时差型电网故障行波定位与广域行波保护方法研究
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摘要
随着电力系统容量的不断扩大、电压等级的不断升高和电网的日益复杂,电力系统对故障定位的准确性和继电保护的速动性提出了更高的要求,基于单条线路行波信息的故障定位与保护方法已经无法满足电网运行的要求。基于整个电网初始行波信息的故障行波定位与保护方法具有较强的容错能力,可以采用包含故障线路在内的任意故障路径来进行故障定位,并可利用电网内所有初始行波的极性和到达时间来进行线路保护,能有效提高行波保护动作的可靠性和准确性,增强行波定位的可靠性、准确性和适应能力。
本文围绕行波定位与行波保护目前存在的问题,对行波的提取、检测等关键技术进行了深入研究；并对电网故障行波传播与定位网络进行了深入分析；在此基础上对基于整个电网故障行波信息的电网故障行波定位与保护技术进行了深入研究；最终形成了一系列具有知识产权的行波提取、检测、定位与保护技术。论文的主要研究内容和创新如下：
(1)从单相变压器的分布参数模型出发,深入研究了电压互感器的暂态行波传变特性,进而提出了从电压互感器二次侧直接提取、利用专用行波传感器从CVT接地线和变压器外壳接地线上提取、利用PCB行波传感器从互感器二次侧提取等故障电压行波信号的提取方法,为电压行波波头的获取提供了多种可行的选择方式,为电网故障行波定位技术与广域行波保护技术的研究打下了坚实的技术基础。
(2)在分析时钟误差的基础上,根据GPS同步时钟的随机误差和高精度晶振的累计误差互补的特点,提出了一种根据数字锁相原理产生高精度同步秒时钟的新方法。该方法根据数字锁相原理,通过测量GPS秒脉冲与晶振秒时钟问的相位差来控制晶振秒时钟的分频系数,实时消除晶振秒时钟的累计误差,从而产生高精度同步秒时钟。试验测试结果表明该高精度同步秒时钟的稳定性和同步性好,时间准确度高。
(3)系统地分析了故障行波在整个输电网中的传播特性、影响行波在电网中传播的主要因素,进而构建了行波定位网络,并用电网拓扑结构图予以表示；首次提出了基于初始行波传播路径的电网拓扑结构图的网络简化方法,结合Floyd算法与网络中各节点记录的故障初始行波到达时间,根据网络结构与故障点位置动态剔除行波传输的无效路径,将复杂环网简化成辐射型网络,该辐射型网络即为初始行波的传输路径网络；该网络简化方法使电网故障行波定位技术的实现成为了可能。
(4)首次提出了一种通过利用整个电网中所有初始行波到达时间和线路长度来辨别有效初始行波时间,并根据所有有效初始行波时间来进行综合故障定位的电网故障行波定位方法；在此基础上,研究了行波检测装置的优化配置方法,提出了优化配置原则和基于模拟退火算法的优化方法；仿真分析、试验测试和实际运行结果表明电网故障行波定位方法可以在故障线路端定位装置故障、启动失灵或记录错误时间后仍能可靠定位,而适当的优化配置可以在不影响定位可靠性和准确性的前提下减少定位装置的布点,从而有效节省投资。
(5)首次提出了广域行波保护的概念,分析了线路故障后初始行波在电网中传播时到达各变电站的时间与极性特性,进而提出了基于极性比较原理和基于时间特性原理的两种广域行波保护方法；深入研究了这两种保护方法的实现原理、保护判据和应用范围,得出了极端情况下需综合利用两种保护方法的思想。理论分析和仿真结果表明,广域行波保护方法的原理可行、实现简单、可靠性高,有助于进一步提高行波保护的实用性。
本文所做的理论研究、仿真分析、试验测试和现场运行结果表明,基于整个电网故障行波信息的电网故障行波定位技术和广域行波保护技术具有极其光明的发展前景。
With the constant enlargement of power system capacitance, the structure of network is increasingly complicated. The power system puts forward higher demand for the accuracy of fault location and snap action of relay protection, therefore the fault location and protection method based on the traveling information of single line in transmission network is unable to meet the demand of power network operation. The fault location and protection system based on the whole network initial traveling wave information has strong fault-tolerant ability. The system can fully apply any of fault path including fault line to achieve accurate fault location, meanwhile the polarity of effective initial traveling wave and arrival time can realize line protection, which can improve the accuracy and reliability of protection operation, and enhance the accuracy, reliability and adaptability of traveling wave fault location.
In this paper, according to the existing problems of traveling wave fault location and protection, the extraction and detection of traveling wave is further studied. By deep analysis the fault location network and transmission characteristic of traveling wave, a simplified method of traveling wave measurement network is proposed in the thesis. On the basis, traveling wave fault location technology and wide-area traveling wave protection technology are conducted thorough research. A Series of technology, which possessing intellectual property are formed in this paper. The main research contents and innovation of the thesis are as follows:
(1) From the single-phase transformer distributed parameter model, the transient traveling wave transfer characteristics of the voltage transformer is further studied, furthermore transient traveling wave extraction methods are proposed in the thesis, such as extracting directly through the voltage transformer secondary side, using the special traveling wave sensor to extract from the CVT grounding line and transformer outside shell grounding line, and using the PCB traveling wave sensor extracted by high voltage directly etc.. So many transient signal extraction methods to provide a wide range of options for obtain the traveling wave in the power failures. The above methods laid solid technical foundation for traveling wave fault location and the wide-area protection.
