液晶光调制器特性应用与研究
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摘要
自从液晶被发现以来,人们一直针对其特性不断地探索液晶在光学中的应用可能性进行研究。最近二十年,液晶不仅在平面显示领域,而且在光学信息处理与通讯中也因为自身的独特性质获得了长足的发展。液晶薄膜被广泛应用在,光传输,光调制,光栅和光开关等光学系统中,基于液晶薄膜的空间光调制器在对入射光的相位与振幅进行调制方面有其他类型调制器所没有的优点。液晶空间光调制器实时可控,调制区域为有源矩阵独立像素调节,可单独控制调制面的任何部分,随时可按要求改变调制模式并无需器件结构上的改动。近年来新出现的硅基板液晶器件更具有分辨率高,尺寸小,光能利用率高,调制精确等特性。我们对液晶空间光调制器的工作模式与原理进行了分析,并基于一块硅基板液晶制成了液晶空间光调制器系统。对其振幅调制模式初始工作点的选择,我们采用琼斯矩阵和参数空间方法进行优化寻找,对比了目前在显示领域常用的液晶工作模式,最后提出了适合空间调制应用的2种振幅调制工作模式并在实验中测量了其实际调制性能。对于光能效率更高,应用更广泛的相位调制模式,我们在分析与测量了调制器相位调制性能的基础上,对其在各种光学信息处理中的应用作了各种尝试。以相位空间光调制器构造的光学系统中实现光线偏转与聚焦为基础,我们建立了可调液晶透镜阵列,除了光线成像于聚焦以外,此系统在阵列的透镜数量,焦距,会聚/发散转换以及个别透镜单独调节方面具有完全的实时可控性。另外我们在光调制的基础上提出了一种新的光能量分配方法,结合现有的光调制技术实现了多对多端口光能量分配系统,能自由改变多个输入端口的光强度比例,并将调制过的光束输出到指定空间位置的多个接收端口。两者在探索液晶器件在光学系统中的应用可能方面均有自己的独创性与实用性,我们在文章中详细讨论了两系统的实现原理与实验手段,给出了测量结果并对其进行了深入分析。最后我们利用液晶薄膜对光线通过/遮断的开关性能,结合现在新颖的三维视频显示技术,开发了一套数字式三维立体视频系统,在视频的采集,编辑,保存,播放方面实现了全数字化,佩戴特殊液晶眼镜便能观看真实立体效果的电脑视频。以上工作为今后进一步研究液晶器件在光学科研,娱乐中的理论与实用化提供了一定基础。
Because of liquid crystal (LC)'s unique optical characters people have been researching liquid crystal for its possibility in optical applications since it is found. In twenty years liquid crystal technology is developed much further not only in flat plate display but also in optical information process and communication. Liquid crystal is broadly used in optical systems for transmission, modulation, grating switching and etc. Spatial light modulator (SLM) based on LC film especially active matrix pixel LC devices has merits in modulating phase and amplitude of light which other types of modulators doesn't. LC SLM is real-time tunable, independent pixel control in modulation surface which makes any part of illumination area is adjustable, and able to switch in different modulation modes for special demand without any mechanical modification. We analyze the working principle and modes of LC SLM and construct a LC SLM system based on a liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS). To choosing its initial working point for amplitude modulation mode, we use Jones matrix and parameters space method in modes optimizing, comparing the common modes used in display recently and find two new amplitude modulation modes which are fit for SLM. We also give the experiment results and measured modulation quality. For higher efficient and more applied phase modulation, we have performed some try in using phase modulation in different kinds of optical applications after research phase modulation character of the LCOS SLM. Based on light steering and focusing function of phase SLM, a tunable LC lens array is formed. It is high flexible for tuning the columns and lines of the array, the gap, radius and focal length of the lens and converging/diverging switching even tuning any part of the whole array real-timely. In another experiment, we give a new light energy allocation method using present light phase modulation, with this method we form multi-in/multi-out allocation system, which is freely capable of changing light beam intensity of multiple input and guiding the modulated beams to multiple receiving ports located in specified positions. Both two experiments have their own worth of originality and utility in researching LC devices' application possibility in optical systems. In this paper we give the experiment results and discuss the theory and analyze the results in detail. In final section we demonstrate a digital stereo video system based on light switching technology of LC film. It is digitalized in capturing, editing, storage and replay, and shows real 3D feeling when watching the video with LC glasses. These works mentioned above accumulate foundation and experience for our further researching in theory and practice of LC devices in optical technology and entertainment.
