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煤矿安全监管中寻租行为的生产力特征研究
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摘要
在现实安全监管实践活动中,寻租行为广泛存在。各级安全监管部门与煤矿企业间既可能表现为监管部门为谋取私利,不断利用手中权力向煤矿企业进行寻租活动,进而产生影响安全发展质量和效率的负向结果;也可能表现为监管权力的定向输出带来的煤矿企业“权力资源获得型”快速发展的正面结果;甚至还有可能出现由于煤矿企业掌握了监管部门的寻租信息而产生反向寻租行为。在错综复杂的作用关系下,中国煤炭经济依然出现2001-2011黄金十年发展期。本文力图探讨煤矿安全监管中寻租可能对生产力产生怎样的影响,构建中国管理实践背景下的安全监管制度系统运作中的寻租行为的生产力特征理论与实证分析模型,旨在从新的视角深入探寻突破我国煤矿安全管理瓶颈的思路。
     目前的寻租理论研究广泛,本研究将寻租理论和生产力理论在煤矿安全监管实践中创新应用,界定煤矿安全监管的相关利益主体为国家级、省级、市县级管理部门,从行业壁垒、资源税、扶持政策等角度探寻煤炭产业寻租租金的来源,并根据煤炭产业十年黄金发展期与寻租现象盛行并存的基本事实,提出并验证了煤矿安全监管中的寻租行为存在的促进—抑制生产力双重作用特征的理论模型。而且,在成本约束、微观环境约束、文化情境约束条件下,建立基于中国管理实践背景特征的煤矿安全监管寻租利益相关者博弈模型、演化博弈模型,并将反向寻租纳入煤矿企业策略空间中,增加了煤矿企业应对寻租的选择范畴。通过研究完全理性假设和有限理性条件下国家、政府安监部门、煤矿企业的一般策略,找出他们行为选择的影响因素及临界值,进而通过煤矿安全监管相关利益主体之间的博弈分析明确了安全监管中完全寻租行为的复杂情境。结合煤矿调研,界定、区分并检验了煤矿运营中物质生产力、精神生产力的结构。以MATLAB为软件平台,开发自然情境、监察情境、寻租情境下的国家级、省级、市县级管理部门在煤矿安全监管中的寻租行为呈现出的煤矿生产力特征仿真系统。
     研究结果表明:
     (1)层级较高的管理部门监察效率较高,而层级较低的管理部门监管效率偏低,国家级管理部门和省级管理部门的监察带来的生产力提升程度高于市县级管理部门的监察提升的生产力。研究也发现,层级越高的管理部门的寻租行为带来的生产力变化越敏感,寻租行为产生的生产力波动幅度受到管理部门层级的影响。
     (2)一般情境下事故率与不同层级监管部门的寻租强度呈现出不同的关系。当国家级、省级管理部门的寻租强度高于寻租强度临界点时,事故率随着寻租强度的增大而增大;而市县级管理部门的事故率与寻租强度呈U型。尽管短期内市县级管理部门的寻租会带来生产力的促进,但综合三个层级、长期的寻租行为可以看出,在总体上寻租对生产力发挥着抑制作用。
     (3)煤矿企业更倾向于对市县级管理部门采取反向寻租方式。煤矿企业对国家级、省级管理部门的寻租行为较少采用反向寻租,反向寻租的生产力促进作用基本无法体现;而应对市县级管理部门的寻租行为时,反向寻租的生产力促进作用可以得到发挥,这也是市县级管理部门的寻租行为短期内有利于生产力促进的表现形式之一。但反向寻租是一种不健康的方式,不值得提倡。
     (4)从总体上看,寻租行为对物质生产力影响差别较小,对员工提高工作能力、工作动力的积极性具有明显抑制作用,而几乎不影响管理水平产生的生产力,出现了寻租行为对管理者与员工影响的异位现象。
     (5)寻租行为的风险和成本主要影响市县级管理部门寻租行为对煤矿企业生产力的提升或抑制程度,并没有显著影响国家级、省级管理部门寻租行为对生产力的作用。管理部门与煤矿企业利益不相关的情境下,市县级管理部门的寻租行为对煤矿生产力的抑制作用最为明显。
     最后提出政策建议。提出了基于三源健康监管的策略模型,分别从寻租行为抑制层面、生产力健康促进层面、健康关系的构建层面建立了策略模型。
Rent-seeking behaviors are widespread in safety supervision practice. Safetysupervision departments may seek rents using their power for their personal profitsthrough which safety quality and efficiency is affected, or they may bring positiveresult for rapid development of coal mines. Even reversed rent-seeking is produced ifcoal mines master rent-seeking information of supervision departments. However,under the intricate relationship, China’s coal economy still appears golden decadefrom2001to2011. The study tries to discuss the influence that rent-seeking produceson the productivity, and build theoretical and empirical model of rent-seekingcharacteristics in safety supervision system under the background of Chinesemanagement practice, so as to propose new suggestion for Chinese coal mine safetymanagement.
     The present rent-seeking theories are wide, so firstly on the basis of literatureanalysis, the paper expanded productivity characteristics of rent-seeking, summarizedthe viewpoints that accelerate productivity and decelerate productivity, and dividedproductivity into material productivity and mental productivity. Secondly according tobehavior choice of coalmine safety supervision stakeholders, the game model of thestakeholders in rent-seeking was built, in which the constraint condition of choiceswas obtained. Thirdly, we investigated and surveyed several typical and representativecoal mines, and testified the productivity conceptual model using the data with themethod of statistical analysis and structural equation model.
     Combined with survey data of coal mines, MATLAB was chosen as the softwareplatform, and the influence of rent-seeking in natural condition, supervision conditionand rent-seeking condition on productivity was simulated separately, in which theproductivity change trend was shown. The results indicate:
     (1) Supervision of high-level departments is efficient but supervision oflow-level departments is not. The productivity promotion of national and provincialadministration departments is higher that that of local administration departments.Besides, the level is higher, the influence of rent-seeking is more apparent, and thevibration is influenced by levels of administration departments.
     (2) Relationship between accident rate and rent-seeking intensity of differentsupervision departments is different in general situation. When the rent-seeking intensity of national and provincial administration is higher than intensity threshold,the occurrence rate increases with the increase of rent-seeking intensity; while for thelocal administration departments, the relationship of accident occurrence rate andrent-seeking intensity is U-shaped. Although rent-seeking of local administrationdepartments may promote productivity in the short term, it constrains the productionconsidered the three levels of departments in the long run.
     (3) In reality coal mines choosing reversed rent-seeking to local departments hascertain possibility. The probability of reversed rent-seeking to national and provincialdepartment is small, so productivity promotion of reversed rent-seeking is seldomshown; while productivity promotion of reversed rent-seeking can be shown whenlocal departments seek rents, which is one of approaches of promoting productivity inthe short term. But reversed rent-seeking is unhealthy and not worth recommending.
     (4) Overall, influence of rent-seeking on material productivity is similar, but itrestrains workers’ enthusiasm to enhance ability and motivation; while managementproductivity is hardly influenced by rent-seeking, showing dislocation phenomenon.
     (5) The risk and cost of rent-seeking behaviors mainly affects promotion orcontainment procedure of rent-seeking of local administration departments, while thatof national and provincial departments is not affected. In the situation that there’s nointerest relationship between administration departments and coalmine enterprises,restraining effect of rent-seeking of local administration departments is apparent.
     Finally some policy suggestions were put forward. The strategy model based onsupervision of three sources was proposed from the aspects of rent-seeking restraining,healthy productivity promotion and healthy relationship construction.
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