基于施工现场平面布置的安全管理优化模型和算法研究
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摘要
减少建筑业安全事故,提高施工企业的安全管理水平,一直是我国经济建设需要迫切解决的重要问题。开展这方面的研究,对于保证我国建筑业健康发展,维护社会稳定,具有重要意义。
目前,国内外学者从安全风险管理、安全氛围和安全行为、系统安全评价等方面对施工企业安全管理进行研究,这些研究需要大量的主观评价数据,例如安全风险管理中的风险分析和系统安全评价中的危险因素的危害程度,不仅需要专家的主观评价,而且需要大量的历史数据作为依据,而安全氛围和安全行为更是受到了人的主观意识的影响。鉴于建筑业安全事故方面的历史数据比较匮乏且专家个人经验、专业水平差异较大,制约着该领域的相关研究,应尽量避免在研究中过多依赖主观和历史数据。
近年来,国外的研究除了主要集中在风险预测和控制、系统安全评价等方面,更从建筑施工的施工组织计划入手,对安全进行控制,这是国内研究尚未涉及的领域。施工组织计划是施工单位用以组织工程施工的指导性文件,是对施工活动进行科学管理的重要手段。文件明确了各施工阶段的施工单位、施工资源和施工工种间相互关系。在施工组织计划中,施工资源计划是重要内容,施工场地的空间如同劳动力、设备、材料、时间一样,是非常重要的建筑资源。施工现场平面布置问题就是把施工临时设施安放到施工场地的相应位置中,优化利用施工场地空间。优秀的施工平面布置能够缩短材料的运输时间,减少材料的搬运次数,避免材料二次搬运,节约人工费用,节约建筑成本。通过合理安排施工作业区、辅助作业区、材料堆放区和办公生活区,避免人与设施、设施与设施、人与施工环境、设施与施工环境之间的相互冲突,有效提高建筑环境的安全性。本文通过优化施工现场平面布置,合理回避施工冲突,降低施工安全隐患,提高施工现场安全水平。为确保施工现场平面布置顺利实施,需要降低因优化施工现场平面布置所产生的安全成本。在工程实践中,平面布置通常根据工程经验展开,如最终导致安全成本的提高,将被舍弃。这也是现阶段我国施工企业为追求利润最大化,而选择牺牲安全,导致建筑企业安全水平较低的根源所在。所以,在优化施工现场平面布置时,应兼顾提高安全水平和降低安全成本。
施工现场平面布置问题就是在满足多个相互矛盾或者相互统一的布置目标和场地约束条件的情况下,优化利用施工场地空间,把施工临时设施摆放到施工场地的有效空间中。这种问题在数学上被称作二次分配问题,可以通过数学建模的方法进行解决。在数学模型中,建立的两个相互矛盾的目标即为提高施工现场安全水平和降低施工现场平面布置引起的安全成本。为了找到满足多目标的施工场地平面布置,模型中采用帕累托蚁群遗传算法进行求解。并通过实际工程项目的算例分析,对所提出的模型进行验证。本模型适用于民用、商用建筑,不适用于基础设施建设和工业建筑,因为基础设施和工业建筑的施工工艺与民用、商用建筑区别较大。基础设施建设的施工周期长、施工场地不断变化、施工现场难界定、涉及的临时设施单一,造成施工现场平面布置对安全影响有限。工业建筑大部分构件都是现场外预制,在施工现场进行安装,施工现场中对施工操作影响较大的临时设施数量有限,造成施工现场平面布置对安全影响同样有限。而民用、商用建筑大部分属于现浇的框架结构,施工工艺相近,涉及的临时设施种类和数量较多,在施工时均采用施工围挡圈定施工现场,施工现场容易界定,临时设施的布置对施工操作影响较大。
