Fe-Ni软磁合金吸波材料的设计与制备
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摘要
本论文研究目的是为研制新型吸波材料用吸波剂提供理论依据和实际应用。
针对铁氧体、碳化硅粉作吸波剂的传统型吸波材料存在吸波频带窄、材料厚度大、
吸波效能差等弱点，利用“机械合金化+氧化+再结晶热处理”法制备出新型吸
波剂材料——FeNi3、γ-（Fe,Ni）和 Fe3O4相的复合粉体。首次提出“壳核”结
构理论模型，并借助 XRD、MFM、FEG-SEM、EDS 等现代材料测试技术对“壳
核”结构复合粉体的微观结构做了深入分析。研究表明：新型吸波剂粉体平均晶
粒尺寸越大、磁畴宽度越小磁畴壁厚度越小均有利于增大复磁导率；Fe3O4 相的
壳层能有效降低复介电常数。将粒度小于 10μm 的片形“壳核”结构复合粉体制
备成两种不同基体的单层和双层平板型吸波材料。
在深入分析材料吸波机理的基础上，提出了“匹配引入层+电磁损耗层”双
层吸波物理模型，通过双层吸波效能公式的推导和材料的计算机辅助设计进行了
平板型复合材料的吸波效能理论计算。材料的吸波效能理论计算值与实验测试值
结果相吻合，证明了本论文对电磁吸收机理研究与材料仿真的正确性。通过材料
仿真，总结了各层电磁参数、厚度与吸波效能的关系，实现了双层吸波材料的优
化设计，并制备了在 1MHz~1GHz、L、S、C、X 和 Ku 频段范围内，具有降低
最小吸波效能值、展宽有效吸波频带、减小材料厚度的新型吸波材料。“单一梯
度变化”、“底层电磁损耗”和“双层磁损耗+底层电损耗”是材料的吸波机理。
另外，本论文首次提出了统一样品制备与材料仿真相结合的新观点，实现了
对吸波材料传统研究方法的改进。改进后的方法不仅能在一块样品上同时测试吸
波效能、电磁参数和材料厚度，而且能为双层吸波结构计算模型提供基础数据。
为了解决测试电导率的问题，首次提出了变频电导率的概念，并将它应用在电磁
吸收机理研究与材料优化设计中。根据现有的实验条件，建立了磁环样品的“单
圈电感器”物理模型，配合相关公式的推导，完善了复相对磁导率的测试系统。
The aim of this dissertation is to provide theoretical evidence and practical
applications for researching and developing new type electromagnetic wave absorbers.
This investigation will show several disadvantages in the traditional types of applied
electromagnetic wave absorbing materials whose wave absorbers are ferrite or SiC
powders: narrowing the absorbing frequency bands, enlarging their thickness, and
weakening the effectiveness of their absorption. In order to make substitutions for
traditional types of electromagnetic wave absorbers, for the first time a “shell-core”
structure theoretical model will be outlined and discussed. After considering material
applications and the relationships of microstructure versus electromagnetic
characteristics, “shell-core” structure composite powders, the new type wave
absorbers which possess FeNi3, γ-(Fe, Ni) and Fe3O4 phases and were prepared by
using the method of “mechanical alloying + oxidation + re-crystallizing heat
treatment” will be described. The microstructure of the “shell-core” structure
composite powders was studied by means of modern material analyzing techniques,
including XRD, MFM, FEG-SEM, EDS, and so on. It was proved that the complex
magnetic permeability benefits from the increasing average crystal grain size, the
decreasing magnetic domain width and wall thickness of the new type wave absorbers;
the “shell layer” which possesses Fe3O4 phase can be effective to reduce complex
electric permittivity. Two kinds of single-layer and double-layer flat type composites
contained within the “shell-core” structure composite powders whose grain
granularity was under 10μm were manufactured.
These new types of electromagnetic absorbing materials, as well as the absorbing
mechanism will be deeply analyzed. The double-layer absorbing physical model
“match leading layer + electromagnetic dissipation layer” will be discussed and
evaluated by theoretical calculations of absorbing effectiveness (AE) on flat type
composites as they were carried out via deduced double-layer absorbing formulae and
computer-aided design of materials. AE theoretical calculation values conformed to
AE testing values of absorbing materials with laminated structures. This study
- II -
北京工业大学工学博士学位论文
confirms the validity of our hypothesis about electromagnetic absorbing mechanisms
and material simulation. Combined theoretical calculation results, the relationship of
electromagnetic parameters, and the thickness of materials, versus AE was
summarized via material simulations. The optimization of absorbing materials was
realized. In the frequency bands of 1MHz~1GHz, L, S, C, X and Ku, the new types
wave absorbing materials possessed of smaller minimum AE, wider wave absorbing
frequency bands and thinner material thickness were prepared. “Single gradient
conversion”, “bottom-layer electromagnetic dissipation” and “double-layer magnetic
permeability dissipation + bottom-layer electric permittivity dissipation” are the
absorbing mechanisms of laminated composites.
In addition, a new viewpoint, which combined preparation of unifying composite
samples and material simulation, was put forward and the improvement of traditional
research methods on wave absorbing materials was realized. This improved research
method not only has the ability to simultaneous test AE, electromagnetic parameters
and thickness on the same sample, but supplies basic data to double-layer wave
absorbing structure calculation model. In order to solve the problem on testing
electrical conductivity, the concept of electrical conductivity with frequency
conversion is applied to the study of electromagnetic wave absorbing mechanism and
the material optimizing design. According to experimental conditions, a “one circle
inductance” physical model on magnetic ring samples was established. Along with the
formulae, a testing system was developed for complex relative magnetic permeability.
