高位精养模式日本囊对虾生长及浮游生物演替规律
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摘要
本文通过测定日本囊对虾高位池养殖全过程的体重、体长、头胸甲长等,拟合形态性状生长曲线,评定其生长特性及规律,旨在为高位池养殖日本囊对虾提供数据支持;同时借鉴在其他水生动物种群形态分析中应用较为成熟的多元分析法,分析了日本囊对虾随着月龄的增长,其体长、全长、头胸甲长、头胸甲高、头胸甲宽、第一腹节背高、第三腹节背高、第一腹节背宽、第三腹节背宽、第六腹节长和体重的相对增长规律;通过对日本囊对虾整个养殖周期池中浮游生物种类、数量进行研究以及对养殖后期虾池中浮游生物的昼夜垂直迁移变化进行了研究,试图了解日本囊对虾养殖水体中的浮游生物群落组成及多样性的基本特征和动态,以及养殖后期浮游生物的昼夜垂直迁移,以期为日本囊对虾高产养殖提供支撑。
研究表明:日本囊对虾体长和体重呈幂函数关系:W=1.182×10-5L3.0235,b接近于3,呈等速生长;其生长分快速生长期30～60日龄、稳定生长期60～90日龄、缓慢生长期90～130日龄3个时期;生长早、中期(50～90日龄左右)肥满度逐渐升高(1.14～1. 23),趋势显著,之后呈显著下降趋势(1.19～1.14);拟合出日本囊对虾的von Bertallanffy生长方程:Lt=111.796[1-e-0.0123 (t+0.07654)] ,Wt=15.611[1-e-0.0123 (t+0.07654)] 3.0235,体重生长拐点出现在89.9 d。
不同月龄日本囊对虾各指标间均呈显著正相关(P < 0.01)。1～3月龄日本囊对虾全长与体长的相关系数最大;4月龄日本囊对虾体长与头胸甲宽的相关系数最大;5月龄日本囊对虾体重与体长的相关系数最大。各月龄日本囊对虾的主成分有所不同,1月龄日本囊对虾第一主成分为长度因子,2～3月龄日本囊对虾第一主成分为高度因子,4～5月龄日本囊对虾第一主成分为体重因子。错过最佳生长季节的日本囊对虾的体格大小与其相符的月龄可通过建立的判别方程式来判断,总的判别准确率为92.33 %。
日本囊对虾养殖过程中,共观测到浮游植物7门26种,其中蓝藻门5种,绿藻门7种,硅藻门7种,裸藻门1种,隐藻门2种,甲藻门2种。养殖前中期,绿藻、硅藻多为优势种,养殖后期,蓝藻、硅藻和绿藻多为优势种。浮游植物种类数量变化趋势为养殖初期种类相对较少,随着养殖时间的延长,种类增多,养殖后期浮游植物种类数量达到高峰。浮游动物4类,其中原生动物8种,桡足类3种,轮虫类2种,其它浮游幼虫3种。养殖前期原生动物、桡足类和轮虫类共为优势种,养殖中期原生动物和轮虫共为优势种,养殖后期仅以原生动物为优势种。浮游动物种类数量变化趋势为养殖初期种类相对较少,随着养殖时间的延长,种类增多,到养殖中期时浮游动物种类数量达到高峰,养殖后期种类数量下降。整个养殖周期中虾池浮游植物与浮游动物的多样性指数均较低,仅分别为1.19～1.30和0.25～0.72,但虾池浮游动物与浮游植物的栖息密度变化趋势较为一致,且在数量方面呈现密切的线性关系,线性系数平均为R2=0.8553。
日本囊对虾养殖后期,水体中温度、DO的昼夜变化显著(R<0.05),pH值的昼夜变化不显著(R>0.05),而温度、pH值、DO的在各个时间点的区域垂直变化均不显著。氮、磷、COD在各个时间点的区域垂直变化均不显著(R>0.05),氮、磷的昼夜变化不显著(R>0.05),COD昼夜变化显著(R<0.05)。浮游植物总数量C区大于B、A区,各区的昼夜垂直分布规律相似,均为清晨上浮,中午下沉,傍晚时分上浮,午夜时又下沉。浮游植物中的隐藻、裸甲藻、蓝藻均是白天上浮,夜晚下沉;绿藻清晨上浮,午后下沉,傍晚时分上浮,午夜时又下沉;硅藻的分布较均匀,昼夜垂直分布不明显。浮游动物总个体数量的昼夜垂直变化不明显,以个体总数量观,虾池中心部位的C区浮游动物总数量最多,靠近池壁的A区最少。但是,虾池浮游动物中的桡足类、藤壶六肢幼体仍体现出了昼夜垂直迁移规律。桡足类六肢幼体主要集中于30～120 cm水层,哲水蚤、藤壶六肢幼体白天上浮,夜晚下沉,且藤壶六肢幼体傍晚起向虾池中心扩散,原应属于底栖种类的猛水蚤出现了部分白天上浮,晚上下沉的现象,这些都可能与光强以及浮游动物为了适应日本囊对虾昼伏夜出的生活习性,以躲避其捕食有关。
By analyzing the data of body weight, body length and carapace length in the whole culture process of M.japonicus, fitting the growth curve of morphological traits, assessing the growth characteristics and rules of M.japonicus, aim to provide theoretical basis and technical parameters for the actual breeding process. In the same time, use multivariate analysis to analyze the law of relative growth in body length, total length, carapace length, carapace height, carapace width, first Abdominal segment height, third Abdominal segment height , first Abdominal segment width, third Abdominal segment width, sixth abdominal segment length and weight with the growth of months. Aim to provide theoretical basis for the problems that may arise in M.japonicus breeding. Then through monitoring the type and quantity of plankton in M.japonicus ponds during the whole breeding, monitoring the diurnal vertical migration of plankton in the late breeding, aim to understand the composition and diversity of plankton community and the diurnal vertical migration of plankton.
