击剑运动员线索化决策特点及ERP研究
摘要
击剑运动是一项直接对抗的体育项目，项目特点决定了优秀的击剑运动员须具备反应快且准、转换灵活的能力。在赛场上，运动员需要在短时间内完成攻防转换，并随时根据对手动作做出运动决策。这些复杂运动决策都是建立在基础的察觉、辨别、选择决策上的。已有相关研究表明，击剑运动员具有视觉搜索能力强、知觉预测能力高、运动决策较快的专家优势，并对运动专家优势特征进行了神经机制层面的研究。对于动作前的位置线索是否会对后续运动决策的影响，较少有人研究。鉴于此，本研究通过设置不同位置线索，对击剑运动员三种基础决策的行为特点及其对应神经机制进行探索，为运动决策提供新的理论证据。
本研究以位置线索化后的易化作用与返回抑制现象为理论背景，以不同难度的运动决策为切入点，以上海体育学院运动等级为国家二级以上击剑专项运动员和普通大学生为实验对象，结合双线索线索—靶子范式以及各项难度不同的认知任务，并借助事件相关电位记录技术，对击剑运动员在有效线索和无效线索后运动决策特点及返回抑制能力进行研究，探究击剑运动员线索化决策的特点及其可能的神经机制，进一步丰富运动决策与返回抑制的理论，也为击剑运动员科学训练提供科学依据。
本研究结果显示：（1）在视觉位置线索化条件下执行察觉任务，被试诱发的P1波幅与潜伏期与先行位置线索有关，在无效线索位置上击剑运动员诱发了大且早的P1波幅，普通大学生在有效线索位置上诱发的P1小且晚；击剑运动员察觉任务中诱发的P300较小；被试在无效线索位置上能更快的做出察觉决策。（2）在不同先行位置线索条件下对刺激进行辨别，击剑运动员反应时快于普通大学生，其返回抑制量更大；被试的NoGo条件下的P3波幅显著性大于Go条件；在无效提示下的NoGo-P3波幅大于有效线索提示。（3）被试对于呈现于无效线索位置上的靶刺激定位更快，击剑运动员快于大学生；在分心物存在时对靶刺激进行定位判断，击剑运动员诱发了了较大的N1波幅，被试对有效线索位置上出现的靶刺激诱发的N1波幅大于无效线索位置；P300的最大波幅出现在Pz电极点。（4）在不同线索条件下，击剑运动员选择反应速度显著快于大学生，正确率较之略低但差异不具统计学意义；击剑运动员诱发的P1、N1波幅早且大；对无效线索位置上的靶刺激进行选择决策，P1、N1成分较之有效位置上的更大；P300有着显著的组别差异，在Pz点达到最大值。
通过对研究结果的分析，我们得出如下结论：（1）击剑运动员在不同线索条件下完成察觉任务、辨别任务，表现出反应速度快、准确率高的决策优势；在完成选择任务时更重视速度。这保证了击剑运动员在比赛中具有快速决策的能力。（2）击剑运动员在无效线索条件下完成不同难度决策任务的反应时更短，表现出较强的返回抑制能力。这种能力更利于提高击剑运动员的线索搜寻能力。（3）击剑运动员在无效线索条件下具有注意激活早、激活程度更高的注意特点，对无效先行线索位置上的呈现的靶刺激投入的注意资源更多。这为后续判断能力提供了良好的基础，并为解释击剑运动员的运动决策优势提供了更多的理论依据。（4）击剑运动员在线索化决策过程中动用的心理资源较少，在同等条件下较普通大学生呈现出节省化的特点。这说明击剑运动员能够在运动过程中灵活调配心理资源以更好的完成信息的认知加工。
本研究结果丰富了击剑运动员运动决策的理论，为击剑运动员训练提供了依据与帮助。本研究结合ERP技术就不同先行线索位置后击剑运动员的决策特点进行了系统的研究，在技术与方法上拓展了对击剑运动员决策研究的局限；其次，本研究探讨了击剑运动员在不同线索条件下完成不同认知任务的行为特点及返回抑制能力，通过一致与不一致的先行视觉位置线索与认知任务中靶刺激呈现的位置关系，从时间、空间上证明了击剑运动员具有较快的决策优势以及较强的返回抑制能力，证明先行视觉位置线索会影响后续认知任务的加工，击剑运动员的运动决策受先行位置线索调制，对运动专家认知优势理论进行了补充。
Fencing is a kind of combat activity that is directly antagonistic. The nature ofthis activity requires the athletes must be quickly reactive, highly accurate, andflexibly conversional. On competition grounds, athletes must swiftly change betweenattack and defense, and must make decisions in response to the activities of theopponents. These complicated activities and decisions all depend on basic perception,discrimination and strategy selections. Studies have shown that fencing athletes arevery highly competitive in strong visual search, excellent perception prediction, andquick motion selections. The study also digs deeply in neuromechanism of activityexperts. However, few researchers have studied whether or not the position clues priorto any motions would affect the consequential motion strategy decisions. Just becauseof this, this research studied the behavior nature of three kinds of basic decisions andtheir corresponding neuromechanism, which provides new theoretical evidence tomotion decisions.