Because of liquid crystal (LC)'s unique optical characters people have been researching liquid crystal for its possibility in optical applications since it is found. In twenty years liquid crystal technology is developed much further not only in flat plate display but also in optical information process and communication. Liquid crystal is broadly used in optical systems for transmission, modulation, grating switching and etc. Spatial light modulator (SLM) based on LC film especially active matrix pixel LC devices has merits in modulating phase and amplitude of light which other types of modulators doesn't. LC SLM is real-time tunable, independent pixel control in modulation surface which makes any part of illumination area is adjustable, and able to switch in different modulation modes for special demand without any mechanical modification. We analyze the working principle and modes of LC SLM and construct a LC SLM system based on a liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS). To choosing its initial working point for amplitude modulation mode, we use Jones matrix and parameters space method in modes optimizing, comparing the common modes used in display recently and find two new amplitude modulation modes which are fit for SLM. We also give the experiment results and measured modulation quality. For higher efficient and more applied phase modulation, we have performed some try in using phase modulation in different kinds of optical applications after research phase modulation character of the LCOS SLM. Based on light steering and focusing function of phase SLM, a tunable LC lens array is formed. It is high flexible for tuning the columns and lines of the array, the gap, radius and focal length of the lens and converging/diverging switching even tuning any part of the whole array real-timely. In another experiment, we give a new light energy allocation method using present light phase modulation, with this method we form multi-in/multi-out allocation system, which is freely capable of changing light beam intensity of multiple input and guiding the modulated beams to multiple receiving ports located in specified positions. Both two experiments have their own worth of originality and utility in researching LC devices' application possibility in optical systems. In this paper we give the experiment results and discuss the theory and analyze the results in detail. In final section we demonstrate a digital stereo video system based on light switching technology of LC film. It is digitalized in capturing, editing, storage and replay, and shows real 3D feeling when watching the video with LC glasses. These works mentioned above accumulate foundation and experience for our further researching in theory and practice of LC devices in optical technology and entertainment.
引文
[1]P.G.de Gennes.液晶物理学[M].上海:上海翻译出版公司,1990:1.
[2]范志新.液晶器件工艺基础[M].北京:北京邮电大学出版社,2000:1.
[3]谢敏章.液晶物理学[M].北京:科学出版社,1998:1.
[4]范志新.液晶器件工艺基础[M].北京:北京邮电大学出版社,2000:8.
[5]黄锡珉.无阈值铁电液晶[J].液晶与显示,2001,16(2):81-91.
[6]奚关根,肖繁花,赵敏.手性高极性铁电液晶的合成及其性能研究[J].液晶与显示,1997,12(2):79-84.
[7]范志新.液晶器件工艺基础[M].北京:北京邮电大学出版社,2000:227.
[8]范志新.液晶器件工艺基础[M].北京:北京邮电大学出版社,2000:74-104显示器件
[9]杨虹.TFT LCD应用发展趋势[J].液晶与显示.2002,17(2):143-147.
[10]王刚,杨虹,凌志华,杨伯梁,黄锡珉.高开口率TFT LCD的黑矩阵设计[J].液晶与显示.1999,14(3).
[11]陈家璧,苏显渝.光学信息技术原理及应用[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002:162.
[12]宋菲君,s.Jutamulia.近代光学信息处理[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001:174.
[13]Xin Wang,Haitao Dai,Yanjun Liu,Keshu Xu.Design and application of reflective LCOS-based amplitude spatial light modulators.SPIE,2004,5280:278-286.
[14]K.H.Yang,Minhua Lu.Nematic liquid crystal modes for Si wafer-based reflective spatial light modulators Displays[J].Displays,1999,20:211-219.
[15]任立儒,耿卫东,孙钟林.高亮度LCOS微显示器的接口设计[J].液晶与显示.2002,17(4):43-47.
[16]黄锡珉.LCOS技术的发展[J].液晶与显示,2002,17(1):1.
[17]V.Laude.Twisted nematic liquid-crystal pixelated active lens[J].Opt.Commun.1998,153:134-152.
[18]吴声,凌志华,黄锡珉.液晶显示器中偏振光的行为[J].液晶通讯,1995, 3(4):230-242.