The results indicate that:The relationship of body length and weight could be described by the power function: W = 1.182×10-5L3.0235. Value b was close to 3. This means an isometric growth. There were three stages in its growth: Fast growth stage 30-60 days ,Steady growth stage 60-90 days and Aging growth stage 90 days later. The condition factor was gradually increased in a significant trend at early and middle growth stage(1.14-1.23),and later in a gradually decreased trend (1.19- 1.14).The von Bertallanffy equations were as follows: Lt=111.796[1-e-0.0123 (t+0.07654)] ,Wt=15.611[1-e-0.0123 (t+0.07654)] 3.0235. The inflection of body weight growth was about 89.9 days.
Result shows that the correlation between any two traits of M.japonicus is significant at all tested ages. The correlation coefficient of body length and total length are the maximum among 1-3 months, the correlation coefficient of total length and carapace width are the maximum among 4 months, the correlation coefficient of body length and weight are the maximum among 5 months. The principal components of M.japonicus at diffenrent ages are different. The first principal component of M.japonicus at first month is length factor , from two month of age to three months is height factor, and from four month of age to five months is weight factor. The month age closely related to the size of M.japonicus which has missed the best growing period can be deduced by employing the discriminant equations mentioned in this paper and the results of the discriminant analysis demonstrate that the overall accuracy is 92.33 %.
A total of 26 species of phytoplankton were identified in the 4 M.japonicus culture ponds belonging to 7 phyla. They included 5 Cyanophyta species, 7 Chlorophyta species, 7 Bacillariophyta species, 1 Euglenophyta species, 2 Cryptophyta species, 2 Pyrrophyta species. In the early and mid farming, Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta were the dominant species, in the later farming, Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta were the dominant species. Succession of the phytoplankton community was rapid in the pre-rearing period. There were 4 species of zoonplankton identified, which included 8 Protozoa, 3 Copepoda, 2 Rotatoria and 3 Others larvas. In the early farming, Protozoa, Copepoda and Rotatoria were the dominant species, in the mid farming, Protozoa and Rotatoria were the dominant species, in the later farming, Protozoa was the dominant species. Succession of the zoonplankton community was rapid in the pre-rearing period, and reached a peak in the mid-period, then fell in the last period. The biodiversity index of phytoplankton and zoonplankton were lower throughout the whole period, just only 1.19-1.30 and 0.25-0.72. But the habitat density trend of phytoplankton and zoonplankton were consistent, and showed linear relationship in quantity, the average of linear coefficient was R2=0.8553.
In the late period, the diurnal variation of temperature and DO were significant (R<0.05), and pH was not significant(R>0.05), but the vertical variation of temperature, pH and DO in various time points were not significant. The vertical variation of nitrogen, phosphorus and COD in various time points were not significant(R>0.05), the diurnal variation of nitrogen and phosphorus were not significant(R>0.05), and COD was significant(R<0.05). The total number of phytoplankton in C were greater than B and A , and the distribution of diurnal vertical were similar in every regional, which were floating in the morning, sinking in the noon, then floating again at dusk, sinking in the midnight. Cryptophyta, Pyrrophyta and Cyanophyta were floating in the morning and sinking in the night. Chlorophyta were floating in the morning, sinking in the noon, then floating again at dusk, sinking in the midnight. The distribution of Bacillariophyta was uniform, and the distribution of diurnal vertical was not obvious. The diurnal vertical migration of tatal zoonplankton were not significant, but the diurnal vertical migration of Balanus larva and Copepoda were signifcant. Copepoda larva mainly stayed in the 30-120 cm water layer, Calanus, M.norvegica and Balanus larva were floating in the morning and sinking in the night, and Balanus larva migrated to the periphery from night. These may be related to the light intensity, the adaptability of M.japonicus′living habits and avoid predation.
