新型结构三绕组单相电动机的理论分析、性能计算与试验研究
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摘要
单相电动机只需要由单相交流电源供电,且具有结构简单、运行可靠、噪声低、振动小、维护方便等一系列优点,被广泛应用于工业、农业、交通运输以及家用电器等方面。从世界范围来看,目前对单相电机的需求量很大,各发达国家每年单相电动机的产量达到近百亿台。在我国,由于工农业发展的需要,近年来单相电动机产量也在不断增加。因此,提高单相电动机的效率具有十分重要的经济意义和社会价值。
与单相电动机相比较,三相感应电动机的材料利用率高、对称运行时效率较高,三相永磁同步电动机具有高功率密度、高效率、高功率因数等优点,因此,考虑到三相感应电动机以及三相永磁同步电动机的诸多优势,通过连接适当的移相元件以及改变电机定子绕组的接线方式,使三相对称电动机在单相电源供电情况下对称运行或者接近对称运行,是提高单相电机效率的一种有效措施。基于这种思想,本课题围绕三绕组单相电动机的定子绕组接线方式开展研究工作。
本文第一章对单相感应电动机以及单相永磁同步电动机的研究背景进行综述,着重对三绕组单相感应电动机与三绕组单相永磁同步电动机的研究现状进行介绍。
在第二章中,提出了一种新型的定子绕组接线方式,即三绕组并联式接法,并将该接法应用于三相感应电动机的单相运行上,提出了一种新型的三绕组并联式单相感应电动机。本章采用理论分析、仿真计算和试验研究相结合的手段,对该新型单相感应电动机进行了详细分析,主要包括以下几部分内容：
(1)采用合成电流法,对三绕组并联式单相感应电动机的对称运行条件进行分析,得出了对称运行时匹配电容值与电机转差率之间的对应关系,并推导了该新型单相感应电动机的稳态性能计算公式,为不同负载或者不同转差率下匹配电容的选择以及稳态性能分析提供了理论依据。
(2)在ABC坐标系中建立了三绕组并联式单相感应电动机的动态数学模型,基于MATLAB/Simulink搭建了该电机的数字仿真模型。对电路中并联两个起动电容的双起动电容电路和电路中仅有一个起动电容的单起动电容电路进行了仿真研究,仿真结果说明：双起动电容电路结构在起动瞬间定子绕组三相电流接近对称,起动转矩较大,起动迅速：单起动电容电路中所选择的匹配电容是与稳态运行时的转差率相对应的,因此,起动瞬间三相绕组电流并不对称,起动时间稍长,但是电路中减少了一个起动电容,节约成本。
(3)为了验证匹配电容选择的合理性、稳态性能分析方法以及动态数学模型建立的正确性,以一台Y100L1-4型三相感应电动机为试验样机,将其改接为绕组并联式单相感应电动机,由220V/50Hz单相交流电压源供电,进行稳态试验和动态试验研究。稳态试验结果证明：该新型单相感应电动机在额定负载下运行时,具有与同容量的三相感应电动机相近的效率和更高的功率因数,并且.由于外接电容的作用,在轻载时可以维持较高的功率因数。动态试验结果证明该样机在三相对称运行时和单相运行时起动时间相近。
第三章将并联式接法应用于三相永磁同步电动机的单相运行,提出了一种三绕组并联式异步起动单相永磁同步电动机。本章围绕该单相永磁同步电动机进行研究,开展的主要工作包括：
(1)采用对称分量法对三绕组并联式异步起动单相永磁同步电动机的对称运行条件进行分析,得到了对称运行时匹配电容的容抗值与电机序阻抗之间的函数关系式,为该新型单相永磁同步电动机电容的选择提供了理论依据。由于电机在不同工况下,各序阻抗是不同的,因此,给出了三相永磁同步电动机在稳态运行时和起动瞬间的各序阻抗的表达式。
(2)基于对称分量法对三绕组并联式单相永磁同步电动机的稳态性能进行分析,为了验证理论分析的正确性,设计并制造了两台额定1.5kW,220V/50Hz四极三相永磁同步电动机作为试验样机,这两台样机的主要区别在于功率因数不同,其中一台电机的功率因数较高为0.99,而另外一台电机的功率因数仅为0.80,进行稳态试验研究。研究结果表明,低功率因数三相永磁同步电动机更适合改接成三绕组并联式单相永磁同步电动机,改接以后不仅可以提高功率因数,而且节约永磁材料。
(3)在dq0坐标系中建立了三绕组并联式异步起动单相永磁同步电动机的动态数学模型,并且基于MATLAB/Simulink搭建了该电机的数字仿真模型进行仿真分析。为了深入研究该新型单相永磁同步电动机的动态特性并验证动态数学模型的正确性,以低功率因数永磁同步电动机为样机,将其按照并联式接法进行改接,在单相电源供电的情况下进行了动态试验验证,试验结果说明该新型单相永磁同步电动机具有良好的起动性能。
第四章和第五章分别对三绕组串联式异步起动单相永磁同步电动机和SEMIHEX接法异步起动单相永磁同步电动机进行了研究。与三绕组并联式异步起动单相永磁同步电动机分析方法类似,首先,利用对称分量法对具有串联式接法和SEMIHEX接法的单相永磁同步电动机的对称运行条件以及稳态性能进行分析,然后,基于MATLAB/Simulink分别搭建了其动态仿真模型进行仿真研究,最后,特别设计了两台额定功率为1.5kW,四极的三相永磁同步电动机作为试验样机,其中一台样机额定线电压为190V,另外一台样机额定线电压为220V,分别将其按照串联式接法和SEMIHEX接法进行改接,由220V单相交流电压源供电,进行了稳态试验和动态试验验证。结果表明,具有这两种接法的异步起动单相永磁同步电动机具有良好的稳态性能和动态性能,并证明了理论分析的正确性和电容选择的合理性。
