高速列车结构热点应力疲劳评定方法及应用研究
|
摘要
我国铁路运输正向着高速、重载、轻量化的方向不断快速发展,这对车辆结构的疲劳强度提出了更高的要求。目前,我国提速、高速客车转向架构架及车体均采用钢板焊接结构和铝合金焊接结构,这样可大大降低车辆结构的自重。但是,运行速度的提高、载荷的增加以及复杂的焊接接头形式使得车辆的承载状况变得十分恶劣;同时,各种新型材料也不断应用于我国高速列车转向架与车体的结构中。焊接结构在交变应力作用下主要产生疲劳破坏,其疲劳破坏部位大多数在焊接接头上,焊接接头的疲劳强度制约着高速列车的运营安全性,因此,研究焊接接头的疲劳评定方法日益突显出来。国外目前绝大多数情况下的疲劳评定采用的是传统的名义应力评定方法,我国在焊接结构与车体疲劳评定中也主要考虑接头名义应力的影响,然而既有焊接接头的名义应力方法忽略焊接结构细节的变化,当焊接结构的细节与其承载复杂时,或者说当某一种焊接细节无法与典型焊接接头相对应时,就很难确定这些情况下的名义应力。因此,需要在获取所用材料焊接接头名义应力一寿命曲线的基础上,研究采用更为可靠的评定方法。
热点应力方法由于其应力—寿命曲线受焊件几何细节与载荷形式的影响较小,其值更接近于焊件实际应力而使得评定结果更为准确、可靠,从而更适应我国高速列车疲劳评定的需要。目前针对高速列车用焊接接头进行热点应力疲劳评定的研究报道甚少。本文以高速列车用典型焊接接头为基本研究对象,以热点应力理论为基础,对焊接接头热点应力有限元计算方法与影响因素进行了系统研究,并测试了我国高速列车用新型材料焊接接头疲劳性能数据,建立高速列车焊接结构热点应力疲劳评定的基础;研究使用热点应力进行高速列车焊接结构疲劳评定的方法。论文主要进行了以下方面的研究工作:
1、建立典型焊接接头有限元模型,解决了热点应力中有限元计算的单元划分方法与外推方法,分析不同承载条件下的热点应力计算方法和热点应力集中系数。
2、分析了对接接头焊缝高度和底板厚度与角接接头焊缝尺寸、底板厚度、角接角度及立板厚度等几何参数对热点应力集中系数的影响;提出采用热点应力特征量来描述焊接接头几何参数变化对热点应力集中系数的影响;研究了载荷形式对焊接接头热点应力的影响。
3、试验研究了高速列车用结构钢与铝合金焊接接头名义应力及热点应力疲劳性能,得到了AQ400NH钢、SMA490BW钢以及铝合金6005三种材质对接与角接接头的名义应力S-N曲线,结合相应接头形式的热点应力集中系数,得到相应焊接接头的热点应力S-N曲线。这些焊接接头热点应力疲劳性能,为开展高速列车焊接结构热点应力疲劳评定提供了基础数据。
4、根据UIC615-4规程,计算高速转向架焊接构架上的名义应力进行疲劳强度评定;又以构架横向止挡座与侧梁上盖板连接部、牵引拉杆座与横梁下盖板连接部两处典型角接接头为研究对象,采用子模型方法将关键部位从整体结构中分离并建立实体模型进行分析,通过对带孔的槽钢子模型的计算分析,验证了子模型方法的正确性,因此实现了对焊接构架进行热点应力疲劳评定。
5、根据铝合金6005车体牵引梁与盖板连接部、抗蛇行减振器座与车体底架连接部实测名义应力谱,计算其等效名义应力幅。通过该部位焊接接头热点应力特征量,计算等效热点应力幅,以此判定其热点应力疲劳强度,建立高速铝合金车体的热点应力疲劳评定方法。
The railway transportation in China is developing quickly with the aims that are high-speed,heavy load and light weight.This will cause much more requirements for the fatigue strength of the vehicle.The bogie frames and carbodies which belong to the raised-speed and high-speed vehicle are made from welded steel plate and aluminium alloy plate.This help reducing sole weight of the vehicle widely.However,raised speed, heavier load and duplicated forms of welded joints will make the load-bearing condition formidable for the vehicle.At the same time,various new materials are applied by bogie frames and carbodies continiously.Fatigue breakdown is the primary form of the welded structures under alternating load,and the mainly parts which breakdown are the welded joints.Therefore,the fatigue strength of welded joints confines the operating safety of the vehicle and researching fatigue evaluation approach becomes more important.The traditional nominal stress method is the main fatigue evaluation approach abroad.And the nominal stress is the most important approach while determine the fatigue strength of welded structure and carbody in our country.However, existing nominal stress approach of welded joint ignores the variety of welding details. The nominal stress will be difficult to be determined while the welding details are complicated,or some welding details do not belong to traditional welded joint. Consequently,the more reliable approach must to be brought forward on the basis that nominal stress S-N curve is got.
Hot spot stress(HSS) approach is more applicable for high-speed vehicle fatigue evaluation,because its evaluation result is independent on the welding details and load form.Evaluation result by HSS is closer to real stress of welded joint than nominal stress approach;the result is much more exact and reliable therefore.Reports about fatigue evaluation by HSS for high-speed vehicle are quite few.In this paper,HSS calculation method by finite element and influencing factors are studied by the numbers. During this process,the welded joint belongs to high-speed car is the basis studying object,and the HSS theory is the basis flat.The fatigue capability data of new material welded joints applied for high-speed car are tested,which is the foundation for high-speed car fatigue evaluation by HSS approach.The fatigue evaluation by HSS approach for high-speed car is studied.The main research works in this paper are as follows:
1.Finite element model of typical weled joint is constituted;the element size and extrapolating method are resolved.The HSS calculation method and HSS concentration factor under different load form are analyzed.