This study theoretically based on cued position prior to inhibition of return,digged in from motion strategies of different difficulty grades. This study madecontrast in Shanghai University of Sports between ordinary college undergraduatesand professional fencer athletes of over National Second Grade. Through combinationof double cued-target paradigm and various cognition tasks of different difficulty, andthrough Event Related Potential techniques, and through of nature of athletes’ postmotions in response of valid/invalid cues and the abilities of inhibition of return, thisstudy made a research into the cued decision nature of fencer and its possibleneuromechanism, which further enriched the theory of motion decision and inhibitionof return and also provided theoretical evidence to scientific training of fencers.
The results of this study show:(1) In detection tasks done under cued visualpositions, the amplitude of P1wave is related to the cued position. In invalid cuedpositions, fencers generate great and early P1waves, whereas the ordinaryundergraduate college students generate small and late P1waves. In detection tasks,fencers generate smaller P300, and the subjects make quicker detection decisions ininvalid cued localization.(2) Differentiating stimuli under different cues, fences'reaction time is less than ordinary undergraduate college students,and their IOR isgreater. Under NoGo trials, subjects' P3wave is significantly greater than that underGo trials. P3wave of NoGo is greater in invalid cues than that in valid cues.(3) The subjects make quicker localization actions to the targets under invalid cued positions.As to this invalid cued localization, fencers are more swift than ordinaryundergraduate college students. Through localization to targets under the existence ofdistractors, fencers generate greater N1amplitude. N1wave amplitude generated bysubjects under valid cued positions is greater than that under invalid positions. Thegreatest point of P300is at Pz potential point.(4) Under different cued conditions,fencers react faster than ordinary undergraduate college students, and fencers'accuracy is less than college students but is not significant. Fencers generate early andgreat P1and N1waves. Fencers make more valid P1and N1when make strategicdecisions under invalid localizations than under valid localizations. P300is significantdifferent between groups, and reach it highest point at Pz electrode.
Through the analysis of study results, conclusions are drawn as below:(1) underthe cognition tasks and discrimination tasks of different cued conditions, fencersshowed the strategic decision advantage of quick response and high accuracy over thecontrast group. Fencers spent less time on completing the tasks than the contrastgroup.(2) fencers spent less time to complete strategic tasks of different difficultyunder invalid cues than the contrast group, which showed that fencers have strongabilities of inhibition of return. It is concluded that fencers have more superior visualsearch abilities.(3) Under invalid cues, fencers’ visual abilities are characteristicallyearly and highly activated, and distribute more resources on the attention on the targetemergence on invalid cues.(4) Fencers distribute less psychological resources oncued strategic decision, whereas under equivalent conditions, undergraduate collegestudents showed economization.
