基于热环境导向的城市住区绿地系统规划研究
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摘要
从人类诞生之日起，就与绿地结下了不解之缘。茂密的原始森林为人类祖先提供了生存的空间和生活的必需品。随着时间的推移，人类从森林逐渐走向了平原、丘陵和山地，开始通过种植绿色植物，使定居成为了一种可能。于是，原始的聚落和城市产生了。人类开始不断的涌进城市，城市开始无限的膨胀和蔓延，一系列的城市问题也应运而生。当面对这些问题时，人类开始对自己生活的环境进行新的反思，又开始怀念绿地，研究绿地。
本文从住区热环境的角度出发，重新看待住区绿地系统这个传统的研究课题。主要内容可以概括为四个部分：
第一部分主要阐述了论文选题的主要背景、研究现状、存在的问题、研究目的、研究方法和基本框架。
第二部分主要介绍了论文的两个理论基础的主要内容。由于本论文属于学科之间的交叉研究，所以这部分首先介绍了住区绿地系统(本文的研究对象)的主要概念、组成和功能，然后介绍了住区热环境(本文的研究角度)的基本理论，为以下的研究提供一定的理论基础。
第三部分主要揭示了住区绿地系统和住区热环境的关系。这部分从绿地的规模、绿地类型和绿地的结构模式三个不同的角度揭示了住区绿地系统的热效应，这三个不同的角度实质上代表了绿地系统的三个层面，即“数量”层面、“质量”层面和“结构”层面。本部分内容既是本文的研究目的之一，同时又为第四部分的内容提供了一定的理论依据。
第四部分是本文的主要成果部分。首先，提出了进行总体优化设计的基本原则。其次，在详细阐述了绿地植物的选择和配置的基础上，对六种主要绿地进行了系统的分析，提出了具体的优化设计模式。最后，提出了住区绿地系统的指标评价体系的基本内容和框架，并对其实际应用进行了探讨。
本文以住区绿地系统和住区热环境的基本理论为基础，以住区绿地系统为研究对象，以住区热环境为切入点，通过科学实验方法、系统分析方法、归纳综合方法和图表模型方法的综合运用，力争达到“揭示关系，优化设计，完善指标”的预期目标。
From the day when it emerged, the mankind forges the indissoluble bound with the green land. The dense virgin forest has offered the necessities in space and life surviving to human ancestor. As time goes on, the mankind has moved towards the plain, the hills and mountain region from the forest gradually, making it become a kind of possibility to settle down through planting the green plants. Then, the primitive villages and towns have emerged. The mankind begins constant pouring into the city, and the city begins limitless inflation and spreads, at the result of arising a series of urban questions at the historic moment too. Face to these questions, the mankind begins to carry on new introspection to the environment of its own life, and begins to cherish the memory of green land and study the green land.
This text proceeds from angle of the hot environment of residential area, and treats this traditional subject for research-green land system of residential area again. The main content can be summarized as four parts:
First part has explained the main background of the selected thesis, present research, existing problems, research targets, research approach and basic frame.
Second part has introduced the main contents of two theoretical foundations of the thesis mainly. Because this thesis belongs to the crossing research between discipline, this part has introduced the main concept, component and function, of the green land system of residential area (the research object of this text), and has recommend basic theories of hot environment of residential area (the research angle of this text), in order to offer certain theoretical foundation for following research.
The third part has announced the relation of the green land system of residential area and hot environment of residential area mainly. This part is has announced the heat effect with green land system of residential area from the three different angle-the scale, type and structure modes of the green land, which have represented three aspects of the green land system in fact, namely " quantity " aspect, " quality " aspect and " structure " aspect. The contents of this part are one of the research purposes of this text, and offer certain theoretical foundation for the fourth part at the same time.
The fourth part is a main achievement part of this text. First of all, it has put forward the basic principle on overall optimization design. Secondly, on the basis of explaining the choice and disposition of the green land plant in detail, it has carry on
systematic analysis to six kinds of main green land, and has put forward the concrete optimization design modes. Finally, it has put forward the basic content and frame of the index-appraising system with green land of residential area, and has carried on the discussion to its practical application.
Regarding basic theories of the green land system and hot environment of residential area as the foundation, green land system of residential area as the research object, hot environment of residential area as the breakthrough point, this text strives to reach expectant targets-"announcing the relation, optimizing the design, perfecting the index" by comprehensive application of the scientific experiment method, systematic analytical method, the comprehensive method and chart-model method.