2.Geometry factors and welding details which maybe influence the HSS concentration factor are analyzed.The factors are:for butt joint,there are the height of welding seam and plate thickness,and for fillet welded joint,there are the size of welding seam,plate thickness,welding angle and erect board thickness.HSS eigenvalue is brought forward which is used to describe the influence to HSS concentration factor caused by geometry factors and welding details.Influence from load form is calculated.
3.The nominal stress S-N and HSS S-N for fillet welded joint and butt joint of AQ400NH steel,SMA490BW steel and aluminum alloy 6005 are got.These three materials are applied to high-speed car in China.The fatigue capability data provide the basis for fatigue evaluation by HSS for high-speed vehicle.
4.In practical application item,UIC615-4 Code is applied for analyzing the complete welded AQ400NH bogie frame by finite element method.And the bogie frame fatigue strength is evaluated by nominal stress.As the studid objects,two typical fillet welded joints which are connection area beween side beam top cover plate and lateral stopper of bogie frame and connection area beween lateral beam bottom cover plate and traction bar support, are evaluated by HSS approach.During the analysis,the sub-model technology is applied to separate the fillet parts from whole model,then the solid element models are established.On the basis of analysizing the box iron with rectangle hole,the sub-model method is validated.Then the fatigue evaluation by HSS approach for welded bogie frame is achieved.
5.According to tested nominal stress spectrum of connection area beween cover plate and traction beam of carbody,and the nominal stress spectrum of connection area beween underframe of carbody and unti-hunting damper support,the equivalent HSS spectru are got by HSS eigenvalue of these two parts.Using HSS spectrum,the HSS fatigue strength can be evaluated.The fatigue evaluation by HSS approach for high-speed aluminium alloy car body is established then.
热点应力方法由于其应力—寿命曲线受焊件几何细节与载荷形式的影响较小,其值更接近于焊件实际应力而使得评定结果更为准确、可靠,从而更适应我国高速列车疲劳评定的需要。目前针对高速列车用焊接接头进行热点应力疲劳评定的研究报道甚少。本文以高速列车用典型焊接接头为基本研究对象,以热点应力理论为基础,对焊接接头热点应力有限元计算方法与影响因素进行了系统研究,并测试了我国高速列车用新型材料焊接接头疲劳性能数据,建立高速列车焊接结构热点应力疲劳评定的基础;研究使用热点应力进行高速列车焊接结构疲劳评定的方法。论文主要进行了以下方面的研究工作:
1、建立典型焊接接头有限元模型,解决了热点应力中有限元计算的单元划分方法与外推方法,分析不同承载条件下的热点应力计算方法和热点应力集中系数。
2、分析了对接接头焊缝高度和底板厚度与角接接头焊缝尺寸、底板厚度、角接角度及立板厚度等几何参数对热点应力集中系数的影响;提出采用热点应力特征量来描述焊接接头几何参数变化对热点应力集中系数的影响;研究了载荷形式对焊接接头热点应力的影响。
3、试验研究了高速列车用结构钢与铝合金焊接接头名义应力及热点应力疲劳性能,得到了AQ400NH钢、SMA490BW钢以及铝合金6005三种材质对接与角接接头的名义应力S-N曲线,结合相应接头形式的热点应力集中系数,得到相应焊接接头的热点应力S-N曲线。这些焊接接头热点应力疲劳性能,为开展高速列车焊接结构热点应力疲劳评定提供了基础数据。
4、根据UIC615-4规程,计算高速转向架焊接构架上的名义应力进行疲劳强度评定;又以构架横向止挡座与侧梁上盖板连接部、牵引拉杆座与横梁下盖板连接部两处典型角接接头为研究对象,采用子模型方法将关键部位从整体结构中分离并建立实体模型进行分析,通过对带孔的槽钢子模型的计算分析,验证了子模型方法的正确性,因此实现了对焊接构架进行热点应力疲劳评定。
5、根据铝合金6005车体牵引梁与盖板连接部、抗蛇行减振器座与车体底架连接部实测名义应力谱,计算其等效名义应力幅。通过该部位焊接接头热点应力特征量,计算等效热点应力幅,以此判定其热点应力疲劳强度,建立高速铝合金车体的热点应力疲劳评定方法。
The railway transportation in China is developing quickly with the aims that are high-speed,heavy load and light weight.This will cause much more requirements for the fatigue strength of the vehicle.The bogie frames and carbodies which belong to the raised-speed and high-speed vehicle are made from welded steel plate and aluminium alloy plate.This help reducing sole weight of the vehicle widely.However,raised speed, heavier load and duplicated forms of welded joints will make the load-bearing condition formidable for the vehicle.At the same time,various new materials are applied by bogie frames and carbodies continiously.Fatigue breakdown is the primary form of the welded structures under alternating load,and the mainly parts which breakdown are the welded joints.Therefore,the fatigue strength of welded joints confines the operating safety of the vehicle and researching fatigue evaluation approach becomes more important.The traditional nominal stress method is the main fatigue evaluation approach abroad.And the nominal stress is the most important approach while determine the fatigue strength of welded structure and carbody in our country.However, existing nominal stress approach of welded joint ignores the variety of welding details. The nominal stress will be difficult to be determined while the welding details are complicated,or some welding details do not belong to traditional welded joint. Consequently,the more reliable approach must to be brought forward on the basis that nominal stress S-N curve is got.
