论美国《统一商法典·担保交易编》一九九九年的修改——兼评我国担保法制的完善
摘要
作者在总结美国担保法发展规律和剖析修订版的发展变化并考察了我国担保法的主要缺陷及其成因的基础上，针对在完善我国担保法制的过程中如何借鉴美国担保法发展的成功经验提出了自己的建议。
文章首先简要介绍了统一商法典一九九九年修订以前美国的担保交易制度的历史沿革、体例结构和主要内容并概括了其特点。
其次，通过对修改前后担保交易制度之变化的纵向考察，笔者揭示了美国担保法在担保的适用范围、生效要件、申请登记以及违约和强制执行等制度上的最新发展。
再次，文章深入剖析了中国现行担保法对融资功能的忽视、担保的商行为性质之缺失以及担保法对效率和效益的忽略等主要缺陷，并且既把当今的时代背景与担保立法的发展和商业担保实践相结合分析了缺陷的现实原因，又站在历史的高度考察了缺陷的法文化成因。
最后，在中关两国担保法制的横向比较研究中，笔者发现，美国统一商法典担保交易制度发展过程中积累的许多经验对于如何完善我国的担保法制不无启示。这里笔者从宏观的立法理念和微观的制度设计两个方面分别论述，宏观上阐述了如何把现实主义的立法需求和理想主义的理论追求有机结合、经济分析法学的合理之处以及法律移植与法律本土化等三个方面的问题；微观上则主要从担保的性质和担保的适用范围两个方面入手分析了美国担保的法发展对完善我国担保的启示。
The author advised that we should draw on the experience of U.S.A. to improve Chinese security law after having studied the rules of evolution of American security law, the new development of the revised security transaction of Uniform Commercial Code(U.C.C.), and the main defects of Chinese security law and their causes.
First, the thesis briefly introduced the history, structure, main comments, and characters of American security system before the year 1999 when the security transaction of U.C.C. was revised.
Second, the latest changes in U.S.A. in the following security systems have been discovered by prepared study of the former and revised version of security transaction of U.C.C. in this paper: the scope of the security transaction of U.C.C., perfection and filing of security interests, and default and enforcement of security agreements.
Third, the writer dissected the defects of the neglect to the efficiency and benefit, financial function, and the commercial nature of security in Chinese security law, and then analyzed both the historical cultural causes and the contemporary backgrounds of legislative and commercial practice.
Last, by comparing American security law with Chinese, the author found that we could get inspiration from American experience that was accumulated in the security legal history to develop the security law of ourselves. The inspiration is constituted of two factors. One is the macroscopic legislative thought, which include the organic combination of the realistic legislative needs and the ideal theatrical pursuit, the rationality of the economic analysis of law, and the relationship of legal transplantation and its assimilation. The other is microscopic designation of security legal system, which consisted of the nature and scope of security.
文章首先简要介绍了统一商法典一九九九年修订以前美国的担保交易制度的历史沿革、体例结构和主要内容并概括了其特点。
其次，通过对修改前后担保交易制度之变化的纵向考察，笔者揭示了美国担保法在担保的适用范围、生效要件、申请登记以及违约和强制执行等制度上的最新发展。
再次，文章深入剖析了中国现行担保法对融资功能的忽视、担保的商行为性质之缺失以及担保法对效率和效益的忽略等主要缺陷，并且既把当今的时代背景与担保立法的发展和商业担保实践相结合分析了缺陷的现实原因，又站在历史的高度考察了缺陷的法文化成因。
最后，在中关两国担保法制的横向比较研究中，笔者发现，美国统一商法典担保交易制度发展过程中积累的许多经验对于如何完善我国的担保法制不无启示。这里笔者从宏观的立法理念和微观的制度设计两个方面分别论述，宏观上阐述了如何把现实主义的立法需求和理想主义的理论追求有机结合、经济分析法学的合理之处以及法律移植与法律本土化等三个方面的问题；微观上则主要从担保的性质和担保的适用范围两个方面入手分析了美国担保的法发展对完善我国担保的启示。
The author advised that we should draw on the experience of U.S.A. to improve Chinese security law after having studied the rules of evolution of American security law, the new development of the revised security transaction of Uniform Commercial Code(U.C.C.), and the main defects of Chinese security law and their causes.
First, the thesis briefly introduced the history, structure, main comments, and characters of American security system before the year 1999 when the security transaction of U.C.C. was revised.
Second, the latest changes in U.S.A. in the following security systems have been discovered by prepared study of the former and revised version of security transaction of U.C.C. in this paper: the scope of the security transaction of U.C.C., perfection and filing of security interests, and default and enforcement of security agreements.
Third, the writer dissected the defects of the neglect to the efficiency and benefit, financial function, and the commercial nature of security in Chinese security law, and then analyzed both the historical cultural causes and the contemporary backgrounds of legislative and commercial practice.
Last, by comparing American security law with Chinese, the author found that we could get inspiration from American experience that was accumulated in the security legal history to develop the security law of ourselves. The inspiration is constituted of two factors. One is the macroscopic legislative thought, which include the organic combination of the realistic legislative needs and the ideal theatrical pursuit, the rationality of the economic analysis of law, and the relationship of legal transplantation and its assimilation. The other is microscopic designation of security legal system, which consisted of the nature and scope of security.