[19]宋菲君,S.Jutamulia.近代光学信息处理[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001:218.
[20]A.Lien.The general and simplified Jones matrix representations for the high pretilt twisted nematic cell.J.Appl.Phys,1990,67:2853-2856.
[21]Yeh,P,Gu,C.Optics of Liquid Crystal Displays[M].New York:Wiley,1999:103.
[22]I.V.Valyukh,A.V.Slobodyanyuk,S.I.Valyukh,J.Osterman,and K.Skarp.Using the Jones matrix to model light propagation in anisotropic media[J].J.Opt.Technol,2003,70:470-473.
[23]S.T.Tang,H.S.Hwok.Application of 2x2 and 4x4 matrices to the modeling of all nematic liquid crystal displays[J].SPIE,1999,3800:87-92.
[24]P.Yeh.Extended Jones matrix method[J].J.Opt.Soc.Am,1982,72:507-513.
[25]C.Gu,P.Yeh.Extended Jones matrix method Ⅱ[J].J.Opt.Soc.Am.A,1993,10(5):966-973.
[26]C.Gu,P.Yeh.Extended Jones matrix method and its application in the analysis of compensators for liquid crystal displays[J].Displays,1999,(20):237-257.
[27]F.H.Yu,J.Chen,S.T.Tang and H.S.Kwok.New extended Jones matrix method for twisted nematic liquid crystal displays at oblique incidence[J].SPIE,2892:17-27
[28]郭海成.液晶显示工作模式的参数空间表示法[J].现代显示,1997,(3):9-18.
[29]解志良.反射式双稳态扭曲向列相液晶显示器的光学优化[J].现代显示,2000,(1):9—15.
[30]程鸿飞,高鸿锦.反射式扭曲向列相液晶显示器工作模式的演化[J].液晶与显示,2001,16(1):38—44.
[31]P.G.de Gennes.液晶物理学[M].上海:上海翻译出版公司,1990:70.
[32]范志新.液晶器件工艺基础[M].北京:北京邮电大学出版社,2000:113.
[33]谢敏章.液晶物理学[M].北京:科学出版社,1998:59.
[34]有限元法求解液晶层中的指向矢分布[J].液晶与显示,2001,16(3):163-170.
[35]邵喜斌 郭建新,染兆颜.电控双折射盒中指向矢分布的计算[J].液晶与 显示,1997,12(2):91-100.
[36]Dwight W.Berreman.Dynamics fo liquid-crystal twist cells[J].APL,1974,25(1)
[37]Kanghua Lu,Bahaa E.A.Saleh.Theory and design of the liquid crystal TV as and optical spatical phase modulator[j].O.Eng,1990,29(3).
[38]H.S.Kwok,F.H.Yu,S.T.Tang,J.Chen.Design and fabrication of reflective nematic displays with only one polarizer[J].SPIE,1997,3143:0277-786.
[39]F.H.Yu,J.Chen,S.T.Tang,H.S.Kwok.Reflective twistednematic liquid crystal displays.Ⅱ.Elimination of retardation film and rear polarizer[J].J.Appl.Phys.1997,82:5287-5294.
[40]Yubao Sun,Zhidong Zhang,Hongmei Ma.Reflective in-plane switching liquid crystal displays.J.Appl.Phys.2003.93(7):3920-3925
[41]H.T.Dai,K.S.Xu,Y.J.Liu,X.Wang,J.H.Liu.Characteristics of LCOS phase-only spatial light modulator and its applications.Opt.Commun.2004,238:269-276.
[42]Rene L.Eriksen,Paul C.Mogensen,Jesper Gluckstad.Elliptical polarisation encoding in two dimentsions using phase only spatial light modulators[J].Opt.Com.2000,187:325-336.
[43]Bjorn Lofving,SverkerHard.Optical switching with twoFLCSLMs[J].Opt.Com.2000,174:81-90.
[44]胡晓改 薛唯.液晶纯位相空间光调制器[J].激光与光电子学进展.2001,12:35—41.
[45]文国军,钱列加,丘悦.利用波纹光阑和空间滤波器改善光束近场分布[J].中国激光.1995,22(6):435—438.