Hot spot stress(HSS) approach is more applicable for high-speed vehicle fatigue evaluation,because its evaluation result is independent on the welding details and load form.Evaluation result by HSS is closer to real stress of welded joint than nominal stress approach;the result is much more exact and reliable therefore.Reports about fatigue evaluation by HSS for high-speed vehicle are quite few.In this paper,HSS calculation method by finite element and influencing factors are studied by the numbers. During this process,the welded joint belongs to high-speed car is the basis studying object,and the HSS theory is the basis flat.The fatigue capability data of new material welded joints applied for high-speed car are tested,which is the foundation for high-speed car fatigue evaluation by HSS approach.The fatigue evaluation by HSS approach for high-speed car is studied.The main research works in this paper are as follows:
1.Finite element model of typical weled joint is constituted;the element size and extrapolating method are resolved.The HSS calculation method and HSS concentration factor under different load form are analyzed.
2.Geometry factors and welding details which maybe influence the HSS concentration factor are analyzed.The factors are:for butt joint,there are the height of welding seam and plate thickness,and for fillet welded joint,there are the size of welding seam,plate thickness,welding angle and erect board thickness.HSS eigenvalue is brought forward which is used to describe the influence to HSS concentration factor caused by geometry factors and welding details.Influence from load form is calculated.
3.The nominal stress S-N and HSS S-N for fillet welded joint and butt joint of AQ400NH steel,SMA490BW steel and aluminum alloy 6005 are got.These three materials are applied to high-speed car in China.The fatigue capability data provide the basis for fatigue evaluation by HSS for high-speed vehicle.
4.In practical application item,UIC615-4 Code is applied for analyzing the complete welded AQ400NH bogie frame by finite element method.And the bogie frame fatigue strength is evaluated by nominal stress.As the studid objects,two typical fillet welded joints which are connection area beween side beam top cover plate and lateral stopper of bogie frame and connection area beween lateral beam bottom cover plate and traction bar support, are evaluated by HSS approach.During the analysis,the sub-model technology is applied to separate the fillet parts from whole model,then the solid element models are established.On the basis of analysizing the box iron with rectangle hole,the sub-model method is validated.Then the fatigue evaluation by HSS approach for welded bogie frame is achieved.
5.According to tested nominal stress spectrum of connection area beween cover plate and traction beam of carbody,and the nominal stress spectrum of connection area beween underframe of carbody and unti-hunting damper support,the equivalent HSS spectru are got by HSS eigenvalue of these two parts.Using HSS spectrum,the HSS fatigue strength can be evaluated.The fatigue evaluation by HSS approach for high-speed aluminium alloy car body is established then.
引文
[1]霍立兴.焊接结构的断裂行为及评定.北京.机械工业出版社.2000.6
[2]孙志雄.焊接断裂力学.西安.西北工业大学出版社.1994
[3]赵少汴.王忠保.抗疲劳设计.北京.机械工业出版社.1997.3
[4]程育仁,缪龙秀,候炳麟.疲劳强度.北京.中国铁道出版社.1990
[5]徐灏.疲劳强度设计.北京.机械工业出版社.1981
[6][美]S.Suresh著.王光中等译.材料的疲劳.北京.国防工业出版社.1998
[7]J.T.巴恩比著.曾春华译.疲劳.北京.科学出版社.1984
[8]曾春华,邹十践.疲劳分析方法及应用.北京.国防工业出版社.1991
[9]胡毓仁,陈伯真.船舶及海洋工程结构安全可靠性分析.北京.人民交通出版社.1996
[10]Sugimoto Ichiro,Ichikawa Atsushi.Study to Extend the Fatigue Life of Welded Railway Bridges.Quarterly Report of Railway Technical Research Institute(Japan).1999.40(2).74-79
[11]G.Albrecht,D.Kosteas,钢桥焊接构件疲劳寿命预测.同济大学学报.2001.29(1).45-49
[12]Iida.k.Fatigue Failure of Steam Generator Tube in PWR Plant.Welding in the World.1995.35(2).97-109
[13]周殿买.焊接对转向架疲劳寿命影响的探讨.铁道车辆.2005.43(5).30-32
[14]朱国纲,卞兆盛.提高人字闸门焊接接头疲劳强度的探讨.水运工程.2000.(9).40-42
[15]王文先.低相变点焊条及其在改善焊接接头疲劳性能中的应用研究.天津.天津大学博士学位论文.2002.2-3
[16]周胜利,林亚潮.高速铁路钢桥的疲劳问题及构造处理.国外桥梁.1996.(3):38-45
[17]钱立新.世界高速铁路技术.北京.中国铁道出版社.2003
[18]铁道部运输局,北京交通大学机电学院.时速200km/h及以上动车组运用检修培训讲义.北京.2007
[19]铁道科学研究院高速铁路技术研究组编.高速铁路技术.北京.中国铁道出版社.2005
[20]李志轩.铝合金在机车车辆上的应用.电力机车技术.1999.(3):17-18
[21]刘岩苗彦英.试论铝合金车辆的发展及其应用前景.铁道车辆.1994.7
[22]Hobbacher A.Recommendations on fatigue of welded components.IIW Document ⅫⅠ-1539-96/XV-845-96.Cambridge:Abington Publishing.1996
[23]American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials(AASHTO).Standard specifications for highway bridges,16th ed.Washington,D.C.American Association of State Highway Officials.1996
[24]Japanese Society of Steel Construction.Fatigue design recommendations for steel structures [English Version].Tokyo:JSSC,JSSC Technical Report No.32.1995
[25]Hobbacher A.Stress intensity factors of welded joints.Eng Fract Mech 1993.46(2):173-82.