本文从住区热环境的角度出发，重新看待住区绿地系统这个传统的研究课题。主要内容可以概括为四个部分：
第一部分主要阐述了论文选题的主要背景、研究现状、存在的问题、研究目的、研究方法和基本框架。
第二部分主要介绍了论文的两个理论基础的主要内容。由于本论文属于学科之间的交叉研究，所以这部分首先介绍了住区绿地系统(本文的研究对象)的主要概念、组成和功能，然后介绍了住区热环境(本文的研究角度)的基本理论，为以下的研究提供一定的理论基础。
第三部分主要揭示了住区绿地系统和住区热环境的关系。这部分从绿地的规模、绿地类型和绿地的结构模式三个不同的角度揭示了住区绿地系统的热效应，这三个不同的角度实质上代表了绿地系统的三个层面，即“数量”层面、“质量”层面和“结构”层面。本部分内容既是本文的研究目的之一，同时又为第四部分的内容提供了一定的理论依据。
第四部分是本文的主要成果部分。首先，提出了进行总体优化设计的基本原则。其次，在详细阐述了绿地植物的选择和配置的基础上，对六种主要绿地进行了系统的分析，提出了具体的优化设计模式。最后，提出了住区绿地系统的指标评价体系的基本内容和框架，并对其实际应用进行了探讨。
本文以住区绿地系统和住区热环境的基本理论为基础，以住区绿地系统为研究对象，以住区热环境为切入点，通过科学实验方法、系统分析方法、归纳综合方法和图表模型方法的综合运用，力争达到“揭示关系，优化设计，完善指标”的预期目标。
From the day when it emerged, the mankind forges the indissoluble bound with the green land. The dense virgin forest has offered the necessities in space and life surviving to human ancestor. As time goes on, the mankind has moved towards the plain, the hills and mountain region from the forest gradually, making it become a kind of possibility to settle down through planting the green plants. Then, the primitive villages and towns have emerged. The mankind begins constant pouring into the city, and the city begins limitless inflation and spreads, at the result of arising a series of urban questions at the historic moment too. Face to these questions, the mankind begins to carry on new introspection to the environment of its own life, and begins to cherish the memory of green land and study the green land.
This text proceeds from angle of the hot environment of residential area, and treats this traditional subject for research-green land system of residential area again. The main content can be summarized as four parts:
First part has explained the main background of the selected thesis, present research, existing problems, research targets, research approach and basic frame.
Second part has introduced the main contents of two theoretical foundations of the thesis mainly. Because this thesis belongs to the crossing research between discipline, this part has introduced the main concept, component and function, of the green land system of residential area (the research object of this text), and has recommend basic theories of hot environment of residential area (the research angle of this text), in order to offer certain theoretical foundation for following research.
The third part has announced the relation of the green land system of residential area and hot environment of residential area mainly. This part is has announced the heat effect with green land system of residential area from the three different angle-the scale, type and structure modes of the green land, which have represented three aspects of the green land system in fact, namely " quantity " aspect, " quality " aspect and " structure " aspect. The contents of this part are one of the research purposes of this text, and offer certain theoretical foundation for the fourth part at the same time.
The fourth part is a main achievement part of this text. First of all, it has put forward the basic principle on overall optimization design. Secondly, on the basis of explaining the choice and disposition of the green land plant in detail, it has carry on
systematic analysis to six kinds of main green land, and has put forward the concrete optimization design modes. Finally, it has put forward the basic content and frame of the index-appraising system with green land of residential area, and has carried on the discussion to its practical application.
Regarding basic theories of the green land system and hot environment of residential area as the foundation, green land system of residential area as the research object, hot environment of residential area as the breakthrough point, this text strives to reach expectant targets-"announcing the relation, optimizing the design, perfecting the index" by comprehensive application of the scientific experiment method, systematic analytical method, the comprehensive method and chart-model method.