[46]阎吉祥.液晶空间光调制器在自适应光学中的应用[J].光学技术.1999,2:3—6
[47]J.A.Davis,P.S.Tsai,D.M.Cottrell,T.Sonehara,J.Amako.Transmission variations in liquid crystal spatial light modulators caused by interference and diffraction effect[J].Opt.Eng.1999,38:1051-1057.
[48]宋菲君,S.Jutamulia.近代光学信息处理[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001:1.
[49]陈家璧,苏显渝.光学信息技术原理及应用[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002:1.
[50]陈家璧,苏显渝.光学信息技术原理及应用[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2002:24.
[51]钟锡华.现代光学基础[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2003:35.
[52]陈家璧,苏显渝.光学信息技术原理及应用[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002:49.
[53]钟锡华.现代光学基础[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2003:275.
[54]M.Ye and S.Sato.Optical properties of liquid crystal lens of any size[J].Jpn.J.Appl.Phys,2002,41:571-573.
[55]H.W.Ren,Y.H.Fan,S.G,S.T.Wu.Tunable-focus cylindrical liquid crystal lensE[J].Jpn.J.Appl.Phys.2004,43(2):652-653.
[56]H.W.Ren,S.T.Wu.Tunable electronic lens using polymer network liquid crystals[J].Appl.Phys.Lett.2003,82(1):22-24.
[57]Xin Wang,Haitao Dai,Keshu Xu.Tunable reflective lens array based on liquid crystal on silicon[J].Opt.Express.2005,13(2):352-357.
[58]陈怀新 魏宏刚,陈祯培,吴科.采用液晶空间光调制器的可控性阵列菲涅耳波带片[J].光子学报.2001,30(5).
[59]陈怀新,隋展,陈祯培,安波,李明中.采用液晶空间光调制器进行激光光束的空间整形[J].光学学报.200l,21(9):1107-1111.
[2]范志新.液晶器件工艺基础[M].北京:北京邮电大学出版社,2000:1.
[3]谢敏章.液晶物理学[M].北京:科学出版社,1998:1.
[4]范志新.液晶器件工艺基础[M].北京:北京邮电大学出版社,2000:8.
[5]黄锡珉.无阈值铁电液晶[J].液晶与显示,2001,16(2):81-91.
[6]奚关根,肖繁花,赵敏.手性高极性铁电液晶的合成及其性能研究[J].液晶与显示,1997,12(2):79-84.
[7]范志新.液晶器件工艺基础[M].北京:北京邮电大学出版社,2000:227.
[8]范志新.液晶器件工艺基础[M].北京:北京邮电大学出版社,2000:74-104显示器件
[9]杨虹.TFT LCD应用发展趋势[J].液晶与显示.2002,17(2):143-147.
[10]王刚,杨虹,凌志华,杨伯梁,黄锡珉.高开口率TFT LCD的黑矩阵设计[J].液晶与显示.1999,14(3).
[11]陈家璧,苏显渝.光学信息技术原理及应用[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002:162.
[12]宋菲君,s.Jutamulia.近代光学信息处理[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001:174.
[13]Xin Wang,Haitao Dai,Yanjun Liu,Keshu Xu.Design and application of reflective LCOS-based amplitude spatial light modulators.SPIE,2004,5280:278-286.
[14]K.H.Yang,Minhua Lu.Nematic liquid crystal modes for Si wafer-based reflective spatial light modulators Displays[J].Displays,1999,20:211-219.
[15]任立儒,耿卫东,孙钟林.高亮度LCOS微显示器的接口设计[J].液晶与显示.2002,17(4):43-47.
[16]黄锡珉.LCOS技术的发展[J].液晶与显示,2002,17(1):1.
[17]V.Laude.Twisted nematic liquid-crystal pixelated active lens[J].Opt.Commun.1998,153:134-152.
[18]吴声,凌志华,黄锡珉.液晶显示器中偏振光的行为[J].液晶通讯,1995, 3(4):230-242.
[19]宋菲君,S.Jutamulia.近代光学信息处理[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001:218.
[20]A.Lien.The general and simplified Jones matrix representations for the high pretilt twisted nematic cell.J.Appl.Phys,1990,67:2853-2856.
[21]Yeh,P,Gu,C.Optics of Liquid Crystal Displays[M].New York:Wiley,1999:103.