[26]Hobbacher A.Stress intensity factors of welded joints.Eng Fract Mech 1993.49(2):323
[27]Van Wingerde AM,Packer JA,Wardenier J.Criteria for the fatigue assessment of hollow structural section connections.Journal of Construction and Steel Research.1995.(35):71-115
[28][日]西田正孝著.李安定等译.应力集中.北京.机械工业出版社.1983
[29]田锡唐.焊接结构.北京.机械工业出版社.1982
[30]马建民.焊接缺陷对铝合金焊接接头疲劳性能的影响.材料开发与应用.2003.18(6):31-34
[31]郑州机械研究所.焊接接头疲劳强度研究.技术资料—总技术报告.机械电子工业部.1988
[32]Eurocode 3.Design of steel structures.Part 1-1:general rulesand rules for buildings.ENV 1993-1-1.European Committee forStandardisation.1992.
[33]Fatigue design and assessment of steel structures.BS 7608.London:British Standards Institution.1993.
[34]Offshore installations:guidance on design and construction.London:Department of Energy.HMSO.1990.
[35]Fatigue design of welded joints and components,recommendations of IIW.ⅫⅠ-1539-96/XV-845-96.Cambridge:Abington Publishing.1996.
[36]Structural welding code-steel.ANSI/AWS D 1.1-86.AmericanWelding Society.1986
[37]IIW-Doc 693-81:Design recommendation for cyclic loaded welded steel structures.Weld World 1982.20(7/8):153-165
[38]Eurocode 3:Common uniform rules for steel structures(German).Publ EEC Commission,Brussels,and Stahlbau-Verlagsgesellschaft.Krln.1984
[39]ECCS-TC6-Fatigue:Recommendation for the fatigue design of steel structures.Europ Convention.Constructional Steelwork.Brussels.1985.Publ Schweizer Zentralstelle f Stahlbau,Z(u|¨)rich,1987
[40]冶金工业出版社主编.钢结构设计规范.北京.中国建筑工业出版社.1975
[41]DS952:Specification for welding metallic materials in private works(German).Publ Deutche Bundesbahn.Hannover/Minden.1977
[42]Hobbacher.A Recommendations for Fatigue Design of Welded Joints and Components.IIW Document ⅩⅢ-1539-96/XV-845-96.Update June 2002
[43]Niemi E,Marquis G.Introduction to the structural stress approach to fatigue analysis of plate structures.Proceedings of the IIW Fatigue Seminar.Tokyo Institute of Technology.2002.73-90
[44]W.Kloth.Atlas of the Stress Fields in Structural Components.Publ Verlag Staheisen.1961
[45]E.Haibach.The Fatigue Strength of Welded Joints from the Point of View of Local Strain Measurement.LBF Report FB-77.Publ Lab.1968
[46]Radaj D.Assessments of strength Vol I and Ⅱ(German).D(?)sseldorf.Publ DVS-Verlag.1974
[47]O C Zienkiewicz.The finite element method in structural and continuum mechanics.London.Publ McGraw-Hill.1967
[48]R H Gallagher.Finite element analysis fundamentals.Publ Prentice-Hall.Englewood Cliffs.NJ.1975
[49]H R Schwarz.The finite lelement method(German).Stuttgart.Publ Teubner Verlag.1980
[50]Maddox S J.Calculation the fatigue strength of a welded joint using fracture mechanics.Met Con.1970.17(8):327～331
[51]Maddox S J.Assessing the significance of flaws in welds subject to fatigue.Weld J.1974.53(9):401～09
[52]Maddox S J.Analysis of fatigue cracks in fillet welded joints.Int J Fract.1975.11(2):221～243
[53]Maddox S J.The effect of mean stress on fatigue crack propagation-a literature review.Int J Fract.1975.11(3):389～408
[54]Maddox S J and Webber D.Fatigue crack propagation in aluminium-zinc-magnesium alloy fillet welded joints.Publ ASTM STP 648.1978
[55]Hobbacher A.The service fatigue strength of welded joints considered on a fracture-mechanical basis(German).Arch Eisenhutt.1977.48(2):109～114
[56]Haibach E.Questions concerning the fatigue strength of welded joints considered form a conventional and a fracture-mechanical point of view(German).Schw Schn 1977.29(4):140～142
[57]Franke L.Damage accumulation rule for dynamically loaded materials and components(German).Bauing 1985 60:271～279
[58]Heitmann H H,Vehoff Hand Neumann P.Life prediction for random load fatigue based on the growth behaviour of microcracks.Proc int conf on fracture.Oxford,publ Pergamon Press.1985
[59]Neumann P,Heimann H H and Vehoff H.Damage accumulation for random loading(German).Fatigue of metallic materials.Oberursel.publ Deutsche Gesellschaftf(?)r Metallkunde.1985
[60]Christman T,Suresh S.Crack initiation under far field cyclic compression and the study of short fatigue cracks.Eng Fract Mech.1986.23(6):953-964
[61]Leis B N,Hopper A T,Ahmad J Broek D and Kanninen M F.Critical review of the fatigue growth of short cracks.Eng Fract Mech.1986.23(5):883～898
[62]Smith I F,Smith R A.Defects and crack shape development in fillet weld joints.Fat Eng Mat Struct.1982.5(2):151～165
[63]Smith I F,Smith R A.Fatigue crack growth in a fillet welded joint.Eng Fract Mech. 1983.18(4):861-869
[64]Smith I F,Smtih R A.Measuring fatigue cracks in fillet welded joints.Int J Fat.1982.4(1):41-45
[65]王忠,张开林,魏朔.机车减振器座焊缝疲劳的热点应力分析.内燃机车.2006.8:12-14
[66]张开林.基于热点应力法的转向架构架疲劳寿命工程评定方法。机车电传动.2006.5:8-10
[67]Huther M,Henry J.Recommendation for hot spot stress denition in welded joints.IIW Document,IIW-IIS doc ⅩⅢ 1416-91.1991.
[68]Yagi J,Machida S,Tomida Y,Matoba M,Kawasaki T.Denition of hot spot stress in welded plate type structure for fatigue assessment(First Report).Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Japan.1991.169:311-8[in Japanese].