本文提出了施工现场平面布置安全模型和相应的研究方法,如系统布置设计方法、信息熵法、帕累托蚁群遗传算法、逼近于理想解的排序方法。施工现场平面布置问题属于设施规划问题,即布局规划问题。这种问题不但存在于建筑业的施工组织设计中,也广泛存在于制造业的生产物流系统设计中。鉴于制造业布局设计的研究更加深入,理论发展更加完善,本文借助制造业布局设计系统布置设计理论中物流分析的方法,求解施工现场临时设施之间的物流量；在考虑定性和定量的物流求解设施之间的总物流量,根据平面布置属性来评价平面布置,通过信息熵求解以排除主观印象对权值带来的影响和偏差；鉴于蚁群算法和遗传算法的良好性能在施工平面布置中得到广泛应用,为了改善遗传算法的优化解,本文利用蚁群算法来提高遗传算法初始解的质量,进而得到更好的优化解。同时,为了求解多目标优化问题,借助多目标优化中帕累托优化理论,结合蚁群遗传算法来优化多目标施工现场平面布置问题,形成了新算法——帕累托蚁群遗传算法；逼近于理想解的排序方法是一种有限种方案的多属性决策问题中常用的方法,该方法根据有限个评价对象与理想化目标的接近程度对这些对象进行相对优劣的评价并排序,与理想化目标最接近的对象是决策问题的解。
模型由四个部分组成,即输入、优化、评价、输出部分。输入部分需要识别施工现场布置的临时设施、可布置设施的空地、设施之间综合相互关系表,其中设施之间相互关系表的建立借助了系统布置设计方法中物流分析的原理。优化部分是模型的核心,建立两个目标函数即使安全成本最小化、使施工现场的安全水平最大化。这两个目标函数是相互矛盾的,没有一个施工现场平面布置可以在保持成本最小化的同时还能保证施工现场的安全水平最大化。文中提出了一种新型的帕累托蚁群遗传算法就可以找到这样一个平衡点,即帕累托最优解,此解既能维持安全成本,也能保持安全水平,在安全成本和安全水平之间找到平衡,这个解就是优化的施工现场平面布置图。帕累托解并不是唯一的,所以优化部分得到了多个施工现场平面布置图,但在实践中只能采用其中一种施工平面布置,这就要优中选优,这项工作由评价部分完成。优化部分产生的施工平面布置是根据目标函数确定的,目标函数中考虑到了一些定量因素(如材料流程、人员流动等)和定性因素(如环境因素等),不论是定性因素还是定量因素,最后均可以用数值来衡量,但是有些因素是无法量化的,无法在目标函数中表示出来(如外部交通的流畅性、施工操作的方便性),影响着施工现场平面布置的质量,因此需要在评价阶段针对那些无法量化的属性开展施工平面布置评价。评价过程采用逼近于理想解的排序方法对优化阶段确定的多个施工现场平面布置进行评价,找到最优的施工现场平面布置。输出部分是模型的最后一个阶段,将输出最优化的施工现场平面布置图。
为了验证所提出模型的可行性和有效性,文中引入大连地区某城市综合体项目,针对施工场地平面布置安全模型进行算例分析,结果表明：经优化的与原有的施工平面布置相比,优化后的施工现场平面布置可以减少安全成本7.7%-11.4%,提高安全水平11.9%-16.3%。
本文的创新点：引入物流分析的量化方法,将安全管理这一半结构化问题转化为结构化问题研究；采用数学模型优化施工现场平面布置,从客观层面解决安全管理问题；开发了帕累托蚁群遗传算法解决多目标优化问题。
本文开拓了工程安全管理研究的新思路,模型通过优化客观层面的施工现场平面布置,提高了施工现场的安全管理水平,促进了研究的实际应用性。该模型的应用与推广,有利于施工企业节约建筑成本,提高施工现场的安全水平。同时,从施工场地平面布置这一现实具体的微观层面着手展开研究,细化了工程管理研究领域,有利于工程管理研究领域的国际化。
It is necessary to improve construction site safety management capability and construction management theory. The healthy development of the construction industry has become an important and indispensable force in invigorating and promoting the national economy.