本文第六章对以上四种三绕组单相电机,即：三绕组并联式单相感应电动机、三绕组并联式异步起动单相永磁同步电动机、三绕组串联式异步起动单相永磁同步电动机和SEMIHEX接法异步起动单相永磁同步电动机的两个共性问题进行研究。首先,采用遗传算法,对三绕组单相电机的运行电容值进行了优化分析。以低功率因数三绕组并联式单相永磁同步电动机为例,分析了该电机的最佳运行电容值,并对优化结果进行了仿真验证。其次,对三绕组单相永磁同步电动机和三绕组单相感应电动机定子绕组谐波电流产生原因进行了理论分析,并且基于Ansoft Maxwell2D搭建仿真模型,进行场路耦合的时步有限元计算,对所提出的谐波分析理论进行了仿真验证。
Characterized by simple structure, high reliability, low noise, small vibration as well as easy maintenance, single-phase motors, operating at single-phase AC power supply, are widely used in industry, agriculture, transportation and household appliances, etc. From the view of the world, there is a huge demand for single-phase motor. In the developed countries, the output of the single-phase motor is about ten billions every year. In China, due to the need of the development of industry and agriculture, the single-phase motor output continuously increases in recent years. Therefore, it will have very important economic significance and social value to improve the efficiency of single-phase motors.
However, in comparison with single-phase motor with the same capacity, the three-phase induction motor has the advantage of higher material utilization and higher efficiency, and the three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) has the characteristics of high power density, high efficiency as well as high power factor and so on. Taking these advantages into account, running a three-phase motor on a single-phase supply with the help of phase balancers could be a simple and effective method to raise single-phase induction motor efficiency. So, this paper is carried out on connection method of the single-phase motor with three stator windings.
In the first chapter of the thesis, research background of single-phase induction motor and single-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor is reviewed. Especially, the research status of the single-phase induction motor and single-phase PMSM with three windings are introduced.