[69]Iida K.Application of hot spot strain concept to fatigue life prediction.IIW-Doc-ⅫⅠ-1103-83
[70]PD6493.Guidance on methods for assessing the acceptability of flaws in fusion welded structures..British Standards Institute.1991
[71]De Back J.The design aspects and fatigue behaviour of tubular joints Proceedings of the Third International ECSC Offshore Conference on Steel in Marine Structures.Amsterdam.Noordhoek C.1987:205-24
[72]Iida K.Application of the hot spot strain concept to fatigue life prediction.Welding in the world 1984.22(9/10):222-47
[73]E.Niemi.Structural Stress Approach to Fatigue Analysis of Welded Components.IIW Document ⅫⅠ-1819-00/ⅩⅤ-1090-01/ⅫⅠ-WG3-06-99.Last modified August 11.2001
[74]李华明.海洋平台管节点的热点应力测量.振动、测试与诊断.1991.11(3):24-29
[75](美)W.J.戈雷夫著.寇炳国译.海上固定式平台的设计制造和安装.北京.机械工业出版社.1986
[76]J.A.Packer.J.E.Henderson.空心管结构连接设计指南.北京.科学出版社.1997
[77][德]D.拉达伊著.郑朝云等译.焊接结构疲劳强度.北京.机械工业出版社.1994
[78]UK-DoE-T.Offshore Installations-Guidance on Design and Construction.London:Publ United Kingdom Dept of Energy.1981
[79]Iida.K.Application of Hot Spot Strain Concept to Fatigue Life Prediction.IIW Document ⅫⅠ-941-80
[80]王春光,李少甫.石永久.焊接钢管节点热点应力集中系数参数方程的适用性研究.工程力学.1999.16(6):44-52
[81]L.A.beale,A.A.Toprac.Analysis of In-Plane T,Y and K Welded Tubular Connection.Welding Reasearch Council Bulletin.No.125.1967
[82]J.B.Reber.Ultimate Strength Design of Tubular Joints.OTC 1644.1972
[83]Tokuya.Y.Noboru.Y.Studies of Stress Concentration and Tolerances for Weld Defect in Full-Scale Tubular Joints.OTC3692.1980
[84]W.Visser.On the Structural Design of Tubular Joints.OTC2117.1997
[85]A.B.Potvin.J.G.Kuang.Stress Concentration in Tubular Joints.Society of Petroleum Engineering Journal.1977
[86]M.B.Gibstein.Parameter Stress Analysis ofT Joints.EOSRS:26.1978
[87]A.C.Wordsworth,G..P.Smedley.Stress Concentration at Unstiffened Tubular Joints.EOSERS:31.1978
[88]M.Eflhymiou.S.Durkin.Stress Concentration in T/Y and Gap/Overlap K-joints.Behavior of Offshore Structures.Delft.The Netherlands.1985
[89]A.K.Hellier,M.P.Connolly.Stress Concentration Factors for Tubular Y and T Joints.Int.J.Fatigne.12(1).1990
[90]P.Smedley.P.Fisher.Stess Concentration Factros for Simple Tubular Joints.Proceeding of the First International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference.1991
[91]E.Niemi.Structural Stress Approach to Fatigue Analysis of Welded Components.IIW Document ⅫⅠ-1819-00/ⅩⅤ-1090-01/ⅫⅠ-WG3-06-99.Last modified August 11.2001
[92]Maddox S J.Hot Spot Fatigue Data for Welded Steel and Aluminium as a Basis for Desing.IIW DocumentXIII- 1900-01
[93]W.Fricke.R.Bogdan.Determination of Hot Spot Stress in Structural Members with in-plane Notches Using a Coarse Element Mesh.IIW Document ⅫⅠ-1870-01
[94]贾法勇.不锈钢与铝合金焊接接头疲劳评定的热点应力方法及局部法研究.天津.天津大学博士学位论文.2004
[95]Ling J,Pan J.A maximum likelihood method for estimating P-S-N curves.International Journal of Fatigue.1997.19(5):415-419
[96]李强,王文静等.转K2制动梁用材料S60D疲劳强度试验报告.北京交通大学
[97]Inge.Lotsberg.Fatigue Design of Plated Structures Using Finite Element Analysis.Woodhead Publishing Ltd..SAOS 2006.1(1).45-54
[98]Inge Lotsberg,Beregning av utmattingslevetid ved hjelp av element metoden.DNV Stalmat Forum.23 November 2004
[99]BY S.W.KANG and W.S.KIM.A Proposed S-N Curve for Welded Ship Structures,Welding Research.Supplement to the welding journal.Sponsored by the Amercian Welding Socity(AWS)and the Welding Research Council(WRC).July 2003.161-163
[100]P.Dong,A Robust Structural Stress Method for Fatigue Analysis of Offshore/Marine Structures.Transaction of the ASME.127(68).February 2005.70-72