Nowadays, the studies on safety managent focused on safety risk management, safety environment and safety behavior, system safety evaluation and so on, which need a lot of objective and historical data support, such as risk analysis in risk management and dangerous influence in system analysis. Moreover, safety environment and safety behavior was influenced by the human being's subjective evaluation. One hand, there are less historical construction accidents data recorded in paper. In the other hand, expert evaluation influenced by personal experience and professional standard. The two aspects restrict the development on safety studies.
Recently, the researches abroad studies safety from planning stage before construction. According to document index, study on this aspect has hardly been found in china. Construction organization plan is a guide to organize the construction operation for construction firm. The plan clarified relationship among construction units in different construction stages and relationship between construction resources and construction work. Construction site is an important resource like labor, equipment, material and time and resources allocation was also important part in the construction organization plan. Construction site layout plan is optimization of construction site to put temporary facilities into free locations in construction site. A good site layout can shorten transportation time, reduce material transportation frequency, avoid material rehandling, reduced labor cost and thus to reduce construction cost. Through reasonable assignment of construction operation area, auxiliary operational area, material lay down area in construction site layout plan can avoid conflict between human and facilities, facilities and facilities, human and environment, facilities and environment thus to improve construction site safety level. The study aims to optimize construction site layout to avoid conflict in construction site, reduced safety risk and improve construction safety level. In order to guarantee the implement of construction site layout plan, the cost related to the site plan should be reduced. In the construction practice, construction safety was sacrificed when construction cost was improved, which is also the reason why construction safety level in construction firm is hard to improved. So, a good site layout should satisfy the requirement of safety improvement and cost reduction.
Construction site layout planning can be regarded as a method of optimizing the usage of construction space by assigning site facilities to the available construction space, with the fulfillment of a number of conflicting and/or congruent objective functions, under a set of layout constraints. Construction site layout plan always be modeled as Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP) and can be solve by optimization model established. In the study, a construction site layout plan safety model was proposed and the conflicting objective functions are improve safety level in construction site and reduced safety cost deduced by construction site layout plan. In order to find the optimization solution for the model, Pareto-based ant colony optimization and genetic algorithm was developed. A construction project was used to verify the proposed model. The proposed model was applicable for residential and commercial building construction but not applicable for infrastructure construction and industrial construction. It is because construction technology between residential and commercial building construction are similar while there are big differences between them to infrastructure construction and industrial construction. Construction duration for infrastructure is very long and constructon site are varied. It is hard to define construction site boundary and the facilities involved in construction operation are limited. Thus, safety influenced by construction site layout plan is limited. For industrial construction, most of structure member was precast outside construction site. The structure members are need to assembled in construction site. Thus, the temporary facilities in construction site have little influenced to the construction operation. For residential and commercial building construction, the types and amount of facilities are similar for similar construction technology. The construction site boundary can easily and clearly defined and at the same time, the temporary facilities involved in the construction site play an important part to construction operations.
The research methodologies involved in proposed model are systematic layout planning, entropy theory, Pareto-based ACO-GA and technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS). Construction site layout planning problem is facility layout problem. The problem existed not only in the planning and programming of project construction, but also in production logistic system design of the manufacturing industry. The thesis applied systematic layout planning in the manufacturing industry to analyze the interaction flows between the facilities in the construction site; The weights between qualitative and quantitative factors in interaction flows and the weights between the attributes describe the construction site layout candidates are deduced by entropy theory, the theory focus on removal of uncertainty; ACO and GA are commonly used in solving construction site layout planning problem, in order to improve the optimization capability of GA, the proposed algorithm make use of ACO to improve quality of initial population of GA. At the same time, the proposed algorithm combine Pareto optimization theory to ACO and GA to solve multi-objective construction site layout planning problem, the algorithm called Pareto-based ACO-GA; TOPSIS is a method to solve multiple attributes decision-making problem, the method based on the principle of choosing an alternative which has the shortest distance from the positive ideal solution and the longest distance from the negative-ideal solution.