In the second chapter, a novel connection mothed with three parallel-connected windings is proposed, and which is applied on the three-phase induction motor operating under the single-phase supply. By the way of theoretical analysis, simulation analysis and experimental investigation, the analysis of the single-phase induction motor with three parallel-connected windings is carried out, and the main contents are as follows:
(1) Based on the synthesizing currents method, the condition for the balanced operation is analyzed and the corresponding relationship of matched capacitances and slip ratio is also obtained. Then, the approach for calculating the steady-state performance is proposed, providing a theoretical basis for determining required capacitances and steady-state performance analysis.
(2) In the ABC coordinate system, the transient mathematical model of the single-phase induction motor with three parallel-connected windings is established, and the simulation model is constructed by MATLAB/Simulink. Then two starting methods are studied, the one is with double starting capacitors in the starting circuit, and the other is only one starting capacitor. The results demonstrate that the starting torque is larger and the startup is faster by the starting method with double starting capacitors, but by starting method with one starting capacitor it can simplify the starting circuit and achieve cost saving.
(3) In order to verify the feasibility of the matched capacitors and the validity of the performance analysis method, a three-phase induction motor (Y100L1-4) is chosen as the prototype, which is reconnected according to the proposed connection and supplied from a220V/50Hz single-phase supply, and the steady and transient experiments are carried out. The steady experiments indicate that, in comparison with three-phase induction motors of the same capacity, the novel single-phase induction motor has approximately the same efficiency but higher power factor when operating at rated load. The transient experiments prove that the starting time of the prototype is almost the same no matter it is supplied by a three-phase balanced voltage or by a single-phase voltage.
The single-phase LSPMSM with three parallel-connected windings is fully researched in the third chapter, and the main contents can be stated as follows:
(1) Based on the symmetrical component method, the condition for balanced operation is analyzed and the relations between matched capacitances and positive-sequence impedance are also obtained. The sequence impedances for synchronous operation and for starting are given in this paper, respectively, which are different for different operating states.
(2) The steady-state performance analysis method is put forward based on the symmetrical component method. In order to verify the correctness of the performance analysis, two1.5kW,220V/50Hz,4-pole, Y-connected three-phase LSPMSMs, one with power factor only0.80and the other with higher power factor0.99, are designed as prototype motors, and the steady-state performance tests are carried out. It is proved that three-phase LSPMSM with lower power factor is more suitable for being reconnected to operate from a single-phase supply, improving the power factor and saving permanent magnetic material.
(3) In the dqO coordinate system, the transient mathematical model of the single-phase LSPMSM with three parallel-connected windings is established, and the simulation model is constructed by MATLAB/Simulink. In order to verify the validity of the above simulation model and study further the transient performances of the proposed single-phase LSPMSM, some experiments are made on the prototype motor with lower power factor. The experimental results show that the single-phase LSPMSM with three parallel-connected windings has good starting performances.
The single-phase LSPMSM with series connection and SEMIHEX connection are studied in the the fourth and fifth chapters, respectively. At first, based on the symmetrical component method, the condition for balanced operation is analyzed and the approach for calculating the steady-state performance is proposed. Secondly, based on MATLAB/Simulink, the simulation model is constructed and the simulation researches are carried out. Thirdly, two1.5kW,4-pole, Y-connected three-phase LSPMSMs, one with rated voltage190V and the other with rated voltage220V, are designed as prototype motors, and the steady and transient performance tests are carried out. It is demonstrated that good steady and transient performances can be achieved by selecting suitable capacitors, the theoretical analysis is correct.
In the sixth chapter, two general problems of the single-phase motors with three windings including the single-phase induction motor with three parallel-connected windings, the single-phase LSPMSM with three parallel-connected windings, the single-phase LSPMSM with three series-connected windings and the single-phase LSPMSM with SEMIHEX connection are studied. Firstly, the running capacitors of the single-phase motors with three windings are optimized based on genetic algorithm. Taking the single-phase LSPMSM with three parallel-connected windings and lower power factor for example, the optiminal results are verified by simulation. Secondly, the reasons for the harmonic current of single-phase LSPMSM with three windings and single-phase induction motor with three windings are analyzed. Based on Ansoft Maxwell2D, the field-circuit coupling time-stepping finite element analysis is carried out, and the proposed harmonic generation theory is verified.