(2) Based on the analysis of chock error, making full use of the complementary characteristic of the random error of GPS synchronous clock and the accumulative error of high-precision crystal oscillator, a high-precision clock synchronization based on the digital phase-locked principal is presented. By measuring the phase difference between GPS second-pulse and crystal oscillator second-clock to control the frequency multiplier coefficient of crystal oscillator second-clock, the new method can real-time eliminate the accumulative error of high-precision crystal oscillator, thus producing the high-precision clock synchronization. Testing results show that the high-precision clock synchronization has high stability, synchronization and precision.
(3) The thesis, which makes a systematic analysis of traveling wave transmission characteristics in power girds and the main impact factors of traveling wave transmitting along the line, constructs traveling wave fault location network used topology graph to describe. A simplified method of topology graph based on initial traveling wave transmission network is proposed. Based on network structure and fault position, combined with Floyd algorithm and initial traveling wave arrival times recorded by all substations in network, invalid path can be dynamic eliminated. The multi-loop network can be easily simplified into radial network, which is the initial traveling wave transmission path network. The implementation of traveling wave fault location technology becomes possible.
(4) A traveling wave fault location method based on the initial valid traveling wave arrival time is proposed in this paper, which the initial traveling wave arrival time and line length are applied to distinguish valid initial traveling wave arrival time. On this basis, a optimal configuration method of traveling wave fault locators are researched, and a optimal configuration principle and a optimization method based on simulated annealing algorithm is proposed. Simulating and practical application results show that the method can implement the accurate fault location, even in the case of locate devices failure, start up failure or time record error. Moreover, optimal configuration method of traveling wave fault locators can save investment effectively.
(5) The conception of wide-area traveling-wave is proposed in the thesis. By analysis the initial traveling wave arrival time and polarity characteristics, two types of wide-area protection is proposed in this paper, one is based on polarity comparison principle, and the other is based on the time characteristic principle. To thorough study the implementation principle, protection criterion and application scope of two types of wide-area protection, a though of comprehensive utilization the two types of wide-area protection in extreme condition is obtained. Theory analysis and simulation results show that the wide-area protection is feasible, simple and has high reliability, which is help to improve the practicality of traveling wave protection.
Theory study, simulation analysis, experimental testing and field operation show that the network-based traveling wave fault location technology and wide-area traveling-wave protection technology have an extremely bright future.
本文围绕行波定位与行波保护目前存在的问题,对行波的提取、检测等关键技术进行了深入研究；并对电网故障行波传播与定位网络进行了深入分析；在此基础上对基于整个电网故障行波信息的电网故障行波定位与保护技术进行了深入研究；最终形成了一系列具有知识产权的行波提取、检测、定位与保护技术。论文的主要研究内容和创新如下：
(1)从单相变压器的分布参数模型出发,深入研究了电压互感器的暂态行波传变特性,进而提出了从电压互感器二次侧直接提取、利用专用行波传感器从CVT接地线和变压器外壳接地线上提取、利用PCB行波传感器从互感器二次侧提取等故障电压行波信号的提取方法,为电压行波波头的获取提供了多种可行的选择方式,为电网故障行波定位技术与广域行波保护技术的研究打下了坚实的技术基础。
(2)在分析时钟误差的基础上,根据GPS同步时钟的随机误差和高精度晶振的累计误差互补的特点,提出了一种根据数字锁相原理产生高精度同步秒时钟的新方法。该方法根据数字锁相原理,通过测量GPS秒脉冲与晶振秒时钟问的相位差来控制晶振秒时钟的分频系数,实时消除晶振秒时钟的累计误差,从而产生高精度同步秒时钟。试验测试结果表明该高精度同步秒时钟的稳定性和同步性好,时间准确度高。
(3)系统地分析了故障行波在整个输电网中的传播特性、影响行波在电网中传播的主要因素,进而构建了行波定位网络,并用电网拓扑结构图予以表示；首次提出了基于初始行波传播路径的电网拓扑结构图的网络简化方法,结合Floyd算法与网络中各节点记录的故障初始行波到达时间,根据网络结构与故障点位置动态剔除行波传输的无效路径,将复杂环网简化成辐射型网络,该辐射型网络即为初始行波的传输路径网络；该网络简化方法使电网故障行波定位技术的实现成为了可能。
(4)首次提出了一种通过利用整个电网中所有初始行波到达时间和线路长度来辨别有效初始行波时间,并根据所有有效初始行波时间来进行综合故障定位的电网故障行波定位方法；在此基础上,研究了行波检测装置的优化配置方法,提出了优化配置原则和基于模拟退火算法的优化方法；仿真分析、试验测试和实际运行结果表明电网故障行波定位方法可以在故障线路端定位装置故障、启动失灵或记录错误时间后仍能可靠定位,而适当的优化配置可以在不影响定位可靠性和准确性的前提下减少定位装置的布点,从而有效节省投资。
(5)首次提出了广域行波保护的概念,分析了线路故障后初始行波在电网中传播时到达各变电站的时间与极性特性,进而提出了基于极性比较原理和基于时间特性原理的两种广域行波保护方法；深入研究了这两种保护方法的实现原理、保护判据和应用范围,得出了极端情况下需综合利用两种保护方法的思想。理论分析和仿真结果表明,广域行波保护方法的原理可行、实现简单、可靠性高,有助于进一步提高行波保护的实用性。
本文所做的理论研究、仿真分析、试验测试和现场运行结果表明,基于整个电网故障行波信息的电网故障行波定位技术和广域行波保护技术具有极其光明的发展前景。
With the constant enlargement of power system capacitance, the structure of network is increasingly complicated. The power system puts forward higher demand for the accuracy of fault location and snap action of relay protection, therefore the fault location and protection method based on the traveling information of single line in transmission network is unable to meet the demand of power network operation. The fault location and protection system based on the whole network initial traveling wave information has strong fault-tolerant ability. The system can fully apply any of fault path including fault line to achieve accurate fault location, meanwhile the polarity of effective initial traveling wave and arrival time can realize line protection, which can improve the accuracy and reliability of protection operation, and enhance the accuracy, reliability and adaptability of traveling wave fault location.
