负荷独立控制空调系统的研究
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摘要
随着节能要求的逐步提高,建筑物的密封性能越来越好,这样虽然使得建筑物的能量耗散减少,但是同时却忽略了人们对室内环境舒适性的要求,所以如何在提高冷(热)量的利用效率的同时,对室内环境进行优化,是一个十分值得探讨的问题。
研究首先针对办公室的室内环境,利用DeST软件对影响室内负荷大小的各个因素进行分析,进而对负荷进行分类。然后针对不同的负荷,采用负荷独立控制系统,提出利用不同的送风方式对不同的负荷进行处理,一方面利用置换通风对工作区域进行送风,以消除人员及设备散热引起的冷负荷;另一方面在外墙附近采用下送上回式贴附射流,将冷风直接作用于外墙内壁,阻隔围护结构的散热进入工作区域内。利用CFD模拟软件建立一个办公室的数学模型,对该系统的温度场、速度场等进行模拟,研究置换通风和吹贴附射流控制负荷的效果,并对工作环境的舒适性进行评价。
研究结果表明,建筑物的冷负荷大致可以分为围护结构冷负荷和人员及设备冷负荷两类,可以通过不同的方式对他们进行不同的控制和处理;利用贴附射流控制围护结构负荷,可以直接将冷风作用于围护结构之上,将负荷阻挡在工作区域以外,并且不会影响工作区域内的空气品质;置换通风会在室内形成温度分层现象,送风温度较高,空气流速低,新风可以直接进入工作区域,舒适性较好。
As the gradual improvement of the energy conservation requirements and the airtightness of buildings is better designed,the energy dissipation of buildings decreases,but the requirement of the indoor comfort is ignored.Therefore,the problem about how to optimize the indoor environment while improving energy efficiency is well worth studying.
According to indoor environments of the office, use the DeST software to study the classifies of building cooling loads, and uses the system of load independent controlling to control air for different loads with different methods. On one hand, displacement ventilation is used to supply the work area air; on the other hand, the wall attachment jet is adopted to supply cold air at the surface of internal wall directly and isolate the heat dissipation of the exterior protected constructions from working area. A model of the office is built by software CFD to research and analyze the temperature field , velocity field and air age, study the effects of displacement ventilation and wall attachment jet used to control cooling loads, and evaluate the work environment as well.
The results of the study indicates that The cooling load of the building can be roughly divided into two parts: load of exterior protected constructions load of staff, and different ways are adopted to control and work them out.Cold air can be supplied on exterior protected constructions directly without harmful impacts on the air qualities in working area, when wall attachment jet is used to control load of exterior protected constructions.When displacement ventilation is used on work, temperature stratification phenomenon of room shows up, temperature of blow-in is higher, speed of flow is low and outdoor air blows into working area to make it more comfortable directly.
研究首先针对办公室的室内环境,利用DeST软件对影响室内负荷大小的各个因素进行分析,进而对负荷进行分类。然后针对不同的负荷,采用负荷独立控制系统,提出利用不同的送风方式对不同的负荷进行处理,一方面利用置换通风对工作区域进行送风,以消除人员及设备散热引起的冷负荷;另一方面在外墙附近采用下送上回式贴附射流,将冷风直接作用于外墙内壁,阻隔围护结构的散热进入工作区域内。利用CFD模拟软件建立一个办公室的数学模型,对该系统的温度场、速度场等进行模拟,研究置换通风和吹贴附射流控制负荷的效果,并对工作环境的舒适性进行评价。
研究结果表明,建筑物的冷负荷大致可以分为围护结构冷负荷和人员及设备冷负荷两类,可以通过不同的方式对他们进行不同的控制和处理;利用贴附射流控制围护结构负荷,可以直接将冷风作用于围护结构之上,将负荷阻挡在工作区域以外,并且不会影响工作区域内的空气品质;置换通风会在室内形成温度分层现象,送风温度较高,空气流速低,新风可以直接进入工作区域,舒适性较好。
As the gradual improvement of the energy conservation requirements and the airtightness of buildings is better designed,the energy dissipation of buildings decreases,but the requirement of the indoor comfort is ignored.Therefore,the problem about how to optimize the indoor environment while improving energy efficiency is well worth studying.
According to indoor environments of the office, use the DeST software to study the classifies of building cooling loads, and uses the system of load independent controlling to control air for different loads with different methods. On one hand, displacement ventilation is used to supply the work area air; on the other hand, the wall attachment jet is adopted to supply cold air at the surface of internal wall directly and isolate the heat dissipation of the exterior protected constructions from working area. A model of the office is built by software CFD to research and analyze the temperature field , velocity field and air age, study the effects of displacement ventilation and wall attachment jet used to control cooling loads, and evaluate the work environment as well.