与单相电动机相比较,三相感应电动机的材料利用率高、对称运行时效率较高,三相永磁同步电动机具有高功率密度、高效率、高功率因数等优点,因此,考虑到三相感应电动机以及三相永磁同步电动机的诸多优势,通过连接适当的移相元件以及改变电机定子绕组的接线方式,使三相对称电动机在单相电源供电情况下对称运行或者接近对称运行,是提高单相电机效率的一种有效措施。基于这种思想,本课题围绕三绕组单相电动机的定子绕组接线方式开展研究工作。
本文第一章对单相感应电动机以及单相永磁同步电动机的研究背景进行综述,着重对三绕组单相感应电动机与三绕组单相永磁同步电动机的研究现状进行介绍。
在第二章中,提出了一种新型的定子绕组接线方式,即三绕组并联式接法,并将该接法应用于三相感应电动机的单相运行上,提出了一种新型的三绕组并联式单相感应电动机。本章采用理论分析、仿真计算和试验研究相结合的手段,对该新型单相感应电动机进行了详细分析,主要包括以下几部分内容：
(1)采用合成电流法,对三绕组并联式单相感应电动机的对称运行条件进行分析,得出了对称运行时匹配电容值与电机转差率之间的对应关系,并推导了该新型单相感应电动机的稳态性能计算公式,为不同负载或者不同转差率下匹配电容的选择以及稳态性能分析提供了理论依据。
(2)在ABC坐标系中建立了三绕组并联式单相感应电动机的动态数学模型,基于MATLAB/Simulink搭建了该电机的数字仿真模型。对电路中并联两个起动电容的双起动电容电路和电路中仅有一个起动电容的单起动电容电路进行了仿真研究,仿真结果说明：双起动电容电路结构在起动瞬间定子绕组三相电流接近对称,起动转矩较大,起动迅速：单起动电容电路中所选择的匹配电容是与稳态运行时的转差率相对应的,因此,起动瞬间三相绕组电流并不对称,起动时间稍长,但是电路中减少了一个起动电容,节约成本。
(3)为了验证匹配电容选择的合理性、稳态性能分析方法以及动态数学模型建立的正确性,以一台Y100L1-4型三相感应电动机为试验样机,将其改接为绕组并联式单相感应电动机,由220V/50Hz单相交流电压源供电,进行稳态试验和动态试验研究。稳态试验结果证明：该新型单相感应电动机在额定负载下运行时,具有与同容量的三相感应电动机相近的效率和更高的功率因数,并且.由于外接电容的作用,在轻载时可以维持较高的功率因数。动态试验结果证明该样机在三相对称运行时和单相运行时起动时间相近。
第三章将并联式接法应用于三相永磁同步电动机的单相运行,提出了一种三绕组并联式异步起动单相永磁同步电动机。本章围绕该单相永磁同步电动机进行研究,开展的主要工作包括：
(1)采用对称分量法对三绕组并联式异步起动单相永磁同步电动机的对称运行条件进行分析,得到了对称运行时匹配电容的容抗值与电机序阻抗之间的函数关系式,为该新型单相永磁同步电动机电容的选择提供了理论依据。由于电机在不同工况下,各序阻抗是不同的,因此,给出了三相永磁同步电动机在稳态运行时和起动瞬间的各序阻抗的表达式。
(2)基于对称分量法对三绕组并联式单相永磁同步电动机的稳态性能进行分析,为了验证理论分析的正确性,设计并制造了两台额定1.5kW,220V/50Hz四极三相永磁同步电动机作为试验样机,这两台样机的主要区别在于功率因数不同,其中一台电机的功率因数较高为0.99,而另外一台电机的功率因数仅为0.80,进行稳态试验研究。研究结果表明,低功率因数三相永磁同步电动机更适合改接成三绕组并联式单相永磁同步电动机,改接以后不仅可以提高功率因数,而且节约永磁材料。
(3)在dq0坐标系中建立了三绕组并联式异步起动单相永磁同步电动机的动态数学模型,并且基于MATLAB/Simulink搭建了该电机的数字仿真模型进行仿真分析。为了深入研究该新型单相永磁同步电动机的动态特性并验证动态数学模型的正确性,以低功率因数永磁同步电动机为样机,将其按照并联式接法进行改接,在单相电源供电的情况下进行了动态试验验证,试验结果说明该新型单相永磁同步电动机具有良好的起动性能。
第四章和第五章分别对三绕组串联式异步起动单相永磁同步电动机和SEMIHEX接法异步起动单相永磁同步电动机进行了研究。与三绕组并联式异步起动单相永磁同步电动机分析方法类似,首先,利用对称分量法对具有串联式接法和SEMIHEX接法的单相永磁同步电动机的对称运行条件以及稳态性能进行分析,然后,基于MATLAB/Simulink分别搭建了其动态仿真模型进行仿真研究,最后,特别设计了两台额定功率为1.5kW,四极的三相永磁同步电动机作为试验样机,其中一台样机额定线电压为190V,另外一台样机额定线电压为220V,分别将其按照串联式接法和SEMIHEX接法进行改接,由220V单相交流电压源供电,进行了稳态试验和动态试验验证。结果表明,具有这两种接法的异步起动单相永磁同步电动机具有良好的稳态性能和动态性能,并证明了理论分析的正确性和电容选择的合理性。
本文第六章对以上四种三绕组单相电机,即：三绕组并联式单相感应电动机、三绕组并联式异步起动单相永磁同步电动机、三绕组串联式异步起动单相永磁同步电动机和SEMIHEX接法异步起动单相永磁同步电动机的两个共性问题进行研究。首先,采用遗传算法,对三绕组单相电机的运行电容值进行了优化分析。以低功率因数三绕组并联式单相永磁同步电动机为例,分析了该电机的最佳运行电容值,并对优化结果进行了仿真验证。其次,对三绕组单相永磁同步电动机和三绕组单相感应电动机定子绕组谐波电流产生原因进行了理论分析,并且基于Ansoft Maxwell2D搭建仿真模型,进行场路耦合的时步有限元计算,对所提出的谐波分析理论进行了仿真验证。
