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番茄灰霉病菌等具抗菌活性的植物提取物研究
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摘要
本研究用80%的乙醇对95种植物材料进行了提取,得到粗提物。利用生长速
    率法测试了其中94种提取物对番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)菌丝生长的抑制
    作用,利用抑菌圈法对91种提取物对番茄灰霉病菌分生孢子萌发的抑制作用进行
    了测试。结果表明,在生长速率法测试中,40种提取物表现出不同程度的抑制作
    用,在抑菌圈法测试中,12种提取物出现了不同大小的抑菌圈。用25种在抑制
    菌丝生长和抑菌圈测试中表现一定抑制作用的提取物进行对番茄灰霉病菌孢子萌
    发的抑制作用测试,结果表明,在供试浓度下其中4种提取物对孢子萌发的抑制
    作用与对照化学药剂“施佳乐”1000倍处理达到了同一显著水平。在对马铃薯晚
    疫病菌(Phytophthora infestans)的菌丝生长抑制作用进行测试的82种提取物中,
    在稀释200倍的浓度条件下有33种提取物对马铃薯晚疫病菌菌丝生长表现出完全
    抑制作用,另有35种提取物表现出不同程度的抑制菌丝生长的作用。在对马铃薯
    晚疫病菌游动孢子释放的抑制作用测试试验中,供试的89种提取物中,有32种
    提取物对马铃薯晚疫病菌游动孢子释放表现出完全的抑制作用。二级筛选试验结
    果表明,提取物TS-26和TS-90对番茄灰霉病菌的生长和孢子萌发均表现出较强
    的抑制作用。提取物TS-26和TS-49对马铃薯晚疫病菌菌丝生长和游动孢子释放
    均表现出强烈的抑制作用,可用于进一步研究。
     对提取物TS-26和TS-90进行了最佳提取溶剂,最佳溶剂浓度和提取时间的
    测试。结果表明,80%甲醇或甲醇∶丙酮∶水(2∶2∶1),30℃,150rpm震荡提
    取2d是提取物TS-26较适宜的室内提取条件。80%乙醇,30℃,150rpm震荡提取
    3d是提取物TS-90的较适宜的室内提取条件。
     用提取物TS-26和TS-90对番茄灰霉病菌进行了抑制产孢作用和对菌丝生长
    的抑制中浓度测试;对马铃薯晚疫病菌进行了游动孢子释放的抑制作用测试。以
    及这两种提取物的抑菌谱测试。结果表明,在菌丝干重法测试中,TS-26稀释100
    倍,TS-90稀释50倍对灰霉病菌菌丝生长表现出强烈抑制作用,随浓度下降,抑
    制作用急剧下降。在对产孢的抑制作用测试中,TS-26稀释100倍和200倍的处
    理均对灰霉病菌产孢表现了抑制作用,TS-90稀释到600倍仍能显著抑制灰霉病
    菌产孢。TS-26对灰霉病菌菌丝生长的抑制中浓度为270倍,TS-90的抑制中浓度
    为426倍。TS-26比TS-90对马铃薯晚疫病菌游动孢子释放有更强的抑制活性。
    在抑菌谱试验中,TS-26在稀释200倍浓度下对小麦纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia
    cerealis)、小麦全蚀病菌(Gaenmannomyces var.tritici)、小麦蠕孢根腐病菌(Bipolaris
    sorokiniana)、小麦镰刀根腐病菌(Fusarium culmorum)、和链格孢菌(Alternaria
    alternata)等5种植物病原真菌的菌丝生长均表现完全的抑制作用;提取物TS-90
    
    
     河北农业大学硕士学位论文
    稀释 200倍对 RBjzoclonla cerea伙,GaeumannomyCes var.trltlcl和 Blpo巾rls
    sorokiniana三种植物病原真菌菌丝生长的抑制率分别达到 24,ZI%、42.90%和
    2598%,与乙醇对照间差异达到极显著水平,而对 Fusarium culmorum和Alternaria
    allernata两种植物病原真菌的抑制作用则与乙醇对照间差异不显著。
     对提取物进行了不同温度。光照、PH处理,并进行了提取物保存时间和活性
    持续时间的测试。结果表明,TS-26在80℃以上温度处理lh易失活,而H-90在
    经高温湿热灭菌后仍保持活性。光照处理72h,对两种提取物活性无明显影响。TS-26
    在强碱性条件下(pH 10)活性下降,而在强酸性(pH 2)条件下保持稳定。TS·90
    在近中性或弱酸性条件下活性最强,随酸性或碱性的增强,抑菌活性均表现下降
    趋势。两种提取物的活性变化的总趋势是随时间的延长而逐渐下降。TS-26在常
    温下保存超过两个月,活性显著下降,而TS-90随保存时间延长的活性变化规律
    还需进一步试验验证。对两种提取物的温室试验表明,两种提取物在稀释50倍条
    件下进行测试,对番茄灰霉病均表现出较好的防治效果和治疗效果,接近了化学
    药剂“施佳乐” 1000倍的水平。
     对提取物TS,26的活性成分用凝胶高效液相色谱初步分离制备,反相高效液
    相色谱制备提纯,利用 BDS C;。分析柱进行了初步分析。通过紫外扫描光谱和红
    外光谱与标准品对照分析,结果表明,丁香酚是提取物TS.26中主要抑菌活性成
    分之一。
Ninety-five species of plant materials were extracted with ethanol and the rough
     extracts were tested for their fungitoxity. Ninety-four siiecies df the extracts were
     tested for the inhibition to the mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea. The method of
     inhibitory area was used to test the inhibitory effects of 91 species of plant extracts
     on spore germination of B. cinerea. Results showed that 40 species of plant extracts
     could inhibit the mycelial growth of B. cinerea in different degree. And 12 species of
     plant extracts preliminarily showed inhibitory effects on spore germination of B.
     cinerea. Twenty-five species of the plant extracts which have showed inhibitory