研究表明:日本囊对虾体长和体重呈幂函数关系:W=1.182×10-5L3.0235,b接近于3,呈等速生长;其生长分快速生长期30～60日龄、稳定生长期60～90日龄、缓慢生长期90～130日龄3个时期;生长早、中期(50～90日龄左右)肥满度逐渐升高(1.14～1. 23),趋势显著,之后呈显著下降趋势(1.19～1.14);拟合出日本囊对虾的von Bertallanffy生长方程:Lt=111.796[1-e-0.0123 (t+0.07654)] ,Wt=15.611[1-e-0.0123 (t+0.07654)] 3.0235,体重生长拐点出现在89.9 d。
不同月龄日本囊对虾各指标间均呈显著正相关(P < 0.01)。1～3月龄日本囊对虾全长与体长的相关系数最大;4月龄日本囊对虾体长与头胸甲宽的相关系数最大;5月龄日本囊对虾体重与体长的相关系数最大。各月龄日本囊对虾的主成分有所不同,1月龄日本囊对虾第一主成分为长度因子,2～3月龄日本囊对虾第一主成分为高度因子,4～5月龄日本囊对虾第一主成分为体重因子。错过最佳生长季节的日本囊对虾的体格大小与其相符的月龄可通过建立的判别方程式来判断,总的判别准确率为92.33 %。
日本囊对虾养殖过程中,共观测到浮游植物7门26种,其中蓝藻门5种,绿藻门7种,硅藻门7种,裸藻门1种,隐藻门2种,甲藻门2种。养殖前中期,绿藻、硅藻多为优势种,养殖后期,蓝藻、硅藻和绿藻多为优势种。浮游植物种类数量变化趋势为养殖初期种类相对较少,随着养殖时间的延长,种类增多,养殖后期浮游植物种类数量达到高峰。浮游动物4类,其中原生动物8种,桡足类3种,轮虫类2种,其它浮游幼虫3种。养殖前期原生动物、桡足类和轮虫类共为优势种,养殖中期原生动物和轮虫共为优势种,养殖后期仅以原生动物为优势种。浮游动物种类数量变化趋势为养殖初期种类相对较少,随着养殖时间的延长,种类增多,到养殖中期时浮游动物种类数量达到高峰,养殖后期种类数量下降。整个养殖周期中虾池浮游植物与浮游动物的多样性指数均较低,仅分别为1.19～1.30和0.25～0.72,但虾池浮游动物与浮游植物的栖息密度变化趋势较为一致,且在数量方面呈现密切的线性关系,线性系数平均为R2=0.8553。
日本囊对虾养殖后期,水体中温度、DO的昼夜变化显著(R<0.05),pH值的昼夜变化不显著(R>0.05),而温度、pH值、DO的在各个时间点的区域垂直变化均不显著。氮、磷、COD在各个时间点的区域垂直变化均不显著(R>0.05),氮、磷的昼夜变化不显著(R>0.05),COD昼夜变化显著(R<0.05)。浮游植物总数量C区大于B、A区,各区的昼夜垂直分布规律相似,均为清晨上浮,中午下沉,傍晚时分上浮,午夜时又下沉。浮游植物中的隐藻、裸甲藻、蓝藻均是白天上浮,夜晚下沉;绿藻清晨上浮,午后下沉,傍晚时分上浮,午夜时又下沉;硅藻的分布较均匀,昼夜垂直分布不明显。浮游动物总个体数量的昼夜垂直变化不明显,以个体总数量观,虾池中心部位的C区浮游动物总数量最多,靠近池壁的A区最少。但是,虾池浮游动物中的桡足类、藤壶六肢幼体仍体现出了昼夜垂直迁移规律。桡足类六肢幼体主要集中于30～120 cm水层,哲水蚤、藤壶六肢幼体白天上浮,夜晚下沉,且藤壶六肢幼体傍晚起向虾池中心扩散,原应属于底栖种类的猛水蚤出现了部分白天上浮,晚上下沉的现象,这些都可能与光强以及浮游动物为了适应日本囊对虾昼伏夜出的生活习性,以躲避其捕食有关。
By analyzing the data of body weight, body length and carapace length in the whole culture process of M.japonicus, fitting the growth curve of morphological traits, assessing the growth characteristics and rules of M.japonicus, aim to provide theoretical basis and technical parameters for the actual breeding process. In the same time, use multivariate analysis to analyze the law of relative growth in body length, total length, carapace length, carapace height, carapace width, first Abdominal segment height, third Abdominal segment height , first Abdominal segment width, third Abdominal segment width, sixth abdominal segment length and weight with the growth of months. Aim to provide theoretical basis for the problems that may arise in M.japonicus breeding. Then through monitoring the type and quantity of plankton in M.japonicus ponds during the whole breeding, monitoring the diurnal vertical migration of plankton in the late breeding, aim to understand the composition and diversity of plankton community and the diurnal vertical migration of plankton.