Characterized by simple structure, high reliability, low noise, small vibration as well as easy maintenance, single-phase motors, operating at single-phase AC power supply, are widely used in industry, agriculture, transportation and household appliances, etc. From the view of the world, there is a huge demand for single-phase motor. In the developed countries, the output of the single-phase motor is about ten billions every year. In China, due to the need of the development of industry and agriculture, the single-phase motor output continuously increases in recent years. Therefore, it will have very important economic significance and social value to improve the efficiency of single-phase motors.
However, in comparison with single-phase motor with the same capacity, the three-phase induction motor has the advantage of higher material utilization and higher efficiency, and the three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) has the characteristics of high power density, high efficiency as well as high power factor and so on. Taking these advantages into account, running a three-phase motor on a single-phase supply with the help of phase balancers could be a simple and effective method to raise single-phase induction motor efficiency. So, this paper is carried out on connection method of the single-phase motor with three stator windings.
In the first chapter of the thesis, research background of single-phase induction motor and single-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor is reviewed. Especially, the research status of the single-phase induction motor and single-phase PMSM with three windings are introduced.
In the second chapter, a novel connection mothed with three parallel-connected windings is proposed, and which is applied on the three-phase induction motor operating under the single-phase supply. By the way of theoretical analysis, simulation analysis and experimental investigation, the analysis of the single-phase induction motor with three parallel-connected windings is carried out, and the main contents are as follows:
(1) Based on the synthesizing currents method, the condition for the balanced operation is analyzed and the corresponding relationship of matched capacitances and slip ratio is also obtained. Then, the approach for calculating the steady-state performance is proposed, providing a theoretical basis for determining required capacitances and steady-state performance analysis.