The proposed model consists of four parts, which are parts of input, optimization, evaluation and output. In the part of input, temporary facilities and free location in the construction site are recognized and the interaction flows between the facilities are determined via theory of logistics analysis in system layout planning. The most important part in the model is optimization part. There are two objective functions in the part, one is minimizing the safety cost in the construction site, and the other is maximizing the safety level in the construction site. The two objective functions are conflicting. In order to solve the mullet-objective function optimization problem, the research proposed Pareto optimization based ant colony optimization and genetic optimization algorithm. The algorithm helps the decision maker find "trade-off" solutions to balance all the objectives, which are conflicting or orthogonally involved. Therefore, there is hardly a global optimal solution to the objective function with the consideration of all constraints existed. Nevertheless, there is a set of optimal trade-off solutions called the Pareto set in any MOO problem. In the evaluation part, Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was applied to select the best construction site layout among site layout candidates in terms of some pre-determined attributes, such as efficient movement of materials, tie in with external transportation, which are not considered in the objective functions. The output part is the last part in the model, the best construction site layout selected in the evaluation part was the final decision making for the site planner.
In order to prove the feasibility and effectiveness of proposed model, a project in the city of Dalian was used to validate the model. The results showed that with the application of the model, the safety cost should be reduced by7.7%～11.4%and safety level should be improve by11.9%～16.3%with the comparison with the original site layout designed in the project planning.
The research innovation points are transfer semi-structured problem into structured problem make use of quantitative method of logistic analysis; apply mathematic model solve construction site layout safety problem from the aspect of objective; develop pareto-based ACO-GA to solve multi-objective optimization problem.
The proposed model should help the site planning to design a good site layout to improve the construction site safety level and reduced the safety cost at the same time. The research is applicable and by optimizing the construction site layout planning from the objective aspect. The development of theory of construction site layout planning optimization is benefit to domain construction management in line with internationalization.