The results of the study indicates that The cooling load of the building can be roughly divided into two parts: load of exterior protected constructions load of staff, and different ways are adopted to control and work them out.Cold air can be supplied on exterior protected constructions directly without harmful impacts on the air qualities in working area, when wall attachment jet is used to control load of exterior protected constructions.When displacement ventilation is used on work, temperature stratification phenomenon of room shows up, temperature of blow-in is higher, speed of flow is low and outdoor air blows into working area to make it more comfortable directly.
引文
[1]王绍俊,赵加宁,刘京.室内空气环境[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2006.
[2]金银龙.集中空调污染与健康危害控制[M].北京:中国标准出版社,2006,169-203.
[3]谢东,王海清.不同气流组织下夏季空调热舒适环境模拟[J].建筑热能通风空调,2008,27(3):66-69.
[4]李燚琳,田慧玲,高建成.室内气流组织和空气品质的数值研究[J].建筑节能,2010,38(232):17-22.
[5]薛若军,王格,方磊.空调房间内热舒适度的数值模拟[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2005,37(8):1145-1147.
[6]袁旭东,甘文霞,黄素逸.室内热舒适性的评价方法[J].湖北大学学报(自然科学版),2001,23(2):140-142.
[7]傅支成,沈国明,谢军龙,徐玉党.置换通风空调系统的研究[J].鄂州大学学报,1999,6(3):10-15.
[8]陆亚俊,马最良,邹平华.暖通空调[M].北京:中国工业出版社,2007,300-301.
[9]王腾飞,关于空调冷负荷计算方法的讨论[J].甘肃科技,2009,25(13):101-102.
[10] Hamilton Sephir,Roth Kurt W,Brodrick James.Displacement ventilation[J]. ASHRAE Journal,2004,46(9):56-58.
[11] Lau Josephine,Chen Qingyan.Floor-supply displacement ventilation for workshops[J]. Building and Environment,2007,42(4):1718-1730.
[12] Zhivov A, Nielsen P, Riskowski G, Shilkrot E. A design procedure for displacement ventilation[J]. HPAC Heating,2001,73(5):67-70.
[13] Boetcher Sandra K.S, Sparrow Ephraim M. Numerical simulation of axisymmetric, turbulent buoyant plumes - Application to displacement ventilation[J]. Numerical Heat Transfer,2007,51(11):1023-1040.
[14]饶良平、李强民.从置换通风的设计原理及运行工况析其节能特性[J].空调暖通技术,2003,4:19-22.
[15] Hirnikel Daniel J. Validation of a CFD model for temperature and particulate concentration in a test room with mixed air and displacement ventilation[J]. ASHRAE Transactions, 2003, 109:80-89
[16] Lau Josephine,Chen Qingyan. Energy analysis for workshops with floor-supply displacement ventilation under the U.S. climates[J]. Energy and Buildings, 2006, 38(10):1212-1219.
[17]邱泓,姬长发,王晓霞.数值模拟方法在置换通风中的应用.洁净与空调技术,2008,1:29-31.
[18] Hodder S.G, Loveday D.L., Parsons K.C., Taki A.H. Thermal comfort in chilled ceiling and displacement ventilation environments: Vertical radiant temperature asymmetry effects[J]. Energy and Buildings,1998,27(2):167-173.
[19]康宁,宣永梅,殷海清.辐射供冷加置换通风系统的数值模拟研究[J].制冷与空调,2009,23(6):14-16.
[20] M.B.Glauert.The wall jet[J].Fluid Mech,1956.
[21] P.Bakke. Fluid Mech[J].Fluid Mech.1957(2).
[22]李祥平.受限贴附射流特性分析[J].西安冶金建筑学院学报,1993,25(4):413-416.
[23]刘颖,王如竹,李云飞,范铭.变壁温平板空气强迫对流边界层扩展方程及相似解[J].2002,36(10):1462-1464.
[24]孙志礼,闫明,李国权.竖壁对流换热系数计算模型的探讨[J].东北大学学报(自然科学版),2005,26(5):484-487.
[25]刘燕鹏,张如春,刘靖.竖壁贴附射流空气池的数值模拟[J].西安航空技术高等专科学校学报,2007,25(1):23-25.
[26]王腾飞.空调区人员对空调系统冷负荷的影响[J].甘肃科技,25(13),83-84.
[27]江亿.建筑环境系统模拟分析方法[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2006,26-53.
[28]陈晓江,黄樟灿.数值分析[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.
[29]原田正一,尾崎省太郎.射流工程学[M].北京:北京出版社,1977.
[30]陶文铨.数值传热学[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,2001.
[31]蔡良君,孙克春.低温送风空调系统节能分析和舒适度的研究[J].山西建筑,2006,32(14):236-237.
[32]邱少辉,李安桂.条缝型送风口形成的竖壁贴附射流通风模式研究[J].暖通空调,2010,40(1):101-105.
