微波宽带自动增益控制技术研究
摘要
随着信息时代的日益发展，人类的生活发生了极大的变化，同时电磁环境也变得日益复杂。在这么纷繁复杂的电磁环境下，要确保通信、雷达、电子对抗等系统的良好运行，是一个越来越受到人们关注的问题。其中接收和发射信号的功率是一个非常重要的影响因素，往往成为一个系统受限的瓶颈。因此系统对功率控制技术的要求也越来越苛刻。另外，带宽也是一个电子系统中非常重要的因素，尤其像在电子对抗这样的宽带系统中，宽带的功率控制就显得尤为必要。本文正是基于这样一个背景，介绍了一种用于接收端动态范围压缩的功率控制技术——自动增益控制(AGC)的系统研究。以及在此基础上，设计完成了一个宽带自动增益控制电路。
本文分两个部分，前一部分主要论述了对AGC电路的系统研究(第一章～第三章)，第二部分详细介绍了一个宽带AGC电路的设计与实现(第四章～第六章)。
文中第一部分比较了三种压缩动态范围的方法，即自动增益控制、对数放大器和限幅放大器；另外还结合信号处理的方法分析了AGC电路闭环传递函数。以及在此基础上，分析了AGC电路的稳定性问题。
第二部分详细描述了宽带AGC电路的设计。其中包含对AGC电路关键器件的设计，用两种方法设计实现一个宽带低噪声放大器；另外搭建延迟式AGC电路，以电调衰减器作为增益可控部件并结合Protel DXP仿真设计其控制电路；在此基础上设计完成30dB动态范围AGC电路；然后结合ADS软件分析和仿真60dB动态范围AGC电路，比较了两种设计方案，并最终确定方案、完成设计以及给出详细实验结果。
详尽的系统分析以及结合软件仿真是本课题成功的重要保证，最终设计实现的微波宽带AGC电路指标如下：频率范围为800～4000MHz；动态范围超过52dB；输出功率平坦度小于4dB，输出功率可调，整机噪声系数优于4.1dB。
本文的主要特点：设计完成一个宽带AGC电路，带宽达到2.25个倍频程，动态范围超过52dB，取得了较好的技术指标，并且兼顾结构小型化设计。
With the fast development of information times, our life has been changed greatly. At the same time, the EM environment has been become complicated increasingly. At the such-and-such EM complicated environment, it's a big problem which's got more and more attention that insuring the communication, radar, EW systems well operation. Received and transmitted power level is a very important influencing factor which is always the bottleneck of a system. So our demand for power controlling is more and more rigorous. In addition, bandwidth is also an important factor in electronic systems, such as in the EW system, wide band power controlling is more essential. This paper is based on such background, and introduces a dynamic range compress technology for receiver, automatic gain control (AGC). Along with this base, it gives the design method of a wide band AGC circuit.
This paper is divided two parts. The first part mainly introduces the AGC system research (chapter 1～chapter 3). The second part detailedly introduces a wide band AGC circuit's design and experiment (chapter 4～chapter 6).
The first part introduces the structure and working characteristic of AGC, and makes a comparison with AGC, logarithmic amplifier and limited amplifier.
The second part describes a real AGC circuit's design. The design of some important components in the AGC is included, specially using two methods to design a wideband low noise amplifier. Otherwise it introduces the method of design a 30dB dynamic range compress AGC circuit. Then combining ADS software, it gives the 60dB AGC circuit's simulation and design.
Detailed system analyses and comprehensive simulation are the important guarantees for this task. Finally, the AGC circuit's performances are as follows. BW: 800~4000MHz, over 52dB dynamic range compress, noise figure: <4.1dB. And this design gives attention to miniaturization.
本文分两个部分，前一部分主要论述了对AGC电路的系统研究(第一章～第三章)，第二部分详细介绍了一个宽带AGC电路的设计与实现(第四章～第六章)。
文中第一部分比较了三种压缩动态范围的方法，即自动增益控制、对数放大器和限幅放大器；另外还结合信号处理的方法分析了AGC电路闭环传递函数。以及在此基础上，分析了AGC电路的稳定性问题。
第二部分详细描述了宽带AGC电路的设计。其中包含对AGC电路关键器件的设计，用两种方法设计实现一个宽带低噪声放大器；另外搭建延迟式AGC电路，以电调衰减器作为增益可控部件并结合Protel DXP仿真设计其控制电路；在此基础上设计完成30dB动态范围AGC电路；然后结合ADS软件分析和仿真60dB动态范围AGC电路，比较了两种设计方案，并最终确定方案、完成设计以及给出详细实验结果。
详尽的系统分析以及结合软件仿真是本课题成功的重要保证，最终设计实现的微波宽带AGC电路指标如下：频率范围为800～4000MHz；动态范围超过52dB；输出功率平坦度小于4dB，输出功率可调，整机噪声系数优于4.1dB。
本文的主要特点：设计完成一个宽带AGC电路，带宽达到2.25个倍频程，动态范围超过52dB，取得了较好的技术指标，并且兼顾结构小型化设计。
With the fast development of information times, our life has been changed greatly. At the same time, the EM environment has been become complicated increasingly. At the such-and-such EM complicated environment, it's a big problem which's got more and more attention that insuring the communication, radar, EW systems well operation. Received and transmitted power level is a very important influencing factor which is always the bottleneck of a system. So our demand for power controlling is more and more rigorous. In addition, bandwidth is also an important factor in electronic systems, such as in the EW system, wide band power controlling is more essential. This paper is based on such background, and introduces a dynamic range compress technology for receiver, automatic gain control (AGC). Along with this base, it gives the design method of a wide band AGC circuit.