引文
[1] 徐乃雄．城市绿地与环境．北京：中国建材工业出版社，2002，22-27
[2] 何平，夏林，万武义．继往开来—中国共产党第十六次全国代表大会纪实．北京：新华出版社，2002，12-14
[3] 荆其敏，张丽安．城市绿化空间赏析．北京：科学出版社，2001，内容简介
[4] 白德懋．居住区绿化．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1981，内容简介
[5] 朱均珍．居住区规划与环境设计．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1993，252
[6] 胡聃．城市绿地综合效益评价方法探讨．城市环境与城市生态，1994，7(1)：18-22
[7] 周坚华，孙天纵．三维绿色生物量的遥感模式研究与绿化环境效益估算．环境遥感，1995，10(3)：162-174
[8] 王丹妮，狄洪发．园林绿化与人居环境．中国园林，1998，14(4)：9-12
[9] 徐筱昌，左丽萍，王百川．发展垂直绿化增加城市绿量．中国园林，1999，15(2)：49-50
[10] 刘光卫，刘映芳．城市空间立体绿化模式初探．现代城市研究，2000，(6)：32-35
[11] 陈昕，钟虹，张允超．居住区环境绿化的发展探讨．浙江林业科技，2001，21(2)：8-10
[12] 刘恒名．走出误区—浅谈居住小区绿化中存在的几个问题．中山大学学报论丛，2002, 22(3)：31-33
[13] 章玉胜．城市绿化误区分析．甘肃科学学报，2002，(6)：146-148
[14] 江映辉．对提高住宅小区绿化环境质量的几点看法．福建建设科技，2000，(4)：30-31
[15] 金招芬，朱颖心．建筑环境学．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2001，20
[16] 郎四维，林海燕，付祥钊等．《夏热冬冷地区居住建筑节能设计标准》简介．暖通空调，2001，31(4)：12-15
[17] 姚时章，王江萍．城市居住外环境设计．重庆：重庆大学出版社，2000，84-89
[18] 梁永基，王莲清，杨松龄．居住区园林绿地设计．北京：中国林业出版社，2001，2-6
[19] 周俭．城市住宅区规划原理．上海：同济大学出版社，1999，158-167，85
[20] 戚继忠，由士江，王洪俊等．园林植物清除细菌能力的研究．城市环境与城市生态，2000，13(4)：36-38
[21] 李辉，赵卫智，古润泽等．居住区不同类型绿地释氧固碳及降温增湿作用．环境科学，1999，20(6)：41-44
[22] 杨春平，汪珞，曾光明等．环境规划中植物的景观功能及其应用．城市环境与城市生态，1998，11(3)：34-36
[23] 叶歆．建筑热环境．北京：清华大学出版社，1996，1-8
[24] 周淑贞．城市气候学导论．上海：华东师范大学出版社，1985，117
[25] 刘梦飞．城市绿化覆盖率与气温的关系．城市规划，1988(3)：59-60
[26] 建筑工程部建筑科学研究院．炎热地区建筑降温．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1965，208-211
[27] 柳孝图．城市物理环境与可持续发展．南京：东南大学出版社，1999，73-80
[28] 陈恩水．居住区气温变化模型及应用．环境科学，1998，19(2)：80-82
[29] 李红．平顶屋面的绿化与城市气候．中学生物教学，1998，(1)：44-45
[30] J.L.Monteith. Vegetation and the Atmosphere. London: Academic Press, 1975.28
[31] 李娟．垂直面绿化植物遮阳系数与叶面积指数研究．城市环境与城市生态，2001，14(5)：4-5
[32] 李娟．垂直面绿化植物叶片遮阳系数的确定．重庆环境科学，2001，23(4)：10-11
[33] 李辉，赵卫智，古润泽等．居住区不同类型绿地释氧固碳及降温增湿作用．环境科学，1999, 20(6)：41-44
[34] 方咸孚，李海涛．居住区的绿化模式．天津：天津大学出版社，2001，29-39、97-101
[35] 张金屯，李素清．应用生态学．北京：科学出版社，2003，480-498
[36] Jack E. Ingels. Landscape. New York: Delmar publishers Inc, 2nd ed, 1983, 107
[37] Hasse, Ronald W. Space which allows: Housing for Early Children Education. 1968, Bulletin 22-A: 7-10
[38] Moore, Robin C. Plants for play: A plant selection guide for children's outdoor environments. Berkeley, CA:MIG communication, 1968, 4
[39] Gilly Love. Making the most of outdoor spaces. New York: Rizzoli international publications Inc, 1999:10
[40] 黄金琦．屋顶花园设计与营造．北京：中国林业出版社，2000，52-56、104
[41] 黄晓鸾，张国强．城市生存环境绿色量值群研究(1)．中国园林，1998，14(1)：61-63
[42] 陈自新，苏雪痕，刘少宗等．北京城市园林绿化生态效益的研究(2)．中国园林，1998，14(2)：51．56