[117]Tanaka T.Data-Base on Fatigue Strength and Statistical Distribution Characteristics of Fatigue Life and Fatigue Strength.Fatigue 84(2):177-184
[101]周江峰.209HS型转向架焊接构架角焊缝十字接头疲劳寿命及可靠性评估.北京.北方交通大学硕士学位论文.2000
[102]项彬等.铁路常用采用Goodman疲劳极限线图的绘制与应用.北京.中国铁道科学,2002.23(4).72-73
[103]UIC Code 615-4(O).动车转向架构架试验.铁道部标准计量研究所.北京.1994.1.9-16
[104]徐芝纶.弹性力学.北京.高等教育出版社.1996
[105]张允真,曹富新.弹性力学及其有限元法.北京.中国铁道出版社.1983
[106]王勖成,邵敏.有限单元法基本原理和数值方法.北京.清华大学出版社.1995
[107][美]Saeed Moaveni著,王崧,董春敏,金云平等译.有限元分析—ANSYS理论与应用.北京.电子工业出版社.2005
[108][美]Daryl L.Logan著,伍义生,吴永礼等译.有限元方法基础教程.北京.电子工业出版社.2003
[109]谢绒娜.200km/h客车转向架动态载荷系数识别.北京.北方交通大学:硕士学位论文.2002
[110]文祥荣,缪龙秀.由实测应变响应识别结构动态载荷.:铁道学报.2000.22(6):36-39
[111]石长伟,刘志明,缪龙秀.有限元法在载荷识别中的应用.铁道机车车辆.2006.26(5):30-32
[112]徐其瑞.机车车辆转向架应力谱处理与频谱分析系统软件开发.北京.北方交通大学:硕士学位论文.1999
[113]郑州机械研究所.疲劳累积损伤规律研究课题技术资料.1991
[114]高镇同.疲劳性能测试.北京.国防工业出版社.1985
[115]徐灏.机械设计手册,第二卷:疲劳强度设计(11).北京.机械工业出版社.1991
[116]徐灏.机械设计手册,第二卷:可靠性设计(13).北京.机械工业出版社.1991
[2]孙志雄.焊接断裂力学.西安.西北工业大学出版社.1994
[3]赵少汴.王忠保.抗疲劳设计.北京.机械工业出版社.1997.3
[4]程育仁,缪龙秀,候炳麟.疲劳强度.北京.中国铁道出版社.1990
[5]徐灏.疲劳强度设计.北京.机械工业出版社.1981
[6][美]S.Suresh著.王光中等译.材料的疲劳.北京.国防工业出版社.1998
[7]J.T.巴恩比著.曾春华译.疲劳.北京.科学出版社.1984
[8]曾春华,邹十践.疲劳分析方法及应用.北京.国防工业出版社.1991
[9]胡毓仁,陈伯真.船舶及海洋工程结构安全可靠性分析.北京.人民交通出版社.1996
[10]Sugimoto Ichiro,Ichikawa Atsushi.Study to Extend the Fatigue Life of Welded Railway Bridges.Quarterly Report of Railway Technical Research Institute(Japan).1999.40(2).74-79
[11]G.Albrecht,D.Kosteas,钢桥焊接构件疲劳寿命预测.同济大学学报.2001.29(1).45-49
[12]Iida.k.Fatigue Failure of Steam Generator Tube in PWR Plant.Welding in the World.1995.35(2).97-109
[13]周殿买.焊接对转向架疲劳寿命影响的探讨.铁道车辆.2005.43(5).30-32
[14]朱国纲,卞兆盛.提高人字闸门焊接接头疲劳强度的探讨.水运工程.2000.(9).40-42
[15]王文先.低相变点焊条及其在改善焊接接头疲劳性能中的应用研究.天津.天津大学博士学位论文.2002.2-3
[16]周胜利,林亚潮.高速铁路钢桥的疲劳问题及构造处理.国外桥梁.1996.(3):38-45
[17]钱立新.世界高速铁路技术.北京.中国铁道出版社.2003
[18]铁道部运输局,北京交通大学机电学院.时速200km/h及以上动车组运用检修培训讲义.北京.2007
[19]铁道科学研究院高速铁路技术研究组编.高速铁路技术.北京.中国铁道出版社.2005
[20]李志轩.铝合金在机车车辆上的应用.电力机车技术.1999.(3):17-18
[21]刘岩苗彦英.试论铝合金车辆的发展及其应用前景.铁道车辆.1994.7
[22]Hobbacher A.Recommendations on fatigue of welded components.IIW Document ⅫⅠ-1539-96/XV-845-96.Cambridge:Abington Publishing.1996
[23]American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials(AASHTO).Standard specifications for highway bridges,16th ed.Washington,D.C.American Association of State Highway Officials.1996
[24]Japanese Society of Steel Construction.Fatigue design recommendations for steel structures [English Version].Tokyo:JSSC,JSSC Technical Report No.32.1995
[25]Hobbacher A.Stress intensity factors of welded joints.Eng Fract Mech 1993.46(2):173-82.
[26]Hobbacher A.Stress intensity factors of welded joints.Eng Fract Mech 1993.49(2):323
[27]Van Wingerde AM,Packer JA,Wardenier J.Criteria for the fatigue assessment of hollow structural section connections.Journal of Construction and Steel Research.1995.(35):71-115
[28][日]西田正孝著.李安定等译.应力集中.北京.机械工业出版社.1983
[29]田锡唐.焊接结构.北京.机械工业出版社.1982
[30]马建民.焊接缺陷对铝合金焊接接头疲劳性能的影响.材料开发与应用.2003.18(6):31-34
[31]郑州机械研究所.焊接接头疲劳强度研究.技术资料—总技术报告.机械电子工业部.1988
[32]Eurocode 3.Design of steel structures.Part 1-1:general rulesand rules for buildings.ENV 1993-1-1.European Committee forStandardisation.1992.
[33]Fatigue design and assessment of steel structures.BS 7608.London:British Standards Institution.1993.
[34]Offshore installations:guidance on design and construction.London:Department of Energy.HMSO.1990.
[35]Fatigue design of welded joints and components,recommendations of IIW.ⅫⅠ-1539-96/XV-845-96.Cambridge:Abington Publishing.1996.