目前,国内外学者从安全风险管理、安全氛围和安全行为、系统安全评价等方面对施工企业安全管理进行研究,这些研究需要大量的主观评价数据,例如安全风险管理中的风险分析和系统安全评价中的危险因素的危害程度,不仅需要专家的主观评价,而且需要大量的历史数据作为依据,而安全氛围和安全行为更是受到了人的主观意识的影响。鉴于建筑业安全事故方面的历史数据比较匮乏且专家个人经验、专业水平差异较大,制约着该领域的相关研究,应尽量避免在研究中过多依赖主观和历史数据。
近年来,国外的研究除了主要集中在风险预测和控制、系统安全评价等方面,更从建筑施工的施工组织计划入手,对安全进行控制,这是国内研究尚未涉及的领域。施工组织计划是施工单位用以组织工程施工的指导性文件,是对施工活动进行科学管理的重要手段。文件明确了各施工阶段的施工单位、施工资源和施工工种间相互关系。在施工组织计划中,施工资源计划是重要内容,施工场地的空间如同劳动力、设备、材料、时间一样,是非常重要的建筑资源。施工现场平面布置问题就是把施工临时设施安放到施工场地的相应位置中,优化利用施工场地空间。优秀的施工平面布置能够缩短材料的运输时间,减少材料的搬运次数,避免材料二次搬运,节约人工费用,节约建筑成本。通过合理安排施工作业区、辅助作业区、材料堆放区和办公生活区,避免人与设施、设施与设施、人与施工环境、设施与施工环境之间的相互冲突,有效提高建筑环境的安全性。本文通过优化施工现场平面布置,合理回避施工冲突,降低施工安全隐患,提高施工现场安全水平。为确保施工现场平面布置顺利实施,需要降低因优化施工现场平面布置所产生的安全成本。在工程实践中,平面布置通常根据工程经验展开,如最终导致安全成本的提高,将被舍弃。这也是现阶段我国施工企业为追求利润最大化,而选择牺牲安全,导致建筑企业安全水平较低的根源所在。所以,在优化施工现场平面布置时,应兼顾提高安全水平和降低安全成本。
施工现场平面布置问题就是在满足多个相互矛盾或者相互统一的布置目标和场地约束条件的情况下,优化利用施工场地空间,把施工临时设施摆放到施工场地的有效空间中。这种问题在数学上被称作二次分配问题,可以通过数学建模的方法进行解决。在数学模型中,建立的两个相互矛盾的目标即为提高施工现场安全水平和降低施工现场平面布置引起的安全成本。为了找到满足多目标的施工场地平面布置,模型中采用帕累托蚁群遗传算法进行求解。并通过实际工程项目的算例分析,对所提出的模型进行验证。本模型适用于民用、商用建筑,不适用于基础设施建设和工业建筑,因为基础设施和工业建筑的施工工艺与民用、商用建筑区别较大。基础设施建设的施工周期长、施工场地不断变化、施工现场难界定、涉及的临时设施单一,造成施工现场平面布置对安全影响有限。工业建筑大部分构件都是现场外预制,在施工现场进行安装,施工现场中对施工操作影响较大的临时设施数量有限,造成施工现场平面布置对安全影响同样有限。而民用、商用建筑大部分属于现浇的框架结构,施工工艺相近,涉及的临时设施种类和数量较多,在施工时均采用施工围挡圈定施工现场,施工现场容易界定,临时设施的布置对施工操作影响较大。
本文提出了施工现场平面布置安全模型和相应的研究方法,如系统布置设计方法、信息熵法、帕累托蚁群遗传算法、逼近于理想解的排序方法。施工现场平面布置问题属于设施规划问题,即布局规划问题。这种问题不但存在于建筑业的施工组织设计中,也广泛存在于制造业的生产物流系统设计中。鉴于制造业布局设计的研究更加深入,理论发展更加完善,本文借助制造业布局设计系统布置设计理论中物流分析的方法,求解施工现场临时设施之间的物流量；在考虑定性和定量的物流求解设施之间的总物流量,根据平面布置属性来评价平面布置,通过信息熵求解以排除主观印象对权值带来的影响和偏差；鉴于蚁群算法和遗传算法的良好性能在施工平面布置中得到广泛应用,为了改善遗传算法的优化解,本文利用蚁群算法来提高遗传算法初始解的质量,进而得到更好的优化解。同时,为了求解多目标优化问题,借助多目标优化中帕累托优化理论,结合蚁群遗传算法来优化多目标施工现场平面布置问题,形成了新算法——帕累托蚁群遗传算法；逼近于理想解的排序方法是一种有限种方案的多属性决策问题中常用的方法,该方法根据有限个评价对象与理想化目标的接近程度对这些对象进行相对优劣的评价并排序,与理想化目标最接近的对象是决策问题的解。
模型由四个部分组成,即输入、优化、评价、输出部分。输入部分需要识别施工现场布置的临时设施、可布置设施的空地、设施之间综合相互关系表,其中设施之间相互关系表的建立借助了系统布置设计方法中物流分析的原理。优化部分是模型的核心,建立两个目标函数即使安全成本最小化、使施工现场的安全水平最大化。这两个目标函数是相互矛盾的,没有一个施工现场平面布置可以在保持成本最小化的同时还能保证施工现场的安全水平最大化。文中提出了一种新型的帕累托蚁群遗传算法就可以找到这样一个平衡点,即帕累托最优解,此解既能维持安全成本,也能保持安全水平,在安全成本和安全水平之间找到平衡,这个解就是优化的施工现场平面布置图。帕累托解并不是唯一的,所以优化部分得到了多个施工现场平面布置图,但在实践中只能采用其中一种施工平面布置,这就要优中选优,这项工作由评价部分完成。优化部分产生的施工平面布置是根据目标函数确定的,目标函数中考虑到了一些定量因素(如材料流程、人员流动等)和定性因素(如环境因素等),不论是定性因素还是定量因素,最后均可以用数值来衡量,但是有些因素是无法量化的,无法在目标函数中表示出来(如外部交通的流畅性、施工操作的方便性),影响着施工现场平面布置的质量,因此需要在评价阶段针对那些无法量化的属性开展施工平面布置评价。评价过程采用逼近于理想解的排序方法对优化阶段确定的多个施工现场平面布置进行评价,找到最优的施工现场平面布置。输出部分是模型的最后一个阶段,将输出最优化的施工现场平面布置图。
为了验证所提出模型的可行性和有效性,文中引入大连地区某城市综合体项目,针对施工场地平面布置安全模型进行算例分析,结果表明：经优化的与原有的施工平面布置相比,优化后的施工现场平面布置可以减少安全成本7.7%-11.4%,提高安全水平11.9%-16.3%。
本文的创新点：引入物流分析的量化方法,将安全管理这一半结构化问题转化为结构化问题研究；采用数学模型优化施工现场平面布置,从客观层面解决安全管理问题；开发了帕累托蚁群遗传算法解决多目标优化问题。
本文开拓了工程安全管理研究的新思路,模型通过优化客观层面的施工现场平面布置,提高了施工现场的安全管理水平,促进了研究的实际应用性。该模型的应用与推广,有利于施工企业节约建筑成本,提高施工现场的安全水平。同时,从施工场地平面布置这一现实具体的微观层面着手展开研究,细化了工程管理研究领域,有利于工程管理研究领域的国际化。