[2] 何平，夏林，万武义．继往开来—中国共产党第十六次全国代表大会纪实．北京：新华出版社，2002，12-14
[3] 荆其敏，张丽安．城市绿化空间赏析．北京：科学出版社，2001，内容简介
[4] 白德懋．居住区绿化．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1981，内容简介
[5] 朱均珍．居住区规划与环境设计．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1993，252
[6] 胡聃．城市绿地综合效益评价方法探讨．城市环境与城市生态，1994，7(1)：18-22
[7] 周坚华，孙天纵．三维绿色生物量的遥感模式研究与绿化环境效益估算．环境遥感，1995，10(3)：162-174
[8] 王丹妮，狄洪发．园林绿化与人居环境．中国园林，1998，14(4)：9-12
[9] 徐筱昌，左丽萍，王百川．发展垂直绿化增加城市绿量．中国园林，1999，15(2)：49-50
[10] 刘光卫，刘映芳．城市空间立体绿化模式初探．现代城市研究，2000，(6)：32-35
[11] 陈昕，钟虹，张允超．居住区环境绿化的发展探讨．浙江林业科技，2001，21(2)：8-10
[12] 刘恒名．走出误区—浅谈居住小区绿化中存在的几个问题．中山大学学报论丛，2002, 22(3)：31-33
[13] 章玉胜．城市绿化误区分析．甘肃科学学报，2002，(6)：146-148
[14] 江映辉．对提高住宅小区绿化环境质量的几点看法．福建建设科技，2000，(4)：30-31
[15] 金招芬，朱颖心．建筑环境学．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2001，20
[16] 郎四维，林海燕，付祥钊等．《夏热冬冷地区居住建筑节能设计标准》简介．暖通空调，2001，31(4)：12-15
[17] 姚时章，王江萍．城市居住外环境设计．重庆：重庆大学出版社，2000，84-89
[18] 梁永基，王莲清，杨松龄．居住区园林绿地设计．北京：中国林业出版社，2001，2-6
[19] 周俭．城市住宅区规划原理．上海：同济大学出版社，1999，158-167，85
[20] 戚继忠，由士江，王洪俊等．园林植物清除细菌能力的研究．城市环境与城市生态，2000，13(4)：36-38
[21] 李辉，赵卫智，古润泽等．居住区不同类型绿地释氧固碳及降温增湿作用．环境科学，1999，20(6)：41-44
[22] 杨春平，汪珞，曾光明等．环境规划中植物的景观功能及其应用．城市环境与城市生态，1998，11(3)：34-36
[23] 叶歆．建筑热环境．北京：清华大学出版社，1996，1-8
[24] 周淑贞．城市气候学导论．上海：华东师范大学出版社，1985，117
[25] 刘梦飞．城市绿化覆盖率与气温的关系．城市规划，1988(3)：59-60
[26] 建筑工程部建筑科学研究院．炎热地区建筑降温．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1965，208-211
[27] 柳孝图．城市物理环境与可持续发展．南京：东南大学出版社，1999，73-80
[28] 陈恩水．居住区气温变化模型及应用．环境科学，1998，19(2)：80-82
[29] 李红．平顶屋面的绿化与城市气候．中学生物教学，1998，(1)：44-45
[30] J.L.Monteith. Vegetation and the Atmosphere. London: Academic Press, 1975.28
[31] 李娟．垂直面绿化植物遮阳系数与叶面积指数研究．城市环境与城市生态，2001，14(5)：4-5
[32] 李娟．垂直面绿化植物叶片遮阳系数的确定．重庆环境科学，2001，23(4)：10-11
[33] 李辉，赵卫智，古润泽等．居住区不同类型绿地释氧固碳及降温增湿作用．环境科学，1999, 20(6)：41-44
[34] 方咸孚，李海涛．居住区的绿化模式．天津：天津大学出版社，2001，29-39、97-101
[35] 张金屯，李素清．应用生态学．北京：科学出版社，2003，480-498
[36] Jack E. Ingels. Landscape. New York: Delmar publishers Inc, 2nd ed, 1983, 107
[37] Hasse, Ronald W. Space which allows: Housing for Early Children Education. 1968, Bulletin 22-A: 7-10
[38] Moore, Robin C. Plants for play: A plant selection guide for children's outdoor environments. Berkeley, CA:MIG communication, 1968, 4
[39] Gilly Love. Making the most of outdoor spaces. New York: Rizzoli international publications Inc, 1999:10
[40] 黄金琦．屋顶花园设计与营造．北京：中国林业出版社，2000，52-56、104
[41] 黄晓鸾，张国强．城市生存环境绿色量值群研究(1)．中国园林，1998，14(1)：61-63
[42] 陈自新，苏雪痕，刘少宗等．北京城市园林绿化生态效益的研究(2)．中国园林，1998，14(2)：51．56