离子聚合物金属复合材料（IPMC）的制备及力—电耦合特性研究
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摘要
离子聚合物金属复合材料（Ionic Polymer Metal Composite，IPMC）是一种新型电致活性聚合物智能材料。IPMC具有变形大、密度小、应变能力强等特点，能够模拟生物的肌肉组织、与肌肉组织有着相近的破坏极限和最大应变等，这些特性使得它被称为“人工肌肉”，在仿生、医疗、航空和航天等领域具有广泛的应用前景。本文针对IPMC制备工艺、力－电耦合机理等问题，开展了IPMC制备工艺优化、基本性能测试以及力－电耦合建模等研究。
主要研究工作和结果如下：
（1）在IPMC制备工艺研究方面：采用溶液－浇铸法制备了无掺杂、碳纳米管改性、钛酸钡改性等多种离子交换膜；采用温度控制法制备了Pt型IPMC；采用速率控制法制备了Ag型IPMC。对制备试样进行了表征，获得了IPMC的微观形貌特征、电极构型特点，以及电极构型与制备工艺之间的关系。
（2）在IPMC基本性能研究方面：研究了不同电极材料（Pt和Ag）、电极厚度以及改性填料对IPMC含水特性的影响；静态拉伸实验结果表明：在IPMC中添加改性填料可提高IPMC的弹性模量2倍以上。
（3）在IPMC电学、传感性能研究方面：测量了IPMC的阻抗特性并分析了IPMC电阻分布特点，研究了激励场在IPMC内部的分布规律；研究了Ag型IPMC的传感能力，得到了Ag型IPMC传感信号与频率和变形曲率之间的对应关系。
（4）在IPMC致动性能研究方面：研究了不同试样在直流和交变电场下的变形特性，结果表明：IPMC的变形形式依据表面电阻分布特点，可以分为变弯矩变形和等弯矩变形两种形式；研究了不同试样在直流电场激励下的力输出特性，结果表明：添加改性材料的IPMC输出力有明显提高，最高可达8倍以上。
（5）在IPMC力－电耦合模型研究方面：根据IPMC变形为非理想均匀弯曲现象，提出了致动电场梯度的概念，在不可逆热力学的基础上将场强梯度引入IPMC的力－电转换过程，建立IPMC场强梯度力－电耦合模型。建立的力－电耦合模型能较好预测IPMC的弯曲响应，模型预测与实验结果之间的误差在20%以内。
本文在IPMC制备工艺改进，性能提升方面的探索，为IPMC成型技术的研究提供了有益的研究经验。以IPMC电学和力－电耦合建模为基础研究，为深化IPMC力－电耦合机理研究，推动其工程应用提供了重要的参考依据和研究基础。
Ionic Polymer Metal Composite（IPMC） is a new kind of electric active smart material whichhas large deformation, low density and strong strain capacity. It has the similar damage limitation andmaximum strain with muscle tissues of organisms so that it can be used for simulation. It was calledas the artificial muscle due to this feature, and can be widely applied in simulation, medical treatment,aeronautics and astronautics.
The main works and results are as follows:
The preparation technology of IPMC: Solution casting method was used to prepare several kindsof ion exchange membranes such as membrane with no impurity, carbon nanotube reinforcedmembrane and barium titanate reinforced membrane. Temperature control method was used toprepare Pt-IPMC, and speed control method was used to prepare Ag-IPMC. The samples werecharacteried to obtain the microscopic morphology, electrode configuration and the relation betweencorresponding pattern and the preparation technology.
The basic features of IMPC: The influences of different electrode materials, thickness andreinforced fillers on the aquifer characteristics were studied. The results of the static tensile tests onthe membranes and IPMC showed that the reinforced fillers could greatly improve the elasticitymodulus of IPMC about two times.
The sensing and electric properties: The sensing capacity of Ag-IPMC was studied to get thecorresponding impedance characteristics between the frequency and deformation curvature. Theresistance distribution as well as the exciting field distribution inside IPMC were also studied bymeasuring the impedance of IPMC.
The actuation performance of IPMC: The deformation features of different samples under directcurrent and alternating current were investigated. The results indicated that there were two kinds ofdeformation types based on the resistance distribution on the surface, one was the variable momentdeformation, and the other was the constant moment deformation. The output features of differentsamples under direct current were also studied. The results confirmed that the reinforced filler couldeffectively enlarge the output force of IPMC by more than eight times.