This paper is divided two parts. The first part mainly introduces the AGC system research (chapter 1～chapter 3). The second part detailedly introduces a wide band AGC circuit's design and experiment (chapter 4～chapter 6).
The first part introduces the structure and working characteristic of AGC, and makes a comparison with AGC, logarithmic amplifier and limited amplifier.
The second part describes a real AGC circuit's design. The design of some important components in the AGC is included, specially using two methods to design a wideband low noise amplifier. Otherwise it introduces the method of design a 30dB dynamic range compress AGC circuit. Then combining ADS software, it gives the 60dB AGC circuit's simulation and design.
Detailed system analyses and comprehensive simulation are the important guarantees for this task. Finally, the AGC circuit's performances are as follows. BW: 800~4000MHz, over 52dB dynamic range compress, noise figure: <4.1dB. And this design gives attention to miniaturization.
引文
[1] 张胜安．移动通信直放站．《移动通信》，1997年第6期
[2] A．麦罗拉．蜂窝移动通信—模拟和数字系统．庞沁华等译．人民邮电出版社，1997年
[3] A．麦罗拉．蜂窝移动通信工程设计．聂淘等译．人民邮电出版社，1997年
[4] 厉萍．GSM中继站AGC技术的研究及电话监听与案件管理系统的设计：[硕士学位论文]．广州：华南理工大学，2000
[5] 袁孝康．自动增益控制与对数放大器．国防工业出版社，1987年
[6] Mercy. D. V. A Review of Automatic Gain Control Theory. The Radio and Electronic Engineer, Volume51, November/December 1981
[7] Roy E. Prymek. BasicTechniques Guide the Design of AGC Systems. Microwaves & RF, September 1991
[8] 梅郊，李福生．晶体管宽频带放大器．高等教育出版社，1987年
[9] 邱卫军，赵波，杨健．一种实用宽带检波对数放大器的设计．电子工程师，Vol．35，No．8，2005
[10] 罗鹏，丁亚生．对数放大器的原理与应用．电子产品世界．05A期，2005年
[11] 吴伟陵．移动通信中的关键技术．北京邮电大学出版社，2000年
[12] Rob Howald. "Gaining Control," COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DESIGN, pp.15-18, OCTOBER 1999
[13] Pankaj Goyal, "Automatic gain control in burst communication systems," RF design, pp.34-54, February 2000
[14] 蔡凌云．WCDMA基站接收机前端中AGC及中放电路分析与设计：[硕士学位论文]．上海：上海大学，2002
[15] Razavi B. Design considerations for direct conversion receivers. Trans Circuit Syst, 1997, V 44:428-435.
[16] 胡湘娟，杨毅．线性自动控制系统稳定性分析．衡阳示范学院学报．Vol．27，No．3，June．2006
[17] 李铭祥，葛建民，韩建国．移动通信中AGC中放电路的设计与实现．上海大学学报．Vol．10，No．2，Apr．2004
[18] Marc Barberis. "Designing W-CDMA Mobile communication Systems," COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DESIGN, pp.25-32, FEBERUARY 1999.
[19] 徐建，孙大有．无线接收机RF前端研究．东南大学学报(自然科学版)．Vol．30，No．30， May.2000
[20] Lerenzo Longo, Raouf Halim. "A Cellular Analog Front End with a 98 dB IF Receiver," IEEE Internatioal Solid-State Circuits Conference, pp.36-37, February 1994.
[21] 顾其诤，项家桢，袁孝康．微波集成电路设计．北京：人民邮电出版社．1978
[22] HEWLETT PACKARD. MGA-82563, Technical Data Sheet
[23] 郑磊．微波宽带低噪声放大器设计：[硕士学位论文]．成都：电子科技大学，2006
[23] 杨克俊．电磁兼容原理与设计技术．人民邮电出版社2005
[24] Anna-Karin Stenman. Some Design Aspects on RF CMOS LNAs and Mixers. Sweden KFS AB. Dec 2001
[25] 俞泉，延波，徐锐敏．微带匹配功率均衡器的优化设计．2005全国微波毫米波会议论文集
[26] 吕昌，牛宗霞，周东方，孙广祥．大功率行波管用微波均衡器．信息工程学院学报．Vol 117 No 14，Dec．1998
[27] Reinhold Ludwig, Pavel Bretchko. RF Circuit Design: Theory and Applications. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2002
[28] Hittite Microwave Corporation. HMC346MS8G, Technical Data Sheet
[29] Hittite Microwave Corporation. Designing With The HMC346MS8G VVA.