[36]Structural welding code-steel.ANSI/AWS D 1.1-86.AmericanWelding Society.1986
[37]IIW-Doc 693-81:Design recommendation for cyclic loaded welded steel structures.Weld World 1982.20(7/8):153-165
[38]Eurocode 3:Common uniform rules for steel structures(German).Publ EEC Commission,Brussels,and Stahlbau-Verlagsgesellschaft.Krln.1984
[39]ECCS-TC6-Fatigue:Recommendation for the fatigue design of steel structures.Europ Convention.Constructional Steelwork.Brussels.1985.Publ Schweizer Zentralstelle f Stahlbau,Z(u|¨)rich,1987
[40]冶金工业出版社主编.钢结构设计规范.北京.中国建筑工业出版社.1975
[41]DS952:Specification for welding metallic materials in private works(German).Publ Deutche Bundesbahn.Hannover/Minden.1977
[42]Hobbacher.A Recommendations for Fatigue Design of Welded Joints and Components.IIW Document ⅩⅢ-1539-96/XV-845-96.Update June 2002
[43]Niemi E,Marquis G.Introduction to the structural stress approach to fatigue analysis of plate structures.Proceedings of the IIW Fatigue Seminar.Tokyo Institute of Technology.2002.73-90
[44]W.Kloth.Atlas of the Stress Fields in Structural Components.Publ Verlag Staheisen.1961
[45]E.Haibach.The Fatigue Strength of Welded Joints from the Point of View of Local Strain Measurement.LBF Report FB-77.Publ Lab.1968
[46]Radaj D.Assessments of strength Vol I and Ⅱ(German).D(?)sseldorf.Publ DVS-Verlag.1974
[47]O C Zienkiewicz.The finite element method in structural and continuum mechanics.London.Publ McGraw-Hill.1967
[48]R H Gallagher.Finite element analysis fundamentals.Publ Prentice-Hall.Englewood Cliffs.NJ.1975
[49]H R Schwarz.The finite lelement method(German).Stuttgart.Publ Teubner Verlag.1980
[50]Maddox S J.Calculation the fatigue strength of a welded joint using fracture mechanics.Met Con.1970.17(8):327～331
[51]Maddox S J.Assessing the significance of flaws in welds subject to fatigue.Weld J.1974.53(9):401～09
[52]Maddox S J.Analysis of fatigue cracks in fillet welded joints.Int J Fract.1975.11(2):221～243
[53]Maddox S J.The effect of mean stress on fatigue crack propagation-a literature review.Int J Fract.1975.11(3):389～408
[54]Maddox S J and Webber D.Fatigue crack propagation in aluminium-zinc-magnesium alloy fillet welded joints.Publ ASTM STP 648.1978
[55]Hobbacher A.The service fatigue strength of welded joints considered on a fracture-mechanical basis(German).Arch Eisenhutt.1977.48(2):109～114
[56]Haibach E.Questions concerning the fatigue strength of welded joints considered form a conventional and a fracture-mechanical point of view(German).Schw Schn 1977.29(4):140～142
[57]Franke L.Damage accumulation rule for dynamically loaded materials and components(German).Bauing 1985 60:271～279
[58]Heitmann H H,Vehoff Hand Neumann P.Life prediction for random load fatigue based on the growth behaviour of microcracks.Proc int conf on fracture.Oxford,publ Pergamon Press.1985
[59]Neumann P,Heimann H H and Vehoff H.Damage accumulation for random loading(German).Fatigue of metallic materials.Oberursel.publ Deutsche Gesellschaftf(?)r Metallkunde.1985
[60]Christman T,Suresh S.Crack initiation under far field cyclic compression and the study of short fatigue cracks.Eng Fract Mech.1986.23(6):953-964
[61]Leis B N,Hopper A T,Ahmad J Broek D and Kanninen M F.Critical review of the fatigue growth of short cracks.Eng Fract Mech.1986.23(5):883～898
[62]Smith I F,Smith R A.Defects and crack shape development in fillet weld joints.Fat Eng Mat Struct.1982.5(2):151～165
[63]Smith I F,Smith R A.Fatigue crack growth in a fillet welded joint.Eng Fract Mech. 1983.18(4):861-869
[64]Smith I F,Smtih R A.Measuring fatigue cracks in fillet welded joints.Int J Fat.1982.4(1):41-45
[65]王忠,张开林,魏朔.机车减振器座焊缝疲劳的热点应力分析.内燃机车.2006.8:12-14
[66]张开林.基于热点应力法的转向架构架疲劳寿命工程评定方法。机车电传动.2006.5:8-10
[67]Huther M,Henry J.Recommendation for hot spot stress denition in welded joints.IIW Document,IIW-IIS doc ⅩⅢ 1416-91.1991.
[68]Yagi J,Machida S,Tomida Y,Matoba M,Kawasaki T.Denition of hot spot stress in welded plate type structure for fatigue assessment(First Report).Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Japan.1991.169:311-8[in Japanese].