This study enriches the motion strategic decision theories of fencers, helpstraining for fencers. On combination of ERP techniques, this study makes a systematicresearch into the nature of strategic decisions of fencers on different cues, andtechnically methologically expands the limitation of study on fencers’ strategicdecision. In addition, this study discusses the behavior characteristics and inhibition ofreturn of fencers’ completing different cognition tasks under different cues. Throughthe relations between valid/invalid visual cues and emergence positions of targets incognitive tasks, it is testified that fencers are advantageous on quick strategic decisionand strong on inhibition of return from time and space perspective, which also showsthat visual cues affect the consequential cognitive task processing and that fencers’motion strategic decisions are mediated by cued positions. The study complementscognitive advantage theories of sport experts.
本研究以位置线索化后的易化作用与返回抑制现象为理论背景，以不同难度的运动决策为切入点，以上海体育学院运动等级为国家二级以上击剑专项运动员和普通大学生为实验对象，结合双线索线索—靶子范式以及各项难度不同的认知任务，并借助事件相关电位记录技术，对击剑运动员在有效线索和无效线索后运动决策特点及返回抑制能力进行研究，探究击剑运动员线索化决策的特点及其可能的神经机制，进一步丰富运动决策与返回抑制的理论，也为击剑运动员科学训练提供科学依据。
本研究结果显示：（1）在视觉位置线索化条件下执行察觉任务，被试诱发的P1波幅与潜伏期与先行位置线索有关，在无效线索位置上击剑运动员诱发了大且早的P1波幅，普通大学生在有效线索位置上诱发的P1小且晚；击剑运动员察觉任务中诱发的P300较小；被试在无效线索位置上能更快的做出察觉决策。（2）在不同先行位置线索条件下对刺激进行辨别，击剑运动员反应时快于普通大学生，其返回抑制量更大；被试的NoGo条件下的P3波幅显著性大于Go条件；在无效提示下的NoGo-P3波幅大于有效线索提示。（3）被试对于呈现于无效线索位置上的靶刺激定位更快，击剑运动员快于大学生；在分心物存在时对靶刺激进行定位判断，击剑运动员诱发了了较大的N1波幅，被试对有效线索位置上出现的靶刺激诱发的N1波幅大于无效线索位置；P300的最大波幅出现在Pz电极点。（4）在不同线索条件下，击剑运动员选择反应速度显著快于大学生，正确率较之略低但差异不具统计学意义；击剑运动员诱发的P1、N1波幅早且大；对无效线索位置上的靶刺激进行选择决策，P1、N1成分较之有效位置上的更大；P300有着显著的组别差异，在Pz点达到最大值。
通过对研究结果的分析，我们得出如下结论：（1）击剑运动员在不同线索条件下完成察觉任务、辨别任务，表现出反应速度快、准确率高的决策优势；在完成选择任务时更重视速度。这保证了击剑运动员在比赛中具有快速决策的能力。（2）击剑运动员在无效线索条件下完成不同难度决策任务的反应时更短，表现出较强的返回抑制能力。这种能力更利于提高击剑运动员的线索搜寻能力。（3）击剑运动员在无效线索条件下具有注意激活早、激活程度更高的注意特点，对无效先行线索位置上的呈现的靶刺激投入的注意资源更多。这为后续判断能力提供了良好的基础，并为解释击剑运动员的运动决策优势提供了更多的理论依据。（4）击剑运动员在线索化决策过程中动用的心理资源较少，在同等条件下较普通大学生呈现出节省化的特点。这说明击剑运动员能够在运动过程中灵活调配心理资源以更好的完成信息的认知加工。
本研究结果丰富了击剑运动员运动决策的理论，为击剑运动员训练提供了依据与帮助。本研究结合ERP技术就不同先行线索位置后击剑运动员的决策特点进行了系统的研究，在技术与方法上拓展了对击剑运动员决策研究的局限；其次，本研究探讨了击剑运动员在不同线索条件下完成不同认知任务的行为特点及返回抑制能力，通过一致与不一致的先行视觉位置线索与认知任务中靶刺激呈现的位置关系，从时间、空间上证明了击剑运动员具有较快的决策优势以及较强的返回抑制能力，证明先行视觉位置线索会影响后续认知任务的加工，击剑运动员的运动决策受先行位置线索调制，对运动专家认知优势理论进行了补充。
Fencing is a kind of combat activity that is directly antagonistic. The nature ofthis activity requires the athletes must be quickly reactive, highly accurate, andflexibly conversional. On competition grounds, athletes must swiftly change betweenattack and defense, and must make decisions in response to the activities of theopponents. These complicated activities and decisions all depend on basic perception,discrimination and strategy selections. Studies have shown that fencing athletes arevery highly competitive in strong visual search, excellent perception prediction, andquick motion selections. The study also digs deeply in neuromechanism of activityexperts. However, few researchers have studied whether or not the position clues priorto any motions would affect the consequential motion strategy decisions. Just becauseof this, this research studied the behavior nature of three kinds of basic decisions andtheir corresponding neuromechanism, which provides new theoretical evidence tomotion decisions.