[30] 王鹏．ProtelDXP仿真功能在电路设计中的应用．苏州市职业大学学报．Vol．17，No．1，Feb．2006
[31] Hittite Microwave Corporation. HMC396, Technical Data Sheet
[32] Analog Device Ine, Logarithmic Detector/Controller, AD8318 Technical Data sheet, 2003
[33] Maxim-ic Inc, Low-Noise, Regulated, Negative Charge-Pump Power Supplies for GaAsFET Bias, MAX853 Technical Data sheet, 2000
[34] 顾海洲，马双武．PCB电磁兼容技术——设计实践．清华大学出版社，2004
[2] A．麦罗拉．蜂窝移动通信—模拟和数字系统．庞沁华等译．人民邮电出版社，1997年
[3] A．麦罗拉．蜂窝移动通信工程设计．聂淘等译．人民邮电出版社，1997年
[4] 厉萍．GSM中继站AGC技术的研究及电话监听与案件管理系统的设计：[硕士学位论文]．广州：华南理工大学，2000
[5] 袁孝康．自动增益控制与对数放大器．国防工业出版社，1987年
[6] Mercy. D. V. A Review of Automatic Gain Control Theory. The Radio and Electronic Engineer, Volume51, November/December 1981
[7] Roy E. Prymek. BasicTechniques Guide the Design of AGC Systems. Microwaves & RF, September 1991
[8] 梅郊，李福生．晶体管宽频带放大器．高等教育出版社，1987年
[9] 邱卫军，赵波，杨健．一种实用宽带检波对数放大器的设计．电子工程师，Vol．35，No．8，2005
[10] 罗鹏，丁亚生．对数放大器的原理与应用．电子产品世界．05A期，2005年
[11] 吴伟陵．移动通信中的关键技术．北京邮电大学出版社，2000年
[12] Rob Howald. "Gaining Control," COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DESIGN, pp.15-18, OCTOBER 1999
[13] Pankaj Goyal, "Automatic gain control in burst communication systems," RF design, pp.34-54, February 2000
[14] 蔡凌云．WCDMA基站接收机前端中AGC及中放电路分析与设计：[硕士学位论文]．上海：上海大学，2002
[15] Razavi B. Design considerations for direct conversion receivers. Trans Circuit Syst, 1997, V 44:428-435.
[16] 胡湘娟，杨毅．线性自动控制系统稳定性分析．衡阳示范学院学报．Vol．27，No．3，June．2006
[17] 李铭祥，葛建民，韩建国．移动通信中AGC中放电路的设计与实现．上海大学学报．Vol．10，No．2，Apr．2004
[18] Marc Barberis. "Designing W-CDMA Mobile communication Systems," COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DESIGN, pp.25-32, FEBERUARY 1999.
[19] 徐建，孙大有．无线接收机RF前端研究．东南大学学报(自然科学版)．Vol．30，No．30， May.2000
[20] Lerenzo Longo, Raouf Halim. "A Cellular Analog Front End with a 98 dB IF Receiver," IEEE Internatioal Solid-State Circuits Conference, pp.36-37, February 1994.
[21] 顾其诤，项家桢，袁孝康．微波集成电路设计．北京：人民邮电出版社．1978
[22] HEWLETT PACKARD. MGA-82563, Technical Data Sheet
[23] 郑磊．微波宽带低噪声放大器设计：[硕士学位论文]．成都：电子科技大学，2006
[23] 杨克俊．电磁兼容原理与设计技术．人民邮电出版社2005
[24] Anna-Karin Stenman. Some Design Aspects on RF CMOS LNAs and Mixers. Sweden KFS AB. Dec 2001
[25] 俞泉，延波，徐锐敏．微带匹配功率均衡器的优化设计．2005全国微波毫米波会议论文集
[26] 吕昌，牛宗霞，周东方，孙广祥．大功率行波管用微波均衡器．信息工程学院学报．Vol 117 No 14，Dec．1998
[27] Reinhold Ludwig, Pavel Bretchko. RF Circuit Design: Theory and Applications. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2002
[28] Hittite Microwave Corporation. HMC346MS8G, Technical Data Sheet
[29] Hittite Microwave Corporation. Designing With The HMC346MS8G VVA.
[30] 王鹏．ProtelDXP仿真功能在电路设计中的应用．苏州市职业大学学报．Vol．17，No．1，Feb．2006
[31] Hittite Microwave Corporation. HMC396, Technical Data Sheet
[32] Analog Device Ine, Logarithmic Detector/Controller, AD8318 Technical Data sheet, 2003
[33] Maxim-ic Inc, Low-Noise, Regulated, Negative Charge-Pump Power Supplies for GaAsFET Bias, MAX853 Technical Data sheet, 2000
[34] 顾海洲，马双武．PCB电磁兼容技术——设计实践．清华大学出版社，2004
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