In this paper, according to the existing problems of traveling wave fault location and protection, the extraction and detection of traveling wave is further studied. By deep analysis the fault location network and transmission characteristic of traveling wave, a simplified method of traveling wave measurement network is proposed in the thesis. On the basis, traveling wave fault location technology and wide-area traveling wave protection technology are conducted thorough research. A Series of technology, which possessing intellectual property are formed in this paper. The main research contents and innovation of the thesis are as follows:
(1) From the single-phase transformer distributed parameter model, the transient traveling wave transfer characteristics of the voltage transformer is further studied, furthermore transient traveling wave extraction methods are proposed in the thesis, such as extracting directly through the voltage transformer secondary side, using the special traveling wave sensor to extract from the CVT grounding line and transformer outside shell grounding line, and using the PCB traveling wave sensor extracted by high voltage directly etc.. So many transient signal extraction methods to provide a wide range of options for obtain the traveling wave in the power failures. The above methods laid solid technical foundation for traveling wave fault location and the wide-area protection.
(2) Based on the analysis of chock error, making full use of the complementary characteristic of the random error of GPS synchronous clock and the accumulative error of high-precision crystal oscillator, a high-precision clock synchronization based on the digital phase-locked principal is presented. By measuring the phase difference between GPS second-pulse and crystal oscillator second-clock to control the frequency multiplier coefficient of crystal oscillator second-clock, the new method can real-time eliminate the accumulative error of high-precision crystal oscillator, thus producing the high-precision clock synchronization. Testing results show that the high-precision clock synchronization has high stability, synchronization and precision.
(3) The thesis, which makes a systematic analysis of traveling wave transmission characteristics in power girds and the main impact factors of traveling wave transmitting along the line, constructs traveling wave fault location network used topology graph to describe. A simplified method of topology graph based on initial traveling wave transmission network is proposed. Based on network structure and fault position, combined with Floyd algorithm and initial traveling wave arrival times recorded by all substations in network, invalid path can be dynamic eliminated. The multi-loop network can be easily simplified into radial network, which is the initial traveling wave transmission path network. The implementation of traveling wave fault location technology becomes possible.
(4) A traveling wave fault location method based on the initial valid traveling wave arrival time is proposed in this paper, which the initial traveling wave arrival time and line length are applied to distinguish valid initial traveling wave arrival time. On this basis, a optimal configuration method of traveling wave fault locators are researched, and a optimal configuration principle and a optimization method based on simulated annealing algorithm is proposed. Simulating and practical application results show that the method can implement the accurate fault location, even in the case of locate devices failure, start up failure or time record error. Moreover, optimal configuration method of traveling wave fault locators can save investment effectively.
(5) The conception of wide-area traveling-wave is proposed in the thesis. By analysis the initial traveling wave arrival time and polarity characteristics, two types of wide-area protection is proposed in this paper, one is based on polarity comparison principle, and the other is based on the time characteristic principle. To thorough study the implementation principle, protection criterion and application scope of two types of wide-area protection, a though of comprehensive utilization the two types of wide-area protection in extreme condition is obtained. Theory analysis and simulation results show that the wide-area protection is feasible, simple and has high reliability, which is help to improve the practicality of traveling wave protection.
Theory study, simulation analysis, experimental testing and field operation show that the network-based traveling wave fault location technology and wide-area traveling-wave protection technology have an extremely bright future.
引文
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