针对铁氧体、碳化硅粉作吸波剂的传统型吸波材料存在吸波频带窄、材料厚度大、
吸波效能差等弱点，利用“机械合金化+氧化+再结晶热处理”法制备出新型吸
波剂材料——FeNi3、γ-（Fe,Ni）和 Fe3O4相的复合粉体。首次提出“壳核”结
构理论模型，并借助 XRD、MFM、FEG-SEM、EDS 等现代材料测试技术对“壳
核”结构复合粉体的微观结构做了深入分析。研究表明：新型吸波剂粉体平均晶
粒尺寸越大、磁畴宽度越小磁畴壁厚度越小均有利于增大复磁导率；Fe3O4 相的
壳层能有效降低复介电常数。将粒度小于 10μm 的片形“壳核”结构复合粉体制
备成两种不同基体的单层和双层平板型吸波材料。
在深入分析材料吸波机理的基础上，提出了“匹配引入层+电磁损耗层”双
层吸波物理模型，通过双层吸波效能公式的推导和材料的计算机辅助设计进行了
平板型复合材料的吸波效能理论计算。材料的吸波效能理论计算值与实验测试值
结果相吻合，证明了本论文对电磁吸收机理研究与材料仿真的正确性。通过材料
仿真，总结了各层电磁参数、厚度与吸波效能的关系，实现了双层吸波材料的优
化设计，并制备了在 1MHz~1GHz、L、S、C、X 和 Ku 频段范围内，具有降低
最小吸波效能值、展宽有效吸波频带、减小材料厚度的新型吸波材料。“单一梯
度变化”、“底层电磁损耗”和“双层磁损耗+底层电损耗”是材料的吸波机理。
另外，本论文首次提出了统一样品制备与材料仿真相结合的新观点，实现了
对吸波材料传统研究方法的改进。改进后的方法不仅能在一块样品上同时测试吸
波效能、电磁参数和材料厚度，而且能为双层吸波结构计算模型提供基础数据。
为了解决测试电导率的问题，首次提出了变频电导率的概念，并将它应用在电磁
吸收机理研究与材料优化设计中。根据现有的实验条件，建立了磁环样品的“单
圈电感器”物理模型，配合相关公式的推导，完善了复相对磁导率的测试系统。
The aim of this dissertation is to provide theoretical evidence and practical
applications for researching and developing new type electromagnetic wave absorbers.
This investigation will show several disadvantages in the traditional types of applied
electromagnetic wave absorbing materials whose wave absorbers are ferrite or SiC
powders: narrowing the absorbing frequency bands, enlarging their thickness, and
weakening the effectiveness of their absorption. In order to make substitutions for
traditional types of electromagnetic wave absorbers, for the first time a “shell-core”
structure theoretical model will be outlined and discussed. After considering material
applications and the relationships of microstructure versus electromagnetic
characteristics, “shell-core” structure composite powders, the new type wave
absorbers which possess FeNi3, γ-(Fe, Ni) and Fe3O4 phases and were prepared by
using the method of “mechanical alloying + oxidation + re-crystallizing heat
treatment” will be described. The microstructure of the “shell-core” structure
composite powders was studied by means of modern material analyzing techniques,
including XRD, MFM, FEG-SEM, EDS, and so on. It was proved that the complex
magnetic permeability benefits from the increasing average crystal grain size, the
decreasing magnetic domain width and wall thickness of the new type wave absorbers;
the “shell layer” which possesses Fe3O4 phase can be effective to reduce complex
electric permittivity. Two kinds of single-layer and double-layer flat type composites
contained within the “shell-core” structure composite powders whose grain
granularity was under 10μm were manufactured.
These new types of electromagnetic absorbing materials, as well as the absorbing
mechanism will be deeply analyzed. The double-layer absorbing physical model
“match leading layer + electromagnetic dissipation layer” will be discussed and
evaluated by theoretical calculations of absorbing effectiveness (AE) on flat type
composites as they were carried out via deduced double-layer absorbing formulae and
computer-aided design of materials. AE theoretical calculation values conformed to
AE testing values of absorbing materials with laminated structures. This study
- II -
北京工业大学工学博士学位论文
confirms the validity of our hypothesis about electromagnetic absorbing mechanisms
and material simulation. Combined theoretical calculation results, the relationship of
electromagnetic parameters, and the thickness of materials, versus AE was
summarized via material simulations. The optimization of absorbing materials was
realized. In the frequency bands of 1MHz~1GHz, L, S, C, X and Ku, the new types
wave absorbing materials possessed of smaller minimum AE, wider wave absorbing
frequency bands and thinner material thickness were prepared. “Single gradient
conversion”, “bottom-layer electromagnetic dissipation” and “double-layer magnetic
permeability dissipation + bottom-layer electric permittivity dissipation” are the
absorbing mechanisms of laminated composites.
In addition, a new viewpoint, which combined preparation of unifying composite
samples and material simulation, was put forward and the improvement of traditional
research methods on wave absorbing materials was realized. This improved research
method not only has the ability to simultaneous test AE, electromagnetic parameters
and thickness on the same sample, but supplies basic data to double-layer wave
absorbing structure calculation model. In order to solve the problem on testing
electrical conductivity, the concept of electrical conductivity with frequency
conversion is applied to the study of electromagnetic wave absorbing mechanism and
the material optimizing design. According to experimental conditions, a “one circle
inductance” physical model on magnetic ring samples was established. Along with the
formulae, a testing system was developed for complex relative magnetic permeability.
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