The results indicate that:The relationship of body length and weight could be described by the power function: W = 1.182×10-5L3.0235. Value b was close to 3. This means an isometric growth. There were three stages in its growth: Fast growth stage 30-60 days ,Steady growth stage 60-90 days and Aging growth stage 90 days later. The condition factor was gradually increased in a significant trend at early and middle growth stage(1.14-1.23),and later in a gradually decreased trend (1.19- 1.14).The von Bertallanffy equations were as follows: Lt=111.796[1-e-0.0123 (t+0.07654)] ,Wt=15.611[1-e-0.0123 (t+0.07654)] 3.0235. The inflection of body weight growth was about 89.9 days.
Result shows that the correlation between any two traits of M.japonicus is significant at all tested ages. The correlation coefficient of body length and total length are the maximum among 1-3 months, the correlation coefficient of total length and carapace width are the maximum among 4 months, the correlation coefficient of body length and weight are the maximum among 5 months. The principal components of M.japonicus at diffenrent ages are different. The first principal component of M.japonicus at first month is length factor , from two month of age to three months is height factor, and from four month of age to five months is weight factor. The month age closely related to the size of M.japonicus which has missed the best growing period can be deduced by employing the discriminant equations mentioned in this paper and the results of the discriminant analysis demonstrate that the overall accuracy is 92.33 %.
A total of 26 species of phytoplankton were identified in the 4 M.japonicus culture ponds belonging to 7 phyla. They included 5 Cyanophyta species, 7 Chlorophyta species, 7 Bacillariophyta species, 1 Euglenophyta species, 2 Cryptophyta species, 2 Pyrrophyta species. In the early and mid farming, Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta were the dominant species, in the later farming, Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta were the dominant species. Succession of the phytoplankton community was rapid in the pre-rearing period. There were 4 species of zoonplankton identified, which included 8 Protozoa, 3 Copepoda, 2 Rotatoria and 3 Others larvas. In the early farming, Protozoa, Copepoda and Rotatoria were the dominant species, in the mid farming, Protozoa and Rotatoria were the dominant species, in the later farming, Protozoa was the dominant species. Succession of the zoonplankton community was rapid in the pre-rearing period, and reached a peak in the mid-period, then fell in the last period. The biodiversity index of phytoplankton and zoonplankton were lower throughout the whole period, just only 1.19-1.30 and 0.25-0.72. But the habitat density trend of phytoplankton and zoonplankton were consistent, and showed linear relationship in quantity, the average of linear coefficient was R2=0.8553.
In the late period, the diurnal variation of temperature and DO were significant (R<0.05), and pH was not significant(R>0.05), but the vertical variation of temperature, pH and DO in various time points were not significant. The vertical variation of nitrogen, phosphorus and COD in various time points were not significant(R>0.05), the diurnal variation of nitrogen and phosphorus were not significant(R>0.05), and COD was significant(R<0.05). The total number of phytoplankton in C were greater than B and A , and the distribution of diurnal vertical were similar in every regional, which were floating in the morning, sinking in the noon, then floating again at dusk, sinking in the midnight. Cryptophyta, Pyrrophyta and Cyanophyta were floating in the morning and sinking in the night. Chlorophyta were floating in the morning, sinking in the noon, then floating again at dusk, sinking in the midnight. The distribution of Bacillariophyta was uniform, and the distribution of diurnal vertical was not obvious. The diurnal vertical migration of tatal zoonplankton were not significant, but the diurnal vertical migration of Balanus larva and Copepoda were signifcant. Copepoda larva mainly stayed in the 30-120 cm water layer, Calanus, M.norvegica and Balanus larva were floating in the morning and sinking in the night, and Balanus larva migrated to the periphery from night. These may be related to the light intensity, the adaptability of M.japonicus′living habits and avoid predation.
引文
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