It is necessary to improve construction site safety management capability and construction management theory. The healthy development of the construction industry has become an important and indispensable force in invigorating and promoting the national economy.
Nowadays, the studies on safety managent focused on safety risk management, safety environment and safety behavior, system safety evaluation and so on, which need a lot of objective and historical data support, such as risk analysis in risk management and dangerous influence in system analysis. Moreover, safety environment and safety behavior was influenced by the human being's subjective evaluation. One hand, there are less historical construction accidents data recorded in paper. In the other hand, expert evaluation influenced by personal experience and professional standard. The two aspects restrict the development on safety studies.
Recently, the researches abroad studies safety from planning stage before construction. According to document index, study on this aspect has hardly been found in china. Construction organization plan is a guide to organize the construction operation for construction firm. The plan clarified relationship among construction units in different construction stages and relationship between construction resources and construction work. Construction site is an important resource like labor, equipment, material and time and resources allocation was also important part in the construction organization plan. Construction site layout plan is optimization of construction site to put temporary facilities into free locations in construction site. A good site layout can shorten transportation time, reduce material transportation frequency, avoid material rehandling, reduced labor cost and thus to reduce construction cost. Through reasonable assignment of construction operation area, auxiliary operational area, material lay down area in construction site layout plan can avoid conflict between human and facilities, facilities and facilities, human and environment, facilities and environment thus to improve construction site safety level. The study aims to optimize construction site layout to avoid conflict in construction site, reduced safety risk and improve construction safety level. In order to guarantee the implement of construction site layout plan, the cost related to the site plan should be reduced. In the construction practice, construction safety was sacrificed when construction cost was improved, which is also the reason why construction safety level in construction firm is hard to improved. So, a good site layout should satisfy the requirement of safety improvement and cost reduction.