[33]孙一坚.工业通风[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1994.
[34]董海荣.室内空气品质与置换通风[J].河北建筑工程学院学报,2003,21(4):61-63.
[35] Hays,steve.M.Indoor Air Quality-soloution and straggles[J].1995(4):195-200.
[36]李先中,王子介,刘传聚.地板送风/置换通风复合空调系统的可行性探讨[J].建筑热能通风,2002,4:4-6.
[37]张如春.竖壁贴附射流空气池现象数值模拟[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2006.
[38] Shiping Hu,Qingyan,Chen,Leon R Glicksman.Compairison of energy consumption between displacement and mixing ventilation systems for different U.S buildings and climates[J].ASHRAE Transaction,1999,105(2):453-464.
[39]张旺达.竖壁贴附射流及其空气池现象的预测与可视化验证[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2005.
[40] Loomans, Marcel G.L.C. Study on the applicability of the desk displacement ventilation concept[J]. ASHRAE Transactions,1999,105(2).
[41] Akimoto Takashi, Nobe Tatsuo,Takebayashi Yoshihisa. Experimental study on the floor-supply displacement ventilation system[J]. ASHRAE Transactions,1995,101: 912-925.
[42] Murao Takuji,Sudou Kouzou,Takami Toshihiro. Switching mechanism of a jet in a wall-attachment fluid amplifier (unsteady velocity profiles in device during switching process) [J]. Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1987,61(584):1353-1359.
[43] Bai Yalei, Ming Xiao. Numerical simulation of wall-attached jet device[J].Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2008,40(1):32-36.
[44] Mendoza, J.P. Numerical simulation of three-dimensional flow in an adaptive wall winf tunnel[N]. NASA Technical Paper,1984-8.
[45] Howe Mark1,Holland Dale, Livchak Andrey. Displacement Ventilation - Smart Way to Deal with Increased Heat Gains in the Telecommunication Equipment Room[J].2003,2003:325-329.
[46] Deevy M ,Sinai, Y,Everitt P,Voigt, L, Gobeau, N. Modelling the effect of an occupant on displacement ventilation with computational fluid dynamics. Energy and Buildings,2008,40(3):255-264.
[47]蔡良君,苏丽娜.由热舒适指标及空调设计计算参数谈节能.山西建筑,2006,32(1):239-240.
[48]刘向龙.室内热舒适性指标PMV影响因素分析与研究.制冷与空调,2006,4:19-24.
[49]张燕,丁云飞.室内热舒适性指标PMV影响因素分析与研究.制冷(增刊),2005,26-28.
[50]李东生,吴建国.平面射流的数值模拟研究.冶金能源,2001,20(1):42-45.
[2]金银龙.集中空调污染与健康危害控制[M].北京:中国标准出版社,2006,169-203.
[3]谢东,王海清.不同气流组织下夏季空调热舒适环境模拟[J].建筑热能通风空调,2008,27(3):66-69.
[4]李燚琳,田慧玲,高建成.室内气流组织和空气品质的数值研究[J].建筑节能,2010,38(232):17-22.
[5]薛若军,王格,方磊.空调房间内热舒适度的数值模拟[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2005,37(8):1145-1147.
[6]袁旭东,甘文霞,黄素逸.室内热舒适性的评价方法[J].湖北大学学报(自然科学版),2001,23(2):140-142.
[7]傅支成,沈国明,谢军龙,徐玉党.置换通风空调系统的研究[J].鄂州大学学报,1999,6(3):10-15.
[8]陆亚俊,马最良,邹平华.暖通空调[M].北京:中国工业出版社,2007,300-301.
[9]王腾飞,关于空调冷负荷计算方法的讨论[J].甘肃科技,2009,25(13):101-102.
[10] Hamilton Sephir,Roth Kurt W,Brodrick James.Displacement ventilation[J]. ASHRAE Journal,2004,46(9):56-58.
[11] Lau Josephine,Chen Qingyan.Floor-supply displacement ventilation for workshops[J]. Building and Environment,2007,42(4):1718-1730.
[12] Zhivov A, Nielsen P, Riskowski G, Shilkrot E. A design procedure for displacement ventilation[J]. HPAC Heating,2001,73(5):67-70.
[13] Boetcher Sandra K.S, Sparrow Ephraim M. Numerical simulation of axisymmetric, turbulent buoyant plumes - Application to displacement ventilation[J]. Numerical Heat Transfer,2007,51(11):1023-1040.
[14]饶良平、李强民.从置换通风的设计原理及运行工况析其节能特性[J].空调暖通技术,2003,4:19-22.
[15] Hirnikel Daniel J. Validation of a CFD model for temperature and particulate concentration in a test room with mixed air and displacement ventilation[J]. ASHRAE Transactions, 2003, 109:80-89
[16] Lau Josephine,Chen Qingyan. Energy analysis for workshops with floor-supply displacement ventilation under the U.S. climates[J]. Energy and Buildings, 2006, 38(10):1212-1219.