The electromechanical coupling mode of IPMC: The concept of actuating electrical fieldgradient based on the nonuniform bending phenomenon was supposed according to the Irreversiblethermodynamics. The electromechanical coupling mode of IPMC was simplified as the linearequation of gradient electric field and gradient pressure. The pure bending theory was used to depictthe mechanical behaviors of IPMC under electromechanical coupling. The results showed that, this electromechanical coupling mode could predict the bending response of IPMC with the error within±20%.
主要研究工作和结果如下：
（1）在IPMC制备工艺研究方面：采用溶液－浇铸法制备了无掺杂、碳纳米管改性、钛酸钡改性等多种离子交换膜；采用温度控制法制备了Pt型IPMC；采用速率控制法制备了Ag型IPMC。对制备试样进行了表征，获得了IPMC的微观形貌特征、电极构型特点，以及电极构型与制备工艺之间的关系。
（2）在IPMC基本性能研究方面：研究了不同电极材料（Pt和Ag）、电极厚度以及改性填料对IPMC含水特性的影响；静态拉伸实验结果表明：在IPMC中添加改性填料可提高IPMC的弹性模量2倍以上。
（3）在IPMC电学、传感性能研究方面：测量了IPMC的阻抗特性并分析了IPMC电阻分布特点，研究了激励场在IPMC内部的分布规律；研究了Ag型IPMC的传感能力，得到了Ag型IPMC传感信号与频率和变形曲率之间的对应关系。
（4）在IPMC致动性能研究方面：研究了不同试样在直流和交变电场下的变形特性，结果表明：IPMC的变形形式依据表面电阻分布特点，可以分为变弯矩变形和等弯矩变形两种形式；研究了不同试样在直流电场激励下的力输出特性，结果表明：添加改性材料的IPMC输出力有明显提高，最高可达8倍以上。
（5）在IPMC力－电耦合模型研究方面：根据IPMC变形为非理想均匀弯曲现象，提出了致动电场梯度的概念，在不可逆热力学的基础上将场强梯度引入IPMC的力－电转换过程，建立IPMC场强梯度力－电耦合模型。建立的力－电耦合模型能较好预测IPMC的弯曲响应，模型预测与实验结果之间的误差在20%以内。
本文在IPMC制备工艺改进，性能提升方面的探索，为IPMC成型技术的研究提供了有益的研究经验。以IPMC电学和力－电耦合建模为基础研究，为深化IPMC力－电耦合机理研究，推动其工程应用提供了重要的参考依据和研究基础。
Ionic Polymer Metal Composite（IPMC） is a new kind of electric active smart material whichhas large deformation, low density and strong strain capacity. It has the similar damage limitation andmaximum strain with muscle tissues of organisms so that it can be used for simulation. It was calledas the artificial muscle due to this feature, and can be widely applied in simulation, medical treatment,aeronautics and astronautics.
The main works and results are as follows:
The preparation technology of IPMC: Solution casting method was used to prepare several kindsof ion exchange membranes such as membrane with no impurity, carbon nanotube reinforcedmembrane and barium titanate reinforced membrane. Temperature control method was used toprepare Pt-IPMC, and speed control method was used to prepare Ag-IPMC. The samples werecharacteried to obtain the microscopic morphology, electrode configuration and the relation betweencorresponding pattern and the preparation technology.
The basic features of IMPC: The influences of different electrode materials, thickness andreinforced fillers on the aquifer characteristics were studied. The results of the static tensile tests onthe membranes and IPMC showed that the reinforced fillers could greatly improve the elasticitymodulus of IPMC about two times.
The sensing and electric properties: The sensing capacity of Ag-IPMC was studied to get thecorresponding impedance characteristics between the frequency and deformation curvature. Theresistance distribution as well as the exciting field distribution inside IPMC were also studied bymeasuring the impedance of IPMC.
The actuation performance of IPMC: The deformation features of different samples under directcurrent and alternating current were investigated. The results indicated that there were two kinds ofdeformation types based on the resistance distribution on the surface, one was the variable momentdeformation, and the other was the constant moment deformation. The output features of differentsamples under direct current were also studied. The results confirmed that the reinforced filler couldeffectively enlarge the output force of IPMC by more than eight times.
The electromechanical coupling mode of IPMC: The concept of actuating electrical fieldgradient based on the nonuniform bending phenomenon was supposed according to the Irreversiblethermodynamics. The electromechanical coupling mode of IPMC was simplified as the linearequation of gradient electric field and gradient pressure. The pure bending theory was used to depictthe mechanical behaviors of IPMC under electromechanical coupling. The results showed that, this electromechanical coupling mode could predict the bending response of IPMC with the error within±20%.
引文
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