[22]I.V.Valyukh,A.V.Slobodyanyuk,S.I.Valyukh,J.Osterman,and K.Skarp.Using the Jones matrix to model light propagation in anisotropic media[J].J.Opt.Technol,2003,70:470-473.
[23]S.T.Tang,H.S.Hwok.Application of 2x2 and 4x4 matrices to the modeling of all nematic liquid crystal displays[J].SPIE,1999,3800:87-92.
[24]P.Yeh.Extended Jones matrix method[J].J.Opt.Soc.Am,1982,72:507-513.
[25]C.Gu,P.Yeh.Extended Jones matrix method Ⅱ[J].J.Opt.Soc.Am.A,1993,10(5):966-973.
[26]C.Gu,P.Yeh.Extended Jones matrix method and its application in the analysis of compensators for liquid crystal displays[J].Displays,1999,(20):237-257.
[27]F.H.Yu,J.Chen,S.T.Tang and H.S.Kwok.New extended Jones matrix method for twisted nematic liquid crystal displays at oblique incidence[J].SPIE,2892:17-27
[28]郭海成.液晶显示工作模式的参数空间表示法[J].现代显示,1997,(3):9-18.
[29]解志良.反射式双稳态扭曲向列相液晶显示器的光学优化[J].现代显示,2000,(1):9—15.
[30]程鸿飞,高鸿锦.反射式扭曲向列相液晶显示器工作模式的演化[J].液晶与显示,2001,16(1):38—44.
[31]P.G.de Gennes.液晶物理学[M].上海:上海翻译出版公司,1990:70.
[32]范志新.液晶器件工艺基础[M].北京:北京邮电大学出版社,2000:113.
[33]谢敏章.液晶物理学[M].北京:科学出版社,1998:59.
[34]有限元法求解液晶层中的指向矢分布[J].液晶与显示,2001,16(3):163-170.
[35]邵喜斌 郭建新,染兆颜.电控双折射盒中指向矢分布的计算[J].液晶与 显示,1997,12(2):91-100.
[36]Dwight W.Berreman.Dynamics fo liquid-crystal twist cells[J].APL,1974,25(1)
[37]Kanghua Lu,Bahaa E.A.Saleh.Theory and design of the liquid crystal TV as and optical spatical phase modulator[j].O.Eng,1990,29(3).
[38]H.S.Kwok,F.H.Yu,S.T.Tang,J.Chen.Design and fabrication of reflective nematic displays with only one polarizer[J].SPIE,1997,3143:0277-786.
[39]F.H.Yu,J.Chen,S.T.Tang,H.S.Kwok.Reflective twistednematic liquid crystal displays.Ⅱ.Elimination of retardation film and rear polarizer[J].J.Appl.Phys.1997,82:5287-5294.
[40]Yubao Sun,Zhidong Zhang,Hongmei Ma.Reflective in-plane switching liquid crystal displays.J.Appl.Phys.2003.93(7):3920-3925
[41]H.T.Dai,K.S.Xu,Y.J.Liu,X.Wang,J.H.Liu.Characteristics of LCOS phase-only spatial light modulator and its applications.Opt.Commun.2004,238:269-276.
[42]Rene L.Eriksen,Paul C.Mogensen,Jesper Gluckstad.Elliptical polarisation encoding in two dimentsions using phase only spatial light modulators[J].Opt.Com.2000,187:325-336.
[43]Bjorn Lofving,SverkerHard.Optical switching with twoFLCSLMs[J].Opt.Com.2000,174:81-90.
[44]胡晓改 薛唯.液晶纯位相空间光调制器[J].激光与光电子学进展.2001,12:35—41.
[45]文国军,钱列加,丘悦.利用波纹光阑和空间滤波器改善光束近场分布[J].中国激光.1995,22(6):435—438.
[46]阎吉祥.液晶空间光调制器在自适应光学中的应用[J].光学技术.1999,2:3—6
[47]J.A.Davis,P.S.Tsai,D.M.Cottrell,T.Sonehara,J.Amako.Transmission variations in liquid crystal spatial light modulators caused by interference and diffraction effect[J].Opt.Eng.1999,38:1051-1057.
[48]宋菲君,S.Jutamulia.近代光学信息处理[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001:1.
[49]陈家璧,苏显渝.光学信息技术原理及应用[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002:1.
[50]陈家璧,苏显渝.光学信息技术原理及应用[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2002:24.
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