引文
1． THE AMERICAN LAW INSTITUTE and NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF COMMISSIONERS ON UNIFORM STATE LAWS UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE REVISED ARTICLE 9． SECURED TRANSACTIONS WITH COMMENTS COPYRIGHT 1999．
2． THE AMERICAN LAW INSTITUTE and NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF COMMISSIONERS ON UNIFORM STATE LAWS UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE FOURTEENTH EDITION OFFICIAL TEXT-1995 WITH COMMENTS COPYRIGHT 1996．
3． THE AMERICAN LAW INSTITUTE and NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF COMMISSIONERS ON UNIFORM STATE LAWS UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE OFFICIAL TEXT-1972 WITH COMMENTS COPYRIGHT 1973．
4． 1981-1982 GOLD BOOK BENDER PAMPHLET EDITION COMMERCIAL LAW NEW YORK UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE WITH NEW YORK ANNOTATIONS AND OFFICIAL UNIFORM COMMENTS.
5． Permanent Editorial Board for the Uniform Commercial Code, The American Law Institute And National Conference Of Commissioners On Uniform State Laws PEB Report Article 9 Perfection Choice Of Law Analysis Where Revised, Article 9IS Not in Effect in all States by July 1,2001 Published on The Business Lawyer; Vol.56, August 2001 Page 1725 to 1742．
6． JOHN D. ASHCROFT and JANET E. ASHCROFT LAW FOR BUSINESS 13TH EDITION COPYRIGHT 1999, BY WEST EDUCATIONAL
PUBLISHING COMPANY.
7. NIM RAZOOK UNIFORM PRIVATE LAWS, NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF COMMISSIONERS ON UNIFORM STATE LAWS SIGNALING AND FEDERAL PREEMPTION Published on American Business Law Journal; Vol. 38(2000) Page 41 to 97.
8. STEVEN O. WEISE U. C. C. ARTICLE 9: PERSONAL SECURED TRANSACTIONS Published on The Business Lawyer; Vol. 56, August 2001 Page 1835 to 1857.
9. ROBYN L. MEADOWS, CARL S. BJERRE, and STEPHEN L. SEPINUCK THE UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE SURVEY: INTRODUCTION Published on The Business Lawyer; Vol. 56, August 2001 Page 1745 to 1834.
10. DANIEL T. OSTAS POSTMODERN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LAW: EXTENDING THE PRAGMATIC VISIONS OF RICHARD A. POSNER Published on American Business Law Journal; Vol. 36(1998) Page 193 to 238.
11．陈华彬 《物权法原理》 国家行政学院出版社 1998年。
12．谢在全 《民法物权论》(下) 中国政法大学出版社 1999年。
13．孙鹏、肖厚国 《担保法律制度研究》 法律出版社 1998年。
14．潘琪译 《美国统一商法典》 中国对外经济贸易出版社1990年。
2． THE AMERICAN LAW INSTITUTE and NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF COMMISSIONERS ON UNIFORM STATE LAWS UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE FOURTEENTH EDITION OFFICIAL TEXT-1995 WITH COMMENTS COPYRIGHT 1996．
3． THE AMERICAN LAW INSTITUTE and NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF COMMISSIONERS ON UNIFORM STATE LAWS UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE OFFICIAL TEXT-1972 WITH COMMENTS COPYRIGHT 1973．
4． 1981-1982 GOLD BOOK BENDER PAMPHLET EDITION COMMERCIAL LAW NEW YORK UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE WITH NEW YORK ANNOTATIONS AND OFFICIAL UNIFORM COMMENTS.
5． Permanent Editorial Board for the Uniform Commercial Code, The American Law Institute And National Conference Of Commissioners On Uniform State Laws PEB Report Article 9 Perfection Choice Of Law Analysis Where Revised, Article 9IS Not in Effect in all States by July 1,2001 Published on The Business Lawyer; Vol.56, August 2001 Page 1725 to 1742．
6． JOHN D. ASHCROFT and JANET E. ASHCROFT LAW FOR BUSINESS 13TH EDITION COPYRIGHT 1999, BY WEST EDUCATIONAL
PUBLISHING COMPANY.
7. NIM RAZOOK UNIFORM PRIVATE LAWS, NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF COMMISSIONERS ON UNIFORM STATE LAWS SIGNALING AND FEDERAL PREEMPTION Published on American Business Law Journal; Vol. 38(2000) Page 41 to 97.
8. STEVEN O. WEISE U. C. C. ARTICLE 9: PERSONAL SECURED TRANSACTIONS Published on The Business Lawyer; Vol. 56, August 2001 Page 1835 to 1857.
9. ROBYN L. MEADOWS, CARL S. BJERRE, and STEPHEN L. SEPINUCK THE UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE SURVEY: INTRODUCTION Published on The Business Lawyer; Vol. 56, August 2001 Page 1745 to 1834.
10. DANIEL T. OSTAS POSTMODERN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF LAW: EXTENDING THE PRAGMATIC VISIONS OF RICHARD A. POSNER Published on American Business Law Journal; Vol. 36(1998) Page 193 to 238.
11．陈华彬 《物权法原理》 国家行政学院出版社 1998年。
12．谢在全 《民法物权论》(下) 中国政法大学出版社 1999年。
13．孙鹏、肖厚国 《担保法律制度研究》 法律出版社 1998年。
14．潘琪译 《美国统一商法典》 中国对外经济贸易出版社1990年。