时间的指数函数关系，利用统计分析法获得齐次马尔科夫过程的转移概率矩阵，通过比较测定值证明马尔科夫模型预测金属腐蚀状态的可行性；利用光纤腐蚀传感器失效前的最后一次监测数据作为预测的初始状态对金属结构的腐蚀状态进行预测，与常用的指数函数预测结果和实际测量结果一致，进一步说明利用马尔可夫过程可以有效地对金属腐蚀状态进行预测。
Urban railway system has gradually palyed an important role in realizing city trafficsustainable development as a large capacity public transport mode. And it is anoteworthy problem that urban railway system brings about underground metal structurecorrosion nearby the railway, therefore, this dissertation researches optical-fiber sensingmethod to monitor metro stray current corrosion, which is a key subject in theconstruction and operation of urban rail transit and which is also important theoreticallyand practically for healthy development of urban rail transit.
Firstly, the formation of metro stray current and corrosion mechanism is analyzedand the essential rule is researched of underground metal structure corrosion under theaction of stray current, which provides basis for monitoring metro stray current. Anddifferent corrosion environment on the influence of metal structure corrosion rate isresearched through stray current corrosion experiment. Moreover, on the basis ofanalyzing existing stray current corrosion monitoring method and its existent problem,the neotype stray current monitoring method is proposed in view of optical-fiber sensingand it turns out that this method is viable to monitor directly stray current corrosion.
Secondly, the sensing characteristic of optical-fiber current sensor is researched andvarious error of affecting accuracy of system measurement is analyzed. Then, integratedtheoretical model of double-solenoid optical-fiber current system is established makinguse of Jones matrix based on Faraday effect. Aiming at the Verdet constant measuring oflow birefringent optical-fiber, a fairly accurate Verdet constant is obtained throughadjusting the location of analyzer. Furthermore, when different current value is inflowedto the optical-fiber current sensing system, the correlativity of the current input andsensing system output is established and the errors are analyzed.
Thirdly, the refraction law of optical wave transmission in metal is analyzed takingadvantage of maxwell’s equations, and the amplitude reflection coefficient andtransmission coefficient of the interface is gained between optical-fiber and metal cladutilizing Fresnel formula, through which the transmission characteristic of metal cladoptical-fiber can be received. Moreover, Fe-C alloy film is prepared using chemicalplating and electroplating. Then, the coating and clad of the optical-fiber is wiped off byphysical method and chemical process respectively. Afterwards, when preparing thechemical nickel-plating, the orthogonal experiment is used to discuss the best ingredientand tecnology condition of chemical nickel-plating after the sensitization andradioactivation of optical-fiber surface. Afterwards, selecting appropriate cathode-current density and plating time to prepare Fe-C alloy film which can satisfy the sensingperformance requirement, the grain uniform and smooth Fe-C alloy film surface isobtained. Lastly, the consitituent and architectual feature of Fe-C alloy film is analyzsein microcosm, and the result declares that the film quality of Fe-C alloy film prepared byelectroplating satisfies basically the sensing performance requirement.
Fourthly, fractal geometry dimension can be as an important characteristic parameerto describe the corrosion morphology of optical-fiber corrosion sensor. Throughexperiment research, the optimum thickness of Fe-C alloy film is discussed to be fit formetal corrosion monitoring. Next, statistical quality control method is used to evaluatethe performance of optical-fiber corrosion sensor. Meanwhile, through synchronouscorrosion experiment between sensors and metal structure, the quadratic polynomialfunction is fitting to obtain the relationship between the output light power ofoptical-fiber corrosion sensor with certain film thichness and the errors are analyzed.
Finally, beacause the optical-fiber corrosion sensor loses efficacy frequently prior tometal structure, the metal corrosion condition must be forecasted. In view of the randomprocess of metal structure, the corrosion condition prediction model can be establishedon the basis of markoff process random theory. Exponential function relationship isfitting between the maximum pit depth and corrosion time, and the matrix of transitionprobaility of homogeneous markoff process is acquired by means of statistical analysismethod. Then, through comparing with the measured value, the result testify that it isviable to forecast metal corrosion condition using markoff prediction model. Afterwards,the last group measuring data before losing efficacy of optical-fiber corrosion sensor isas original state to forecast the metal corrosion condition, which is consistent with thepredicting outcomes from exponential function and actual measuring result, whichexplains that markoff process can be used to forecast effectively the metal corrosioncondition.
引文
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