     effects in mycelial growth inhibition test and inhibiory area test were further tested
     on slides for their inhibitory effects on spore germination of B. cinerea. Four of the
     25 species plant extracts showed equivalent strong inhibitory effects with the
     chemical control-?Scarlar?on the spore germination of B. cznerea. Eighty-two
     species of plant extracts were tested for their inhibitory effects on the mycelial
     growth of P infestans, 33 species had completely inhibitory effects and the other 35
     species showed different inhibitory effects. Eighty-nine species of plant extracts were
     tested for their inhibitory effects on zoospores release of P infestans, 32 species
     showed completely inhibitory effects. The result of secondary screening test showed
     that the extract TS-26 and TS-90 had strong inhibitory effects on the mycelial growth
     and the spore germination of B. cinerea. The extract TS-26 and TS-49 showed strong
     inhibitory effects on the mycelial growth and the zoospores release of P infestans.
     Experiments were carried out on sovelent selection and concentration
     determination of the best sovelent or the proportion between different sovent and the
     time length for extracing to TS-26 and TS-90. The results were as follows. Eighty
     percent methanol or methanol acetone water (2 2 1) was used to extract for
     TS-26. And extracting at 30C with 150rpm shaking 2d is the moderate condition for
     TS-26. As for TS-90, 80% ethanol, 30C, 150rpm shaking 3d is the moderate
     condition.
     Inhibitory effects of TS-26 and TS-90 to B. cinerea were made by means of
     veighting dried mycelium, measurement of spore production and the middle
     inhibitory concentrtion (MIC). In the test of dried mycilum method, TS-26 was
     diluted to 100 times and TS-90 was diluted to 50 times. Both had strong inhibitory
    
    
    effects on the mycelial growth of B. cinerea, but with the decrease of the extract
     concentration, the inhibitory effects of the plant extracts dropped down severely The
     dilutions of TS-26 from 100 to 200 times inhibited the spore production of B. cinerea
     significantly. While the 600 times of TS-90 dilution could still inhibit the spore
     production of B. cinerea. The MIC of TS-26 was 270 times, and the MIC of TS-90
     was 426 times. In the test of the inhibition to the zoospores release of P infestans,
     TS-26 was more active than TS-90. In addition, TS-26 completely inhibited the
     mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia cerealis, Gaeumannornyces var. fr/I/cl, B/polaris
     sorokiniana, Fusariurn culrnorurn and Alternaria alternata at 200 times dilution,
     which showed a wide inhibitory scope. While TS-90 only inhibited Rhizoctonia
     cerealis, Gaeurnannornyces var. fr/f/cl and Bipolar/s sorokinianat at low level, and
     had no inhibitory effect to Fusarium cu/rn orum and Alternaria a/tern ata at all.
     The physical and chemical characters of the two extracts were tested after being
     treated at different temperature, illumination and pH values. And the t
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