(2) In the ABC coordinate system, the transient mathematical model of the single-phase induction motor with three parallel-connected windings is established, and the simulation model is constructed by MATLAB/Simulink. Then two starting methods are studied, the one is with double starting capacitors in the starting circuit, and the other is only one starting capacitor. The results demonstrate that the starting torque is larger and the startup is faster by the starting method with double starting capacitors, but by starting method with one starting capacitor it can simplify the starting circuit and achieve cost saving.
(3) In order to verify the feasibility of the matched capacitors and the validity of the performance analysis method, a three-phase induction motor (Y100L1-4) is chosen as the prototype, which is reconnected according to the proposed connection and supplied from a220V/50Hz single-phase supply, and the steady and transient experiments are carried out. The steady experiments indicate that, in comparison with three-phase induction motors of the same capacity, the novel single-phase induction motor has approximately the same efficiency but higher power factor when operating at rated load. The transient experiments prove that the starting time of the prototype is almost the same no matter it is supplied by a three-phase balanced voltage or by a single-phase voltage.
The single-phase LSPMSM with three parallel-connected windings is fully researched in the third chapter, and the main contents can be stated as follows:
(1) Based on the symmetrical component method, the condition for balanced operation is analyzed and the relations between matched capacitances and positive-sequence impedance are also obtained. The sequence impedances for synchronous operation and for starting are given in this paper, respectively, which are different for different operating states.
(2) The steady-state performance analysis method is put forward based on the symmetrical component method. In order to verify the correctness of the performance analysis, two1.5kW,220V/50Hz,4-pole, Y-connected three-phase LSPMSMs, one with power factor only0.80and the other with higher power factor0.99, are designed as prototype motors, and the steady-state performance tests are carried out. It is proved that three-phase LSPMSM with lower power factor is more suitable for being reconnected to operate from a single-phase supply, improving the power factor and saving permanent magnetic material.
(3) In the dqO coordinate system, the transient mathematical model of the single-phase LSPMSM with three parallel-connected windings is established, and the simulation model is constructed by MATLAB/Simulink. In order to verify the validity of the above simulation model and study further the transient performances of the proposed single-phase LSPMSM, some experiments are made on the prototype motor with lower power factor. The experimental results show that the single-phase LSPMSM with three parallel-connected windings has good starting performances.
The single-phase LSPMSM with series connection and SEMIHEX connection are studied in the the fourth and fifth chapters, respectively. At first, based on the symmetrical component method, the condition for balanced operation is analyzed and the approach for calculating the steady-state performance is proposed. Secondly, based on MATLAB/Simulink, the simulation model is constructed and the simulation researches are carried out. Thirdly, two1.5kW,4-pole, Y-connected three-phase LSPMSMs, one with rated voltage190V and the other with rated voltage220V, are designed as prototype motors, and the steady and transient performance tests are carried out. It is demonstrated that good steady and transient performances can be achieved by selecting suitable capacitors, the theoretical analysis is correct.
In the sixth chapter, two general problems of the single-phase motors with three windings including the single-phase induction motor with three parallel-connected windings, the single-phase LSPMSM with three parallel-connected windings, the single-phase LSPMSM with three series-connected windings and the single-phase LSPMSM with SEMIHEX connection are studied. Firstly, the running capacitors of the single-phase motors with three windings are optimized based on genetic algorithm. Taking the single-phase LSPMSM with three parallel-connected windings and lower power factor for example, the optiminal results are verified by simulation. Secondly, the reasons for the harmonic current of single-phase LSPMSM with three windings and single-phase induction motor with three windings are analyzed. Based on Ansoft Maxwell2D, the field-circuit coupling time-stepping finite element analysis is carried out, and the proposed harmonic generation theory is verified.
引文
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