This study theoretically based on cued position prior to inhibition of return,digged in from motion strategies of different difficulty grades. This study madecontrast in Shanghai University of Sports between ordinary college undergraduatesand professional fencer athletes of over National Second Grade. Through combinationof double cued-target paradigm and various cognition tasks of different difficulty, andthrough Event Related Potential techniques, and through of nature of athletes’ postmotions in response of valid/invalid cues and the abilities of inhibition of return, thisstudy made a research into the cued decision nature of fencer and its possibleneuromechanism, which further enriched the theory of motion decision and inhibitionof return and also provided theoretical evidence to scientific training of fencers.
The results of this study show:(1) In detection tasks done under cued visualpositions, the amplitude of P1wave is related to the cued position. In invalid cuedpositions, fencers generate great and early P1waves, whereas the ordinaryundergraduate college students generate small and late P1waves. In detection tasks,fencers generate smaller P300, and the subjects make quicker detection decisions ininvalid cued localization.(2) Differentiating stimuli under different cues, fences'reaction time is less than ordinary undergraduate college students,and their IOR isgreater. Under NoGo trials, subjects' P3wave is significantly greater than that underGo trials. P3wave of NoGo is greater in invalid cues than that in valid cues.(3) The subjects make quicker localization actions to the targets under invalid cued positions.As to this invalid cued localization, fencers are more swift than ordinaryundergraduate college students. Through localization to targets under the existence ofdistractors, fencers generate greater N1amplitude. N1wave amplitude generated bysubjects under valid cued positions is greater than that under invalid positions. Thegreatest point of P300is at Pz potential point.(4) Under different cued conditions,fencers react faster than ordinary undergraduate college students, and fencers'accuracy is less than college students but is not significant. Fencers generate early andgreat P1and N1waves. Fencers make more valid P1and N1when make strategicdecisions under invalid localizations than under valid localizations. P300is significantdifferent between groups, and reach it highest point at Pz electrode.
Through the analysis of study results, conclusions are drawn as below:(1) underthe cognition tasks and discrimination tasks of different cued conditions, fencersshowed the strategic decision advantage of quick response and high accuracy over thecontrast group. Fencers spent less time on completing the tasks than the contrastgroup.(2) fencers spent less time to complete strategic tasks of different difficultyunder invalid cues than the contrast group, which showed that fencers have strongabilities of inhibition of return. It is concluded that fencers have more superior visualsearch abilities.(3) Under invalid cues, fencers’ visual abilities are characteristicallyearly and highly activated, and distribute more resources on the attention on the targetemergence on invalid cues.(4) Fencers distribute less psychological resources oncued strategic decision, whereas under equivalent conditions, undergraduate collegestudents showed economization.
This study enriches the motion strategic decision theories of fencers, helpstraining for fencers. On combination of ERP techniques, this study makes a systematicresearch into the nature of strategic decisions of fencers on different cues, andtechnically methologically expands the limitation of study on fencers’ strategicdecision. In addition, this study discusses the behavior characteristics and inhibition ofreturn of fencers’ completing different cognition tasks under different cues. Throughthe relations between valid/invalid visual cues and emergence positions of targets incognitive tasks, it is testified that fencers are advantageous on quick strategic decisionand strong on inhibition of return from time and space perspective, which also showsthat visual cues affect the consequential cognitive task processing and that fencers’motion strategic decisions are mediated by cued positions. The study complementscognitive advantage theories of sport experts.
引文
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