[17]邱泓,姬长发,王晓霞.数值模拟方法在置换通风中的应用.洁净与空调技术,2008,1:29-31.
[18] Hodder S.G, Loveday D.L., Parsons K.C., Taki A.H. Thermal comfort in chilled ceiling and displacement ventilation environments: Vertical radiant temperature asymmetry effects[J]. Energy and Buildings,1998,27(2):167-173.
[19]康宁,宣永梅,殷海清.辐射供冷加置换通风系统的数值模拟研究[J].制冷与空调,2009,23(6):14-16.
[20] M.B.Glauert.The wall jet[J].Fluid Mech,1956.
[21] P.Bakke. Fluid Mech[J].Fluid Mech.1957(2).
[22]李祥平.受限贴附射流特性分析[J].西安冶金建筑学院学报,1993,25(4):413-416.
[23]刘颖,王如竹,李云飞,范铭.变壁温平板空气强迫对流边界层扩展方程及相似解[J].2002,36(10):1462-1464.
[24]孙志礼,闫明,李国权.竖壁对流换热系数计算模型的探讨[J].东北大学学报(自然科学版),2005,26(5):484-487.
[25]刘燕鹏,张如春,刘靖.竖壁贴附射流空气池的数值模拟[J].西安航空技术高等专科学校学报,2007,25(1):23-25.
[26]王腾飞.空调区人员对空调系统冷负荷的影响[J].甘肃科技,25(13),83-84.
[27]江亿.建筑环境系统模拟分析方法[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2006,26-53.
[28]陈晓江,黄樟灿.数值分析[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.
[29]原田正一,尾崎省太郎.射流工程学[M].北京:北京出版社,1977.
[30]陶文铨.数值传热学[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,2001.
[31]蔡良君,孙克春.低温送风空调系统节能分析和舒适度的研究[J].山西建筑,2006,32(14):236-237.
[32]邱少辉,李安桂.条缝型送风口形成的竖壁贴附射流通风模式研究[J].暖通空调,2010,40(1):101-105.
[33]孙一坚.工业通风[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1994.
[34]董海荣.室内空气品质与置换通风[J].河北建筑工程学院学报,2003,21(4):61-63.
[35] Hays,steve.M.Indoor Air Quality-soloution and straggles[J].1995(4):195-200.
[36]李先中,王子介,刘传聚.地板送风/置换通风复合空调系统的可行性探讨[J].建筑热能通风,2002,4:4-6.
[37]张如春.竖壁贴附射流空气池现象数值模拟[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2006.
[38] Shiping Hu,Qingyan,Chen,Leon R Glicksman.Compairison of energy consumption between displacement and mixing ventilation systems for different U.S buildings and climates[J].ASHRAE Transaction,1999,105(2):453-464.
[39]张旺达.竖壁贴附射流及其空气池现象的预测与可视化验证[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2005.
[40] Loomans, Marcel G.L.C. Study on the applicability of the desk displacement ventilation concept[J]. ASHRAE Transactions,1999,105(2).
[41] Akimoto Takashi, Nobe Tatsuo,Takebayashi Yoshihisa. Experimental study on the floor-supply displacement ventilation system[J]. ASHRAE Transactions,1995,101: 912-925.
[42] Murao Takuji,Sudou Kouzou,Takami Toshihiro. Switching mechanism of a jet in a wall-attachment fluid amplifier (unsteady velocity profiles in device during switching process) [J]. Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1987,61(584):1353-1359.
[43] Bai Yalei, Ming Xiao. Numerical simulation of wall-attached jet device[J].Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2008,40(1):32-36.
[44] Mendoza, J.P. Numerical simulation of three-dimensional flow in an adaptive wall winf tunnel[N]. NASA Technical Paper,1984-8.
[45] Howe Mark1,Holland Dale, Livchak Andrey. Displacement Ventilation - Smart Way to Deal with Increased Heat Gains in the Telecommunication Equipment Room[J].2003,2003:325-329.
[46] Deevy M ,Sinai, Y,Everitt P,Voigt, L, Gobeau, N. Modelling the effect of an occupant on displacement ventilation with computational fluid dynamics. Energy and Buildings,2008,40(3):255-264.
[47]蔡良君,苏丽娜.由热舒适指标及空调设计计算参数谈节能.山西建筑,2006,32(1):239-240.
[48]刘向龙.室内热舒适性指标PMV影响因素分析与研究.制冷与空调,2006,4:19-24.
[49]张燕,丁云飞.室内热舒适性指标PMV影响因素分析与研究.制冷(增刊),2005,26-28.
[50]李东生,吴建国.平面射流的数值模拟研究.冶金能源,2001,20(1):42-45.
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