Construction site layout planning can be regarded as a method of optimizing the usage of construction space by assigning site facilities to the available construction space, with the fulfillment of a number of conflicting and/or congruent objective functions, under a set of layout constraints. Construction site layout plan always be modeled as Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP) and can be solve by optimization model established. In the study, a construction site layout plan safety model was proposed and the conflicting objective functions are improve safety level in construction site and reduced safety cost deduced by construction site layout plan. In order to find the optimization solution for the model, Pareto-based ant colony optimization and genetic algorithm was developed. A construction project was used to verify the proposed model. The proposed model was applicable for residential and commercial building construction but not applicable for infrastructure construction and industrial construction. It is because construction technology between residential and commercial building construction are similar while there are big differences between them to infrastructure construction and industrial construction. Construction duration for infrastructure is very long and constructon site are varied. It is hard to define construction site boundary and the facilities involved in construction operation are limited. Thus, safety influenced by construction site layout plan is limited. For industrial construction, most of structure member was precast outside construction site. The structure members are need to assembled in construction site. Thus, the temporary facilities in construction site have little influenced to the construction operation. For residential and commercial building construction, the types and amount of facilities are similar for similar construction technology. The construction site boundary can easily and clearly defined and at the same time, the temporary facilities involved in the construction site play an important part to construction operations.
The research methodologies involved in proposed model are systematic layout planning, entropy theory, Pareto-based ACO-GA and technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS). Construction site layout planning problem is facility layout problem. The problem existed not only in the planning and programming of project construction, but also in production logistic system design of the manufacturing industry. The thesis applied systematic layout planning in the manufacturing industry to analyze the interaction flows between the facilities in the construction site; The weights between qualitative and quantitative factors in interaction flows and the weights between the attributes describe the construction site layout candidates are deduced by entropy theory, the theory focus on removal of uncertainty; ACO and GA are commonly used in solving construction site layout planning problem, in order to improve the optimization capability of GA, the proposed algorithm make use of ACO to improve quality of initial population of GA. At the same time, the proposed algorithm combine Pareto optimization theory to ACO and GA to solve multi-objective construction site layout planning problem, the algorithm called Pareto-based ACO-GA; TOPSIS is a method to solve multiple attributes decision-making problem, the method based on the principle of choosing an alternative which has the shortest distance from the positive ideal solution and the longest distance from the negative-ideal solution.
The proposed model consists of four parts, which are parts of input, optimization, evaluation and output. In the part of input, temporary facilities and free location in the construction site are recognized and the interaction flows between the facilities are determined via theory of logistics analysis in system layout planning. The most important part in the model is optimization part. There are two objective functions in the part, one is minimizing the safety cost in the construction site, and the other is maximizing the safety level in the construction site. The two objective functions are conflicting. In order to solve the mullet-objective function optimization problem, the research proposed Pareto optimization based ant colony optimization and genetic optimization algorithm. The algorithm helps the decision maker find "trade-off" solutions to balance all the objectives, which are conflicting or orthogonally involved. Therefore, there is hardly a global optimal solution to the objective function with the consideration of all constraints existed. Nevertheless, there is a set of optimal trade-off solutions called the Pareto set in any MOO problem. In the evaluation part, Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was applied to select the best construction site layout among site layout candidates in terms of some pre-determined attributes, such as efficient movement of materials, tie in with external transportation, which are not considered in the objective functions. The output part is the last part in the model, the best construction site layout selected in the evaluation part was the final decision making for the site planner.
In order to prove the feasibility and effectiveness of proposed model, a project in the city of Dalian was used to validate the model. The results showed that with the application of the model, the safety cost should be reduced by7.7%～11.4%and safety level should be improve by11.9%～16.3%with the comparison with the original site layout designed in the project planning.
The research innovation points are transfer semi-structured problem into structured problem make use of quantitative method of logistic analysis; apply mathematic model solve construction site layout safety problem from the aspect of objective; develop pareto-based ACO-GA to solve multi-objective optimization problem.
The proposed model should help the site planning to design a good site layout to improve the construction site safety level and reduced the safety cost at the same time. The research is applicable and by optimizing the construction site layout planning from the objective aspect. The development of theory of construction site layout planning optimization is benefit to domain construction management in line with internationalization.
引文
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