[69]Iida K.Application of hot spot strain concept to fatigue life prediction.IIW-Doc-ⅫⅠ-1103-83
[70]PD6493.Guidance on methods for assessing the acceptability of flaws in fusion welded structures..British Standards Institute.1991
[71]De Back J.The design aspects and fatigue behaviour of tubular joints Proceedings of the Third International ECSC Offshore Conference on Steel in Marine Structures.Amsterdam.Noordhoek C.1987:205-24
[72]Iida K.Application of the hot spot strain concept to fatigue life prediction.Welding in the world 1984.22(9/10):222-47
[73]E.Niemi.Structural Stress Approach to Fatigue Analysis of Welded Components.IIW Document ⅫⅠ-1819-00/ⅩⅤ-1090-01/ⅫⅠ-WG3-06-99.Last modified August 11.2001
[74]李华明.海洋平台管节点的热点应力测量.振动、测试与诊断.1991.11(3):24-29
[75](美)W.J.戈雷夫著.寇炳国译.海上固定式平台的设计制造和安装.北京.机械工业出版社.1986
[76]J.A.Packer.J.E.Henderson.空心管结构连接设计指南.北京.科学出版社.1997
[77][德]D.拉达伊著.郑朝云等译.焊接结构疲劳强度.北京.机械工业出版社.1994
[78]UK-DoE-T.Offshore Installations-Guidance on Design and Construction.London:Publ United Kingdom Dept of Energy.1981
[79]Iida.K.Application of Hot Spot Strain Concept to Fatigue Life Prediction.IIW Document ⅫⅠ-941-80
[80]王春光,李少甫.石永久.焊接钢管节点热点应力集中系数参数方程的适用性研究.工程力学.1999.16(6):44-52
[81]L.A.beale,A.A.Toprac.Analysis of In-Plane T,Y and K Welded Tubular Connection.Welding Reasearch Council Bulletin.No.125.1967
[82]J.B.Reber.Ultimate Strength Design of Tubular Joints.OTC 1644.1972
[83]Tokuya.Y.Noboru.Y.Studies of Stress Concentration and Tolerances for Weld Defect in Full-Scale Tubular Joints.OTC3692.1980
[84]W.Visser.On the Structural Design of Tubular Joints.OTC2117.1997
[85]A.B.Potvin.J.G.Kuang.Stress Concentration in Tubular Joints.Society of Petroleum Engineering Journal.1977
[86]M.B.Gibstein.Parameter Stress Analysis ofT Joints.EOSRS:26.1978
[87]A.C.Wordsworth,G..P.Smedley.Stress Concentration at Unstiffened Tubular Joints.EOSERS:31.1978
[88]M.Eflhymiou.S.Durkin.Stress Concentration in T/Y and Gap/Overlap K-joints.Behavior of Offshore Structures.Delft.The Netherlands.1985
[89]A.K.Hellier,M.P.Connolly.Stress Concentration Factors for Tubular Y and T Joints.Int.J.Fatigne.12(1).1990
[90]P.Smedley.P.Fisher.Stess Concentration Factros for Simple Tubular Joints.Proceeding of the First International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference.1991
[91]E.Niemi.Structural Stress Approach to Fatigue Analysis of Welded Components.IIW Document ⅫⅠ-1819-00/ⅩⅤ-1090-01/ⅫⅠ-WG3-06-99.Last modified August 11.2001
[92]Maddox S J.Hot Spot Fatigue Data for Welded Steel and Aluminium as a Basis for Desing.IIW DocumentXIII- 1900-01
[93]W.Fricke.R.Bogdan.Determination of Hot Spot Stress in Structural Members with in-plane Notches Using a Coarse Element Mesh.IIW Document ⅫⅠ-1870-01
[94]贾法勇.不锈钢与铝合金焊接接头疲劳评定的热点应力方法及局部法研究.天津.天津大学博士学位论文.2004
[95]Ling J,Pan J.A maximum likelihood method for estimating P-S-N curves.International Journal of Fatigue.1997.19(5):415-419
[96]李强,王文静等.转K2制动梁用材料S60D疲劳强度试验报告.北京交通大学
[97]Inge.Lotsberg.Fatigue Design of Plated Structures Using Finite Element Analysis.Woodhead Publishing Ltd..SAOS 2006.1(1).45-54
[98]Inge Lotsberg,Beregning av utmattingslevetid ved hjelp av element metoden.DNV Stalmat Forum.23 November 2004
[99]BY S.W.KANG and W.S.KIM.A Proposed S-N Curve for Welded Ship Structures,Welding Research.Supplement to the welding journal.Sponsored by the Amercian Welding Socity(AWS)and the Welding Research Council(WRC).July 2003.161-163
[100]P.Dong,A Robust Structural Stress Method for Fatigue Analysis of Offshore/Marine Structures.Transaction of the ASME.127(68).February 2005.70-72
[117]Tanaka T.Data-Base on Fatigue Strength and Statistical Distribution Characteristics of Fatigue Life and Fatigue Strength.Fatigue 84(2):177-184
[101]周江峰.209HS型转向架焊接构架角焊缝十字接头疲劳寿命及可靠性评估.北京.北方交通大学硕士学位论文.2000
[102]项彬等.铁路常用采用Goodman疲劳极限线图的绘制与应用.北京.中国铁道科学,2002.23(4).72-73
[103]UIC Code 615-4(O).动车转向架构架试验.铁道部标准计量研究所.北京.1994.1.9-16
[104]徐芝纶.弹性力学.北京.高等教育出版社.1996
[105]张允真,曹富新.弹性力学及其有限元法.北京.中国铁道出版社.1983
[106]王勖成,邵敏.有限单元法基本原理和数值方法.北京.清华大学出版社.1995
[107][美]Saeed Moaveni著,王崧,董春敏,金云平等译.有限元分析—ANSYS理论与应用.北京.电子工业出版社.2005
[108][美]Daryl L.Logan著,伍义生,吴永礼等译.有限元方法基础教程.北京.电子工业出版社.2003
[109]谢绒娜.200km/h客车转向架动态载荷系数识别.北京.北方交通大学:硕士学位论文.2002
[110]文祥荣,缪龙秀.由实测应变响应识别结构动态载荷.:铁道学报.2000.22(6):36-39
[111]石长伟,刘志明,缪龙秀.有限元法在载荷识别中的应用.铁道机车车辆.2006.26(5):30-32
[112]徐其瑞.机车车辆转向架应力谱处理与频谱分析系统软件开发.北京.北方交通大学:硕士学位论文.1999
[113]郑州机械研究所.疲劳累积损伤规律研究课题技术资料.1991
[114]高镇同.疲劳性能测试.北京.国防工业出版社.1985
[115]徐灏.机械设计手册,第二卷:疲劳强度设计(11).北京.机械工业出版社.1991
[116]徐灏.机械设计手册,第二卷:可靠性设计(13).北京.机械工业出版社.1991